A load carrier for supporting bicycles and the like, coextensively obstructing the rear opening of a vehicle such as a van, wagon or sedan, capable of simultaneous trailer hitch operation and shiftable to retract the load from the obstruction position to a retracted clearance position at the safe side of the vehicle.
{"title":"Mode and Context Effects in Measuring Household Assets","authors":"A. van Soest, A. Kapteyn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1352282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1352282","url":null,"abstract":"A load carrier for supporting bicycles and the like, coextensively obstructing the rear opening of a vehicle such as a van, wagon or sedan, capable of simultaneous trailer hitch operation and shiftable to retract the load from the obstruction position to a retracted clearance position at the safe side of the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131888459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education.
自20世纪90年代初以来，印度的几个邦推出了财政激励计划，以阻止父母重男轻女，鼓励对女儿的教育和健康进行投资。本研究评估了哈里亚纳邦的一个这样的项目，Apni Beti Apna Dhan(我们的女儿，我们的财富)。自1994年以来，哈里亚纳邦符合条件的父母如果生下女儿，就会得到经济奖励。这项奖励包括一笔即时现金补助和一份长期储蓄债券，如果女儿未婚，可在她18岁生日时赎回，此外还有额外的教育奖金。虽然没有具体的项目参与数据，但我们利用全州范围内关于生育和儿童健康的家庭调查数据，并构建家庭和个人项目资格的代理，估计了早期治疗意向对母亲(活产儿性别比例、生育偏好)和儿童(母亲使用产前护理、存活率、营养状况、免疫接种、上学情况)的影响。基于这些有限数据的结果表明，Apni Beti Apna Dhan对存活儿童的性别比例有积极影响，但对母亲偏好生女孩以及总期望生育率的影响尚无定论。研究结果还表明，由于该项目，父母增加了对女儿人力资本的投资。家庭对符合条件的女孩进行了更多的产后保健投资，短期和中期健康状况有所改善的迹象喜忧参半。进一步的证据还表明，早期符合条件的学龄女童入学的可能性并没有显著增加;然而，有条件的首先进入任何一所学校，他们可能更有可能继续他们的教育。
{"title":"Long-Term Financial Incentives and Investment in Daughters: Evidence from Conditional Cash Transfers in North India","authors":"N. Sinha, J. Yoong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1354883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1354883","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114062098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper estimates the change in consumption caused by a higher real interest rate. We exploit the change in Indian banking legislation which encourages all banks to offer a higher interest rate on deposits to citizens above sixty years. We use detailed monthly consumption data from the Indian National Sample Survey to calculate regression discontinuity estimates, based on age cut-offs. We find that an increase of 50 basis points in the interest rate on deposits leads to an immediate decline of consumption expenditure by 12 percent. A study of disaggregated monthly consumption expenditure reveals that the decline is primarily in non-food, non-essential items. We calculate similar estimates for data prior to the banking legislation and find no significant difference in the monthly consumption expenditure. These results are useful in understanding the permanent income hypothesis within the context of an ageing world population.
{"title":"The Effect of Interest Rate on Household Consumption: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India","authors":"M. Kapoor, S. Ravi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1346813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1346813","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the change in consumption caused by a higher real interest rate. We exploit the change in Indian banking legislation which encourages all banks to offer a higher interest rate on deposits to citizens above sixty years. We use detailed monthly consumption data from the Indian National Sample Survey to calculate regression discontinuity estimates, based on age cut-offs. We find that an increase of 50 basis points in the interest rate on deposits leads to an immediate decline of consumption expenditure by 12 percent. A study of disaggregated monthly consumption expenditure reveals that the decline is primarily in non-food, non-essential items. We calculate similar estimates for data prior to the banking legislation and find no significant difference in the monthly consumption expenditure. These results are useful in understanding the permanent income hypothesis within the context of an ageing world population.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121531539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We construct a family of models to analyse the effect on optimal educational investment of (i) society's preferences for equity and (ii) competition between countries. The models provide insights about the impact of a variety of parameters on optimal policy. In particular, we identify a form of 'overeducation' that is new to the literature, and provide a counterexample to a common finding in the literature on fiscal federalism.
{"title":"Optimal Educational Investment: Domestic Equity and International Competition","authors":"G. Johnes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1336979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1336979","url":null,"abstract":"We construct a family of models to analyse the effect on optimal educational investment of (i) society's preferences for equity and (ii) competition between countries. The models provide insights about the impact of a variety of parameters on optimal policy. In particular, we identify a form of 'overeducation' that is new to the literature, and provide a counterexample to a common finding in the literature on fiscal federalism.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133325007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health.
{"title":"Age at First Child: Does Education Delay Fertility Timing? The Case of Kenya","authors":"C. Ferré","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4833","url":null,"abstract":"Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122932791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demographic problems in developed countries are getting more and more important. Very low fertility rates especially among skilled individuals will soon become relevant for a country's economy. Also of importance is education of children. Since there is an increasing demand for skilled workers, the positive correlation between social background and education worsens the situation. Therefore family planning as well as fertility providing and educational measures are of major importance for regional decision makers. We define in our model the optimal number of children considering the income and education of their parents by using a Cobb-Douglas utility function which implies that children and consumption are complementary goods. Children are considered to be a differentiated good with respect to their education. Therefore, we distinguish between high educated and low educated children. After deciding the optimal number of children, the education level of children has to be determined. We assume that only one parent is responsible for the education. Further we presume a negative correlation between the opportunity costs of educating a child and their parent's qualification. Since we consider the parents income and education, many cases result. Regional policy makers have the possibility to change individual decisions regarding offspring by creating monetary incentives. As wages and therefore family income are exogenous, the regional governments have only two policy measures left: either child allowance and/or scholarships. Considering the population's preferences, regions may optimize the number and structure of children.
