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Unintended Consequences of Welfare Reform: The Case of Divorced Parents 福利改革的意外后果:离婚父母的案例
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1318850
Marco Francesconi, Helmut Rainer, Wilbert van der Klaauw
This paper formulates a model to examine the effects of changes in tax-benefit policy on the behavior of divorced parents and the well-being of children in single-parent households. Noncustodial parents choose the level of a child support payment to transfer to custodians. These, in turn, decide over child good expenditures and the allocation of time between market work and parenting. In general, ex-spouses fail to achieve an efficient allocation of their resources. On the custodial side, there are inefficiently high levels of labor supply and inefficiently low levels of expenditures on child goods, while on the noncustodial side child support payments are suboptimally low. Our results rationalize the adverse effects that welfare reforms might have on divorced parents and their children. Such adverse effects may arise because an increase in the custodian's effective wage, either through lower marginal income tax rates or higher childcare subsidies, reinforces the inefficiencies of divorced parents' decisions: that is, such an increase further depresses child support transfers from noncustodial parents and induces custodial parents to work even more. We explore several extensions of this model, link our findings to the existing empirical literature on the impacts of welfare reform, and discuss the implications of our results for policy and further economic analysis.
本文建立了一个模型来考察税收优惠政策的变化对离异父母行为和单亲家庭儿童福利的影响。无监护权的父母可以选择转移给监护人的子女抚养费水平。这些因素反过来又决定了儿童福利支出以及市场工作和养育子女之间的时间分配。一般来说,前配偶不能有效地分配他们的资源。在托管方面,劳动力供给水平低得没有效率,儿童用品支出水平低得没有效率,而在非托管方面,儿童抚养费则低得次优。我们的研究结果合理化了福利改革可能对离婚父母及其子女产生的不利影响。这种不利影响的产生,可能是因为托管人的有效工资的增加,无论是通过降低边际所得税率还是提高托儿补贴,都加剧了离婚父母决策的低效率:也就是说,这种增加进一步抑制了从无监护权父母那里转移子女抚养费的行为,并促使有监护权的父母更加努力地工作。我们探索了这个模型的几个扩展,将我们的发现与现有的关于福利改革影响的实证文献联系起来,并讨论了我们的结果对政策和进一步的经济分析的影响。
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引用次数: 5
Social Security Mechanisms: Theories, Design and Practice 社会保障机制:理论、设计与实践
Pub Date : 2008-11-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1308134
G. Nwaobi
Living through hunger and physical hardship from infancy to premature old age; living through economic shifts that close factories and strip currency of its value in an instant; living through social turmoil, political upheaval, and war; through it all, poor men and women in communities around the world keep coming back to their deep longing for a better future for their children. And despite an age of unprecedented global prosperity and the existence of a worldwide network of poverty-reduction institutions, poverty persists and is intensifying among certain groups and in certain regions around the world. Again, while the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries and some people more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. This paper therefore argued that attempts should be made in developing countries to establish institutions and financing mechanisms to assure permanent measures to insure against normal life-cycle contingencies. And for those countries considering alternative social protection measures, the choice should depend on the nature of contingencies experienced and on their administrative and financing capacities. Perhaps, prayer to Almighty God remains the key solution given the spiritual dimension of the social problem under consideration (and since righteousness exalts a nation but sin is a reproach to any nation of the world).
从婴儿期到过早衰老,生活在饥饿和身体困难之中;经历了工厂关闭、货币瞬间贬值的经济转型;经历过社会动荡、政治动荡和战争;通过这一切,世界各地社区的贫穷男女不断回到他们对孩子更美好未来的深切渴望。尽管现在是全球空前繁荣的时代,并且存在着一个世界范围的减少贫穷机构网络,但贫穷仍然存在,而且在世界各地某些群体和某些区域中还在加剧。同样,虽然2008年金融危机本质上是全球性的,但它可能在发展中国家内部对福利产生不同的影响,一些国家和一些人比其他国家和人群更容易受到影响。它还可能对一些受影响的人产生持久的影响,特别是在贫困家庭儿童的营养和教育方面。这些特点表明,需要采取有区别的社会政策应对措施,旨在向最需要的人提供快速的收入支持,同时保护贫困人口及其社区的关键物质和人力资产。因此,本文认为,发展中国家应尝试建立机构和筹资机制,以确保采取永久性措施,防止生命周期中发生的正常突发事件。对于那些考虑其他社会保护措施的国家,其选择应取决于所经历的突发事件的性质及其行政和筹资能力。也许,向全能的上帝祈祷仍然是关键的解决方案,因为考虑到社会问题的精神层面(因为正义使一个国家变得崇高,而罪恶是世界上任何国家的耻辱)。
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引用次数: 1
An Empirical Analysis of Gender Bias in Education Spending in Paraguay 巴拉圭教育支出中的性别偏见实证分析
Pub Date : 2008-11-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1306485
Thomas Masterson
Gender affects household spending in two areas that have been widely studied in the literature. One strand documents that greater female bargaining power within households results in a variety of shifts in household production and consumption. An important source of intrahousehold bargaining power is ownership of assets, especially land. Another strand examines gender bias in spending on children. This paper addresses both strands simultaneously. In it, differences in spending on education are examined empirically, at both the household and the individual level. Results are mixed, though the balance of evidence weighs toward pro-male bias in spending on education at the household level. Results also indicate that the relationship between asset ownership and female bargaining power within the household is contingent on the type of asset.
