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Fertility and Mortality Data for Germany - Recent Progress and Future Challenges 德国生育率和死亡率数据-最近进展和未来挑战
Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1452757
M. Kreyenfeld, R. Scholz
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in improving the data infrastructure for fertility and morality researchers in Germany. Several large scale data sets have been made available through the research data centers: the micro-censuses of the 1970s and 1980s, the censuses of the GDR and FRG, the micro-census panel, data from the pension registers, individual level data from the vital statistics, and the central foreigner registers have become available for scientific usage. Vital statistics have been reformed, and the micro-census now includes information on number of children ever born. Despite these improvements, there are still some “weak spots” in Germany’s data infrastructure. Germany is lacking official counts of reconstituted families. We know little about the mortality risks of immigrants. In addition, the data infrastructure for studying the socio-economic differences in mortality risks could be improved, thus enabling Germany to catch up with international developments in this area. This paper concludes by making some suggestions for improving the data available.
近年来,德国在改善生育和道德研究人员的数据基础设施方面取得了相当大的进展。通过研究数据中心提供了若干大型数据集:1970年代和1980年代的微观人口普查、德意志民主共和国和南斯拉夫联邦共和国的人口普查、微观人口普查小组、养恤金登记册的数据、人口动态统计的个人一级数据和中央外国人登记册已可供科学使用。人口统计数据已经进行了改革,微观人口普查现在包括了出生儿童数量的信息。尽管有了这些改进,德国的数据基础设施仍然存在一些“弱点”。德国缺乏重建家庭的官方统计。我们对移民的死亡风险知之甚少。此外,可以改善研究死亡率风险的社会经济差异的数据基础设施,从而使德国能够赶上这一领域的国际发展。最后,提出了改进现有数据的建议。
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引用次数: 4
Physical and Psychological Implications of Risky Child Labor: A Study in Sylhet City, Bangladesh 危险童工的生理和心理影响:孟加拉国锡尔赫特市的研究
Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1428206
Mohammad Nashir Uddin, M. Hamiduzzaman, B. Gunter
In Bangladesh, children are accustomed to working in industrial and manufacturing plants, small scale factories, metal works, construction, as well as in many informal sector activities. Based on a survey conducted in Sylhet city, this study found that child workers are suffering from different physical and psychological problems and that more than half of them receive their medical assistance from local health care providers who have no recognized qualifications. The study maintains that working from an early age impedes the children’s physical growth and intellectual and psychological development, which then also has negative effects on their long-term health and earning potential.
在孟加拉国,儿童习惯于在工业和制造工厂、小型工厂、金属厂、建筑以及许多非正式部门的活动中工作。根据在锡尔赫特市进行的一项调查,这项研究发现童工患有不同的身体和心理问题,其中一半以上的人从没有公认资格的当地保健提供者那里获得医疗援助。该研究认为,过早工作会阻碍孩子的身体发育、智力和心理发展,进而对他们的长期健康和收入潜力产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 12
The 60s Turnaround as a Test on the Causal Relationship between Sociability and Happiness 60年代的转变是对社交能力和幸福之间因果关系的检验
Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1441901
L. Becchetti, Elena Giachin Ricca, Alessandra Pelloni
The nexus between social leisure and life satisfaction is riddled with endogeneity problems. In investigating the causal relationship going from the first to the second variable we start from considering that retirement is an event after which the time investable in (the outside job) relational life increases. We instrument social leisure with the probability of retirement of the three and four years younger cohorts. With such approach we document that social leisure has a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. Our findings shed some light on the age-happiness pattern. Policy implications are also discussed.