{"title":"Regional Income Distribution and Human Capital Formation - A Model of Intergenerational Education Transfer in a Global Context","authors":"Florian W. Bartholomae, A. M. Popescu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1103678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1103678","url":null,"abstract":"The demographic problems in developed countries are getting more and more important. Very low fertility rates especially among skilled individuals will soon become relevant for a country's economy. Also of importance is education of children. Since there is an increasing demand for skilled workers, the positive correlation between social background and education worsens the situation. Therefore family planning as well as fertility providing and educational measures are of major importance for regional decision makers. We define in our model the optimal number of children considering the income and education of their parents by using a Cobb-Douglas utility function which implies that children and consumption are complementary goods. Children are considered to be a differentiated good with respect to their education. Therefore, we distinguish between high educated and low educated children. After deciding the optimal number of children, the education level of children has to be determined. We assume that only one parent is responsible for the education. Further we presume a negative correlation between the opportunity costs of educating a child and their parent's qualification. Since we consider the parents income and education, many cases result. Regional policy makers have the possibility to change individual decisions regarding offspring by creating monetary incentives. As wages and therefore family income are exogenous, the regional governments have only two policy measures left: either child allowance and/or scholarships. Considering the population's preferences, regions may optimize the number and structure of children.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127592301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The apparently inexorable rise in the proportion of"missing girls"in much of East and South Asia has attracted much attention amongst researchers and policy-makers. An encouraging trend was suggested by the case of South Korea, where child sex ratios were the highest in Asia but peaked in the mid-1990s and normalized thereafter. Using census data, we examine whether similar trends have begun to manifest themselves in the two large populous countries of this region, China and India. The data indicate that child sex ratios are peaking in these countries, and in many sub-national regions are beginning to trend towards less masculinization. This suggests that, with continuing vigorous efforts to reduce son preference, the"missing girls"phenomenon could be addressed in Asia.
{"title":"Is There an Incipient Turnaround in Asia's 'Missing Girls' Phenomenon?","authors":"M. Das Gupta, W. Chung, L. Shuzhuo","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4846","url":null,"abstract":"The apparently inexorable rise in the proportion of\"missing girls\"in much of East and South Asia has attracted much attention amongst researchers and policy-makers. An encouraging trend was suggested by the case of South Korea, where child sex ratios were the highest in Asia but peaked in the mid-1990s and normalized thereafter. Using census data, we examine whether similar trends have begun to manifest themselves in the two large populous countries of this region, China and India. The data indicate that child sex ratios are peaking in these countries, and in many sub-national regions are beginning to trend towards less masculinization. This suggests that, with continuing vigorous efforts to reduce son preference, the\"missing girls\"phenomenon could be addressed in Asia.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115933084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study focuses on how spousal dynamics influences the choice of institution for primary education of ward in India. The study has been categorically done in a SEC B city in India.
本研究聚焦于配偶动态对印度儿童小学教育机构选择的影响。这项研究是在印度的一个SEC B城市进行的。
{"title":"Service Specific Approach in Determining Spousal Influence in Family Decision Making","authors":"A. K. Kar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1326301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1326301","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on how spousal dynamics influences the choice of institution for primary education of ward in India. The study has been categorically done in a SEC B city in India.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116887270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore women's preferences for each of five work options when they have young children, specifically: staying home without a job, working part-time, a part-time paid job that can done from home, working full-time, and a full-time job that can be done from home. Using a nationally representative sample of Australian citizens, we find that most women prefer home-based work over conventional away-from-home options, rating home-based work an average of 16 points out of 100 higher. If they could follow their preferences, fewer would stay home without a job, fewer would work outside the home, many more would work part-time from home, and many more full-time from home. Structural equation analyses show that the strongest influence on these preferences is perceived conflict between a woman's career and her family life.
{"title":"Women's Work Preferences: The Importance of Home-Based Work","authors":"S. Kelley, C. Kelley","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1322386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1322386","url":null,"abstract":"We explore women's preferences for each of five work options when they have young children, specifically: staying home without a job, working part-time, a part-time paid job that can done from home, working full-time, and a full-time job that can be done from home. Using a nationally representative sample of Australian citizens, we find that most women prefer home-based work over conventional away-from-home options, rating home-based work an average of 16 points out of 100 higher. If they could follow their preferences, fewer would stay home without a job, fewer would work outside the home, many more would work part-time from home, and many more full-time from home. Structural equation analyses show that the strongest influence on these preferences is perceived conflict between a woman's career and her family life.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123744693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much is known about men's actual labor force participation but little about their preferences. The vast majority work actually full-time outside the home when they have young children. But data from a large, representative national sample of Australia show that most would prefer to be at home, either working from home or without a job. Structural equation analyses show that younger men, those who like children, and those who see conflict between family and career have less conventional preferences. Because of the large gap between preferences and actual behavior, rapid change in men's employment patterns is possible in the future.
{"title":"Work-at-Home Dads: Men's Non-Traditional Work Preferences","authors":"C. Kelley, S. Kelley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1322369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1322369","url":null,"abstract":"Much is known about men's actual labor force participation but little about their preferences. The vast majority work actually full-time outside the home when they have young children. But data from a large, representative national sample of Australia show that most would prefer to be at home, either working from home or without a job. Structural equation analyses show that younger men, those who like children, and those who see conflict between family and career have less conventional preferences. Because of the large gap between preferences and actual behavior, rapid change in men's employment patterns is possible in the future.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128932739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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