性别影响家庭支出的两个方面已在文献中得到广泛研究。其中一条线索表明,女性在家庭中的议价能力增强会导致家庭生产和消费的各种变化。家庭内部议价能力的一个重要来源是资产所有权,尤其是土地所有权。另一项研究考察了在儿童支出方面的性别偏见。本文同时讨论了这两个方面。在这篇文章中,教育支出的差异在家庭和个人两个层面上进行了实证研究。结果喜忧参半,尽管证据的平衡倾向于在家庭层面的教育支出上倾向于男性。结果还表明,资产所有权与女性在家庭中的议价能力之间的关系取决于资产类型。
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引用次数: 46
The 'New' Paternalism, Consultation and Consent: Expectations of UK Participants in Defined Contribution and Self-Directed Retirement Savings Schemes “新”家长式作风、协商和同意:英国固定缴款和自主退休储蓄计划参与者的期望
Pub Date : 2008-11-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1301440
G. Clark, Janelle Knox‐Hayes
Concern about the competence of individual decision-makers has prompted governments and pension plan sponsors to take advantage of the insights gleaned from the behavioural revolution. Auto-enrolment, target-date and related investment strategies may effectively counter behavioural biases such as inertia and the lack of attention paid to financial planning. Nonetheless, some participants may expect consultation when plan sponsors and management implement 'default' strategies and the like. Here, we assess the expectations of plan participants drawn from a national representative sample of UK residents who participate in defined contribution and personal pension schemes. It is found that respondents who expressed an interest in a high degree of consultation over the pathway to retirement were older, have higher incomes, and recognised the significance of retirement saving schemes for their long term welfare. A significant number of respondents would not or could not offer an opinion on the desirability of consultation. These respondents can be characterised as either discouraged or disenchanted or disaffected-socio-economic variables were not good predictors of these respondents' opinions and attitudes to consultation. Our results support, in part, the 'new' paternalism but raise questions about the blanket application of related measures to heterogeneous groups of plan participants.
对个人决策者能力的担忧,已促使政府和养老金计划发起人利用从行为革命中收集到的洞见。自动登记、目标日期和相关的投资策略可以有效地对抗惯性和缺乏对财务规划的关注等行为偏见。尽管如此,一些参与者可能希望在计划发起人和管理层实施“默认”策略等时进行咨询。在这里,我们从参加固定缴款和个人养老金计划的英国居民的全国代表性样本中评估计划参与者的期望。研究发现,对退休道路进行高度咨询感兴趣的受访者年龄较大,收入较高,并且认识到退休储蓄计划对其长期福利的重要性。相当数量的答复者不愿或不能就协商是否可取提出意见。这些回答者可以被描述为沮丧或失望或不满-社会经济变量不能很好地预测这些回答者对咨询的意见和态度。我们的研究结果在一定程度上支持“新”家长式作风,但对相关措施在异质计划参与者群体中的全面应用提出了质疑。
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引用次数: 1
Demographic, Residential, and Socioeconomic Effects on the Distribution of 19th Century African-American Stature 人口、居住和社会经济对19世纪非裔美国人地位分布的影响
Pub Date : 2008-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1310075
S. Carson
The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in the economic literature, and heights are related with vitamin D. Although African-Americans and whites have the genetic ability to reach similar terminal statures, 19th century blacks were consistently shorter than whites. Greater insolation (vitamin D production), is documented here to be associated with taller black statures. Consistent with the insolation-hypothesis, mulattos were taller than darker pigmented blacks, and most of the mulatto-black stature differential was attributable to age and insolation. Black farmers were taller than workers in other occupations, and black statures increased during the antebellum period and decreased with slavery's elimination, which is observed across the stature distribution.