社会休闲和生活满意度之间的关系充满了内生问题。在调查从第一个变量到第二个变量的因果关系时,我们首先考虑到退休是一个事件,之后可投资于(外部工作)关系生活的时间增加了。我们用三岁和四岁的年轻群体的退休概率来测量社会休闲。通过这种方法,我们证明社会休闲对生活满意度有积极而显著的影响。我们的发现揭示了年龄-幸福模式。本文还讨论了政策影响。
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引用次数: 36
Household Asset Portfolio Diversification: Evidence from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (Hilda) Survey 家庭资产组合多样化:来自澳大利亚家庭、收入和劳动力动态的证据(Hilda)调查
Pub Date : 2009-06-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1421567
A. Worthington
This paper examines the impact of demographic, socioeconomic and risk aversion factors on diversification in Australian household asset portfolios using Wave 6 of the HILDA Survey. Household assets are categorised as home and other property, superannuation, equity and cash investment, business assets, bank accounts, life insurance, trust funds and collectibles. The characteristics examined include family structure and composition, the source and level of income, age, gender and attitudes towards financial risk taking. The diversification measures comprise a naive index, a Hirschman-Herfindahl concentration index, a Shannon entropy index, absolute and relative benchmark indexes and a market asset share index. Tobit models are used to identify the source and magnitude of the factors associated with diversification. The results indicate that Australian household portfolios have very low levels of asset diversification and that the factors analysed exert a major impact. Importantly, the behaviour observed in household portfolios appears to bear little relation to the central predictions of classic portfolio theory.
本文利用HILDA调查的第6波,研究了人口、社会经济和风险规避因素对澳大利亚家庭资产组合多样化的影响。家庭资产分为房屋和其他财产、退休金、股权和现金投资、商业资产、银行账户、人寿保险、信托基金和收藏品。所审查的特征包括家庭结构和组成、收入来源和水平、年龄、性别和对承担财务风险的态度。多元化指标包括幼稚指数、Hirschman-Herfindahl浓度指数、Shannon熵指数、绝对基准指数和相对基准指数以及市场资产份额指数。Tobit模型用于确定与多样化相关的因素的来源和大小。结果表明,澳大利亚家庭投资组合的资产多样化水平非常低,所分析的因素产生重大影响。重要的是,在家庭投资组合中观察到的行为似乎与经典投资组合理论的核心预测几乎没有关系。
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引用次数: 13
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: The Effect of Time Spent Grooming on Earnings 镜子,墙上的镜子:花在打扮上的时间对收入的影响
Pub Date : 2009-06-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1013649
Jayoti Das, Stephen B. DeLoach
To most economists, personal grooming is a non-market activity. The standard view is that time spent in non-market activities is counterproductive as it reduces work effort and job commitment (Becker, 1985). But grooming may be different. Grooming provides an important source of communication about workers, their values, social identities and personalities. There is reason to believe that certain productive personality traits may be inferred on the basis of personal grooming. In this paper, we use data from the American Time Use Survey's (2009) pooled cross-section 2003-2007 to investigate the effect of additional time spent grooming on earnings. The results show that the effect of grooming on earnings differs significantly by gender and race. These results cannot easily be reconciled with any one particular theory, but imply a complex interaction between several possible effects.
对大多数经济学家来说,个人打扮是一种非市场活动。标准的观点是,花在非市场活动上的时间是适得其反的,因为它减少了工作努力和工作承诺(Becker, 1985)。但打扮可能有所不同。仪容整洁是了解员工、他们的价值观、社会身份和个性的重要渠道。有理由相信,某些富有成效的人格特质可能是在个人打扮的基础上推断出来的。在本文中,我们使用了美国时间使用调查(2009)2003-2007年汇总的横截面数据来调查花在打扮上的额外时间对收入的影响。研究结果显示,打扮对收入的影响因性别和种族而有显著差异。这些结果不容易与任何一种特定的理论相一致,而是暗示了几种可能的影响之间复杂的相互作用。
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引用次数: 12
Other-Regarding Preferences, Spousal Disability and Happiness: Evidence from German Couples 他人偏好、配偶残疾与幸福:来自德国夫妇的证据
Pub Date : 2009-06-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1415924
N. Braakmann
This paper considers the impact of adverse health shocks that hit an individual’s partner on subjective well-being. Using data on couples from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984 to 2006, I compare the losses in well-being caused by own and spousal disability using panel-regressions. I find that women and to a lesser extent men are harmed by spousal disability which is consistent with the existence of other-regarding preferences within couples. The magnitude of effects suggests that spousal disability is about one quarter to one half as harmful as individual disability with larger effects being found for women.
