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The Impact of Aging and Age Diversity on Company Performance 老龄化和年龄多样性对公司绩效的影响
Pub Date : 2009-01-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1346895
U. Backes-Gellner, S. Veen
We examine how the age structure of a company's workforce affects company performance. Although, the effect of aging on individual productivity has been analyzed frequently, organizational productivity effects, which are more than the sum of individual productivities, have not. Furthermore, we do not only address the effect of changes in average age but also of changes in age diversity on organizational performance. We make a theoretical contribution by introducing a simple economic model to study the effects of workforce heterogeneity on company performance. The model provides a formal structure, i.e. cost and benefit curves, to analyze how changes in age diversity may affect organizational performance. We then break new ground by combining this economic model with theoretical insights and empirical results on aging and diversity from multiple and very diverse disciplines. As a result we derive empirically testable hypotheses which are tested in the empirical section based on a linked employer employee dataset with more than 18.000 German firms and 2 million employees. We find new and innovative results. Although previous research has often found declining individual productivity effects with increasing age, we find that organizational productivity does not necessarily decline with average workforce age, particularly if changes in age diversity and type of tasks are controlled for. We also find that an increase in age diversity can have substantial positive productivity effects, particularly in innovative and creative companies. Our results are not only discussed in terms of statistical significance, but also with respect to economic importance and the consequences of demographic changes on organizational performance.
我们研究了公司员工的年龄结构如何影响公司绩效。虽然老龄化对个人生产力的影响已经被频繁地分析过,但组织生产力的影响却远远超过个人生产力的总和。此外,我们不仅研究了平均年龄变化对组织绩效的影响,还研究了年龄多样性变化对组织绩效的影响。我们通过引入一个简单的经济模型来研究劳动力异质性对公司绩效的影响,从而做出了理论贡献。该模型提供了一个正式的结构,即成本和收益曲线,以分析年龄多样性的变化如何影响组织绩效。然后,我们通过将这一经济模型与来自多个和非常不同学科的关于老龄化和多样性的理论见解和实证结果结合起来,开辟了新的领域。因此,我们得出了经验上可检验的假设,这些假设在实证部分进行了测试,该部分基于超过18,000家德国公司和200万名员工的关联雇主雇员数据集。我们发现新的和创新的结果。虽然之前的研究经常发现,随着年龄的增长,个人生产力的影响会下降,但我们发现,组织生产力并不一定会随着平均劳动力年龄的下降而下降,尤其是在年龄多样性和任务类型的变化受到控制的情况下。我们还发现,年龄多样性的增加可以对生产力产生实质性的积极影响,特别是在创新和创意公司。我们的结果不仅在统计意义方面进行了讨论,而且在经济重要性和人口变化对组织绩效的影响方面也进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 54
A Framework for Comparing Social Protection in Developing and Developed Countries: The Example of Child Benefits 比较发展中国家和发达国家社会保护的框架:以儿童福利为例
Pub Date : 2009-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-246X.2008.01323.x
Ingrid Esser, Tommy Ferrarini, Kenneth Nelson, O. Sjöberg
The article outlines a conceptual and theoretical framework for improved comparative analysis of publicly provided social protection in developing countries, drawing on the research tradition of the study of longstanding welfare democracies. An important element of the proposed institutional approach is the establishment of comparable qualitative and quantitative indicators for social protection. The empirical example of child benefits indicates that differences between developed and developing countries should not be exaggerated, and that the prevalence of child benefits in sub-Saharan African and Latin American countries today resembles the inter-war period (1919-1938) situation in developed regions.