用身高数据来衡量生活水平在经济文献中已经是一种公认的方法,而且身高与维生素d有关。尽管非裔美国人和白人具有达到相似最终身高的遗传能力,但19世纪的黑人始终比白人矮。更多的日晒(维生素D的产生)被证明与更高的黑人身材有关。与日晒假说一致,黑白混血儿比肤色较深的黑人更高,而黑白混血儿的身高差异主要归因于年龄和日晒。黑人农民比其他职业的工人要高,黑人的身高在南北战争前上升,随着奴隶制的废除而下降,这在身高分布中都可以观察到。
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引用次数: 65
The Child Penalty - What about Job Amenities? 孩子的惩罚——工作便利呢?
Pub Date : 2008-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1298965
A. Felfe
Women with children tend to earn lower hourly wages than women without children - a shortfall known as the ‘child penalty’. While many studies provide evidence for this empirical fact and explore several hypotheses about its causes, the impact of motherhood on job dimensions other than wages has scarcely been investigated. In order to assess changes in women’s jobs around the time of first childbirth, I use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and apply an event study analysis. The results show not only a significant change in women's hourly wages (-19%) once becoming mothers, but also in other non-pecuniary job characteristics, such as working hours (-15 hours), night work (-6%), work in the evening hours (-8%), stress (-10%), physical requirements (4%), hazards (-3%) and distance to the workplace (-1km). In order to assess the hypothesis that mothers might substitute wages for non-wage benefits, I additionally estimate a hedonic wage regression. The results suggest that mothers trade pecuniary for non-pecuniary job characteristics and hence, that part of the child penalty (8.2%) might be interpreted as a compensating wage differential.
有孩子的女性的时薪往往低于没有孩子的女性,这种差距被称为“孩子惩罚”。虽然许多研究为这一经验事实提供了证据,并探讨了关于其原因的几种假设,但除了工资之外,母性对工作方面的影响几乎没有调查过。为了评估女性在第一次分娩前后的工作变化,我使用了德国社会经济小组的数据,并应用了事件研究分析。结果显示,女性成为母亲后,不仅小时工资(-19%)发生了显著变化,其他非金钱工作特征也发生了显著变化,如工作时间(-15小时)、夜班(-6%)、夜间工作(-8%)、压力(-10%)、身体要求(4%)、危险(-3%)和工作地点距离(-1公里)。为了评估母亲可能用工资代替非工资福利的假设,我额外估计了享乐工资回归。结果表明,母亲们用金钱换取了非金钱的工作特征,因此,对孩子的惩罚部分(8.2%)可能被解释为一种补偿性的工资差异。
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引用次数: 7
Growth and the Ageing Joneses 增长和老龄化的琼斯
Pub Date : 2008-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1303402
W. H. Fisher, B. Heijdra
Abstract: We incorporate Keeping-up-with-the-Joneses (KUJ) preferences into the Blanchard-Yaari (BY) framework and develop, using an AK technology, a model of balanced growth. In this context we investigate status preference, demographic, and pension policy shocks. We find that a higher degree of KUJ lowers economic growth, while, in contrast, a decrease in the fertility and mortality rates increase it. In the second part of the paper we extend the model by incorporating a Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system with a statutory retirement date. This introduces a life-cycle in human wealth earnings and implies that the growth rate is higher under PAYG. We also consider the implications of an increase in the retirement date under both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes.;
摘要:本文将赶超偏好(keep -up- the- jones, KUJ)纳入到Blanchard-Yaari (BY)框架中,并利用AK技术建立了平衡增长模型。在此背景下,我们调查了身份偏好、人口统计和养老金政策冲击。我们发现,较高的KUJ程度会降低经济增长,而相反,生育率和死亡率的下降会提高经济增长。在本文的第二部分,我们通过纳入一个具有法定退休日期的现收现付(PAYG)养老金制度来扩展该模型。这引入了人类财富收入的生命周期,并意味着现收现付制下的增长率更高。我们亦会考虑在设定受益及设定供款计划下,延长退休日期的影响。
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引用次数: 62
The Effects of Integrated and Intentional Parenthood on Children 综合父母和有意父母对儿童的影响
Pub Date : 2008-10-22 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1288046
M. Brinig
This paper makes a case for an integrated family, and more specifically for the formal, legally recognized statuses of husband/wife and parent/child. Children do better both in the short and long term if they live with married parents and if they are biological or adopted children of these parents. Children are particularly affected by the stability and permanence of their relationships, although they are famously resilient. Under any circumstances, parental warmth affects children significantly and positively. One of the more dramatic ways to see the influence of parental relationships involves mixed race marriages because they tend to be of shorter duration. The mixed race case, where children do fine only so long as their parents stay together, reveals the importance of community as well as intentions of parents for children's outcomes. Community includes the formal community denoted by legal status, the family's religious community (especially important for African-American families), and the peer community, which particularly influences older children. Stable marriages may provide a kind of buffer for fathers, who on their own may prefer sons to daughters.