本文考虑了个人伴侣遭受的不良健康冲击对主观幸福感的影响。利用德国社会经济研究小组1984年至2006年的夫妻数据,我用小组回归法比较了自己和配偶残疾造成的幸福损失。我发现女性和男性在较小程度上受到配偶残疾的伤害,这与夫妻中存在的“他人优先”偏好是一致的。影响的程度表明,配偶残疾的危害大约是个人残疾的四分之一到一半,对女性的影响更大。
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引用次数: 4
The Wages of Sin 罪的工价
Pub Date : 2009-06-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1413899
L. Edlund, Joseph Engelberg, Christopher Parsons
Edlund and Korn [2002] (EK) proposed that prostitutes are well paid and that the wage premium reflects foregone marriage market opportunities. However, studies of street prostitution in the U.S. have revealed only modest wages and considerable risks of disease and violence, casting doubt on EK’s premise of an unexplained wage premium. In this paper, we present evidence from high-end prostitution, the so called escort market, a market that is, if not entirely safe, notably safer than street prostitution. Analyzing wage information on more than 40,000 escorts in the U.S. and Canada collected from a web site, we find strong support for EK. First, escorts in the sample earn high wages, on average $280/hour. Second, while looks decline monotonically with age, wages follow a hump-shaped pattern, with a peak in the 26-30 age bracket, which coincides with the most intensive marriage ages for women in the U.S. Third, the age-wage profile is significantly flatter, and prices are lower (5%), despite slightly better escort characteristics, in cities that rank high in terms of conferences, suggesting that servicing men in transit is associated with less stigma. Fourth, this hump in the age-wage profile is absent among escorts for whom the marriage market penalty is lower or absent: escorts who do not provide sex and transsexuals.
Edlund和Korn [2002] (EK)提出妓女的收入很高,工资溢价反映了放弃的婚姻市场机会。然而,对美国街头卖淫的研究显示,她们的工资并不高,而且有相当大的疾病和暴力风险,这让人们对EK的工资溢价解释产生了怀疑。在本文中,我们提供了来自高端卖淫的证据,即所谓的陪护市场,这个市场即使不是完全安全,也明显比街头卖淫安全。我们分析了从网站上收集的美国和加拿大4万多名妓女的工资信息,发现了对EK的有力支持。首先,样本中的应召女郎工资很高,平均每小时280美元。其次,虽然长相随着年龄的增长而单调下降,但工资却呈驼峰状,在26-30岁年龄段达到峰值,这与美国女性最密集的结婚年龄相吻合。第三,在会议排名靠前的城市,年龄-工资状况明显更平坦,价格也更低(5%),尽管护送特征略好一些,这表明在交通中为男性提供服务的人较少受到歧视。第四,在那些婚姻市场惩罚较低或不存在的应召女郎中,不提供性服务和变性服务的应召女郎,在年龄工资方面没有出现这种高峰。
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引用次数: 19
Why is the World Getting Older? The Influence of Happiness on Mortality 为什么世界在变老?幸福对死亡率的影响
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1422489
Cahit Guven, Rudolph Saloumidis
World life expectancy has risen by around 20 years in the last 50 years. This period has also witnessed rising happiness levels around the world suggesting that happiness might be one of the causes behind the decline in mortality. We investigate the relationship between happiness and mortality using the German Socio-Economic Panel. We consider doctor visits, self-reported health, and presence of chronic illness as health measures. After controlling for initial health conditions, we find that happiness extends life expectancy. 10 percent increase in happiness decreases probability of death by four percent, and this effect is more pronounced for men and younger people. Happiness plays a more important role for chronically ill people in decreasing mortality than for those who are not chronically ill. The positive influence of happiness on mortality can offset the negative impact of chronic illness. Marriage decreases mortality and this effect appears to work through increased happiness.