本文概述了一个概念和理论框架,以改进对发展中国家公共提供的社会保护的比较分析,借鉴了研究长期福利民主国家的研究传统。拟议的体制办法的一个重要内容是为社会保护制订可比较的质量和数量指标。儿童福利的经验例子表明,不应夸大发达国家和发展中国家之间的差异,今天撒哈拉以南非洲和拉丁美洲国家儿童福利的普及情况类似于发达地区两次世界大战期间(1919-1938年)的情况。
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引用次数: 15
Vocational Schooling, Labor Market Outcomes, and College Entry 职业教育、劳动力市场结果和大学入学
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4814
Dandan Chen
This paper examines the differentiated outcomes of vocational and general secondary academic education, particularly in terms of employment opportunities, labor market earnings, and access to tertiary education in Indonesia. With data from a panel of two waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey in 1997 and 2000, the paper tracks a cohort of high school students in 1997 to examine their schooling and employment status in 2000. The findings demonstrate that: (1) attendance at vocational secondary schools results in neither market advantage nor disadvantage in terms of employment opportunities and/or earnings premium; (2) attendance at vocational schools leads to significantly lower academic achievement as measured by national test scores; and (3) There is no stigma attached to attendance at vocational schools that results in a disadvantage in access to tertiary education; rather, it is the lower academic achievement associated with attendance at vocational school that lowers the likelihood of entering college. The empirical approach of this paper addresses two limitations of the existing literature in this area. First, it takes into account the observation censoring issue due to college entry when evaluating labor market outcomes of secondary school graduates. Second, using an instrumental variable approach, the paper also treats endogeneity of household choice of vocational versus academic track of secondary education, teasing out the net effect of secondary school choice on labor market and schooling outcomes.
本文考察了印尼职业教育和普通中等教育的差异结果,特别是在就业机会、劳动力市场收入和接受高等教育的机会方面。根据1997年和2000年印度尼西亚家庭生活调查的两波数据,论文追踪了1997年的一组高中生,研究他们在2000年的学业和就业状况。研究结果表明:(1)在就业机会和/或收入溢价方面,中专教育对市场既没有优势,也没有劣势;(2)参加职业学校导致学业成绩显著降低(以国家考试成绩衡量);(3)在接受高等教育方面,上职业学校不会带来耻辱;更确切地说,是职业学校出勤率较低的学业成绩降低了进入大学的可能性。本文的实证方法解决了这一领域现有文献的两个局限性。首先,在评估中学毕业生的劳动力市场结果时,考虑了大学入学导致的观察审查问题。其次,采用工具变量方法,本文还研究了家庭选择中等教育职业与学业轨迹的内生性,梳理出中等教育选择对劳动力市场和学业结果的净影响。
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引用次数: 50
The Estate Tax and the Demise of the Family Business: A Comment 遗产税与家族企业的消亡:评论
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1309856
David Joulfaian
A recent paper by Brunetti (2006) examines whether the US estate tax forces heirs with insufficient liquid assets to sell inherited businesses in order to pay the estate tax. It concludes that the estate tax has a positive effect on such sales. This note highlights features of the estate tax and succession planning by entrepreneurs that have been overlooked which could explain the observed pattern of business sales. These omissions, along with measurement errors, cast doubt on the reported findings.
布鲁内蒂(2006)最近的一篇论文研究了美国遗产税是否迫使流动资产不足的继承人出售继承的企业以支付遗产税。报告的结论是,遗产税对此类销售有积极影响。本文强调了遗产税和企业家继承计划的特点,这些特点被忽视了,可以解释观察到的企业销售模式。这些遗漏,加上测量误差,使人们对报告的结果产生了怀疑。
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引用次数: 3
Accessibility, Diversity, and the Dynamics of Population and Employment Location 人口和就业地点的可达性、多样性和动态
Pub Date : 2008-12-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1321488
Sumei Zhang, J. Guldmann
This paper investigates intra-urban population and employment shifts over 1980-2000, using the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area as a case study. Population and employment are disaggregated by ethnicity (White, Black, Others) and industry (eleven sectors) to better capture different location behaviors. Inter-industry relationships are considered when constructing variables. Additional diversity and locational and socio-economic variables are also included into a simultaneous equation model. The results reveal strong interactions between ethnic groups, confirm the existence of agglomeration effects, and suggest that diversity has positive effects on both firms and households in both periods. For firms, better access to their potential customers and employees is more important than better access to the input/output sectors. Further, the results reveal changing dynamics, from 1980-1990 to 1990-2000, for different population and activity groups, and suggest that, overall, firm location behaviors are more stable than household behaviors.