本文提出了一个一体化家庭的案例,更具体地说,是关于丈夫/妻子和父母/孩子的正式的、法律认可的地位。如果孩子和已婚父母住在一起,或者他们是父母的亲生或收养的孩子,那么从短期和长期来看,他们的表现都更好。孩子们尤其容易受到他们关系的稳定性和持久性的影响,尽管他们是出了名的有弹性。在任何情况下,父母的温暖对孩子都有显著的积极影响。看到父母关系的影响的一个更戏剧性的方式涉及到跨种族婚姻,因为它们往往持续时间较短。在混血儿的案例中,只要父母在一起,孩子们就会表现得很好,这揭示了社区的重要性以及父母对孩子未来的意图。社区包括以法律地位为标志的正式社区、家庭的宗教社区(对非裔美国人家庭尤其重要)和同伴社区,后者尤其影响较大的儿童。稳定的婚姻可能为父亲提供一种缓冲,因为他们自己可能更喜欢儿子而不是女儿。
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引用次数: 0
Where and How Do Swiss and Foreigners Live? Segregation in the Geneva and Zurich Housing Markets 瑞士人和外国人生活在哪里?如何生活?日内瓦和苏黎世住房市场的种族隔离
Pub Date : 2008-10-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1281200
C. Schaerer, A. Baranzini
Dans ce papier, nous mesurons le degre de segregation residentielle entre les Suisses et les etrangers dans le canton de Geneve et la commune de Zurich en appliquant une serie d'indicateurs de segregation standards. Nous montrons qu'il y a relativement peu de segregation selon la nationalite, mais que le niveau d'education (utilise comme indicateur du statut socio-economique) doit etre pris en consideration. Nous effectuons egalement une comparaison de la qualite des appartements et des quartiers dans lesquels les Suisses et les etrangers habitent. De maniere generale, nous trouvons que les etrangers jouissent d'un confort residentiel moindre que les Suisses, mais que les differences sont relativement faibles.
在本文中,我们使用一套标准的隔离指标来衡量日内瓦州和苏黎世市瑞士人与外国人之间的居住隔离程度。我们表明,按国籍划分的隔离相对较少,但必须考虑到教育水平(用作社会经济地位的指标)。我们还比较了瑞士人和外国人居住的公寓和社区的质量。总的来说,我们发现外国人的居住舒适度低于瑞士人,但差异相对较小。
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引用次数: 23
Geography, Insolation and Institutional Change in 19th Century African-American and White Stature in Southern States 19世纪南方各州非裔美国人和白人地位的地理、日照和制度变迁
Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1291105
S. Carson
The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in the economic literature. While much is known about 19th century black legal and material conditions, less is known about how 19th century biological conditions were related to the physical environment and institutional change. Although modern blacks and whites reach similar terminal statures when brought to maturity under similar biological conditions, 19th century African-American statures in Southern states were consistently shorter than whites, indicating a uniquely 19th century phenomenon may have influenced black stature growth. It is geography and direct sunlight (insolation) that present a striking attribute of 19th century black and white statures, and greater insolation is documented here to be associated with taller black and white statures.
在经济文献中,使用身高数据来衡量生活水平是一种行之有效的方法。虽然人们对19世纪黑人的法律和物质条件了解很多,但对19世纪的生物条件如何与自然环境和制度变化联系在一起却知之甚少。尽管现代黑人和白人在相似的生理条件下成熟时达到相似的最终身高,但19世纪南部各州的非裔美国人的身高始终比白人矮,这表明19世纪的一种独特现象可能影响了黑人的身高增长。地理位置和阳光直射(日晒)是19世纪黑人和白人身材的显著特征,这里记录的日晒越多,黑人和白人身材就越高。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family
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