在过去的50年里,世界平均寿命增加了大约20岁。这一时期,世界各地的幸福水平也在上升,这表明幸福可能是死亡率下降背后的原因之一。我们使用德国社会经济小组来调查幸福和死亡率之间的关系。我们考虑看医生、自我报告的健康状况和慢性疾病的存在作为健康措施。在控制了最初的健康状况后,我们发现快乐可以延长预期寿命。幸福指数每增加10%,死亡概率就会降低4%,而且这种效应在男性和年轻人中更为明显。对于慢性病患者而言,快乐在降低死亡率方面扮演着比非慢性病患者更重要的角色。幸福对死亡率的积极影响可以抵消慢性病的负面影响。婚姻降低了死亡率,这种效应似乎通过增加幸福感而起作用。
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引用次数: 18
Is There Any Threshold in the Relationship between Mother's Education and Child Health? Evidence from Nigeria 母亲教育与儿童健康的关系是否存在阈值?来自尼日利亚的证据
Pub Date : 2009-05-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1424783
Kazi Iqbal, Meherun Ahmed
type="main"> The literature on mother's education and child health casually observes some nonlinearities and also a threshold in the relationship. Even though this nonlinearity or threshold has significant bearing on policy matters such as quality of education, any rigorous attempt to address this issue is missing in the literature. With height for age z-score as a proxy for long-run child health capital, regression results reveal that there are significant effects of mother's education on child health if mothers do not continue past primary school. Rather, poor quality of education at the primary level, especially literacy, is argued to have given rise to this threshold. It indicates that greater public investment in improving quality of education at the primary level is essential for maximizing the nonmarket outcomes of girls’ education in developing countries.
关于母亲教育与儿童健康的文献随意地观察到一些非线性关系,也有一个阈值。尽管这种非线性或阈值对教育质量等政策问题具有重要影响,但在文献中没有任何严谨的尝试来解决这个问题。以年龄身高z分数作为长期儿童健康资本的代表,回归结果显示,如果母亲没有继续小学以上的教育,母亲的教育对儿童健康有显着影响。相反,有人认为,初级教育质量差,特别是识字教育质量差是造成这一门槛的原因。报告指出,在提高初等教育质量方面加大公共投资对于最大限度地发挥发展中国家女童教育的非市场成果至关重要。
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引用次数: 3
How Do Spouses Share Their Full Income? Identification of the Sharing Rule Using Self-Reported Income 夫妻如何分享全部收入?利用自我报告收入识别共享规则
Pub Date : 2009-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00323.x
E. Kalugina, Natalia Radtchenko, C. Sofer
The paper applies the collective model to the analysis of intra-household inequality using self-reported income scales. Starting from a collective model including household production, our key assumption is that the income level that household members report corresponds to their true income sharing. Using Russian data (Rounds V to VIII of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey), we apply the results for couples who report the same level of income to identify the sharing rule for the whole sample. This method allows us to obtain not only the derivatives, but also the sharing rule itself. From simulations for an average couple with one child living in the Urals, we find that a full income share of 45% is allocated to the wife.
本文将集体模型应用于使用自我报告的收入量表分析家庭内部不平等。从包括家庭生产在内的集体模型开始,我们的关键假设是家庭成员报告的收入水平与他们的真实收入分成相对应。使用俄罗斯数据(俄罗斯纵向监测调查的第五轮至第八轮),我们将报告相同收入水平的夫妇的结果应用于确定整个样本的共享规则。这种方法不仅可以得到导数,还可以得到共享规则本身。通过对乌拉尔地区一对有一个孩子的普通夫妇的模拟,我们发现45%的全部收入份额分配给了妻子。
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引用次数: 35
期刊
Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family
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