本文以辛辛那提都市区为例,研究了1980-2000年间城市内人口和就业的变化。人口和就业按种族(白人、黑人、其他)和行业(11个部门)分类,以更好地捕捉不同的地点行为。在构造变量时要考虑行业间的关系。其他的多样性、地点和社会经济变量也包括在联立方程模型中。研究结果揭示了族群间的强交互作用,证实了集聚效应的存在,并表明在两个时期,多样性对企业和家庭都有积极的影响。对企业来说,更好地接触潜在客户和雇员比更好地接触投入/产出部门更重要。此外,研究结果还揭示了从1980-1990年到1990-2000年不同人口和活动群体的变化动态,并表明总体而言,企业区位行为比家庭行为更稳定。
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引用次数: 0
Methodological Innovations in Collecting Spending Data: The HRS Consumption and Activities Mail Survey 收集支出数据的方法创新:HRS消费和活动邮件调查
Pub Date : 2008-12-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1317467
M. Hurd, S. Rohwedder
It has traditionally been believed that collecting survey measures of total spending necessarily involved asking a large number of questions, too many for inclusion of a comprehensive spending measure in a general-purpose survey. In this paper the authors report on a supplemental survey to the Health and Retirement Study that took up this challenge. They discuss issues that arise designing a survey module to collect spending data with strict time constraints, describe how the implementation in the Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS) played out, and elicit anomalies that more detailed analysis of data quality revealed. They report how they addressed some of these anomalies in subsequent waves of CAMS. Other anomalies required conducting additional randomized experiments to find what explains the observed patterns. The results highlight the tension between asking about spending using a long time frame, which exacerbates recall bias, versus using a short time frame, which risks relying on an unrepresentative snapshot of a household's spending to proxy the total for the last 12 months. An important complicating factor in deciding which goods should be put into which time frames is that there is substantial heterogeneity in the frequency of spending across households even for the same category of spending.
传统上认为,收集总支出的调查措施必然涉及提出大量问题,这些问题太多,无法将综合支出措施列入一般性调查。在本文中,作者报告了一项针对这一挑战的健康与退休研究的补充调查。他们讨论了在严格的时间限制下设计一个调查模块来收集支出数据的问题,描述了在消费和活动邮件调查(CAMS)中的实现是如何完成的,并引出了对数据质量进行更详细分析所揭示的异常情况。他们报告了他们如何在随后的CAMS波中处理这些异常现象。其他异常现象需要进行额外的随机实验,以找到解释观察到的模式的原因。研究结果突显了在使用长时间框架询问支出和使用短时间框架之间的矛盾,前者会加剧回忆偏差,后者可能依赖于一个家庭过去12个月的不具代表性的支出快照来代表总体支出。在决定哪些商品应该投入哪些时间框架时,一个重要的复杂因素是,即使是同一类别的支出,不同家庭的支出频率也存在很大的差异。
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引用次数: 1
Population Ageing and Fiscal Sustainability in Finland: A Stochastic Analysis 芬兰人口老龄化与财政可持续性:一个随机分析
Pub Date : 2008-12-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1318176
J. Lassila, T. Valkonen
This study analyses the fiscal sustainability of the Finnish public sector using stochastic projections to describe uncertain future demographic trends and asset yields. While current tax rates are unlikely to yield sufficient tax revenue to finance public expenditure with an ageing population, if developments are as expected, the problem will not be very large. However, there is a small, but not negligible, probability that taxes will need to be raised dramatically, perhaps by over 5 percentage points. Such outcomes, if realised, could destabilise the entire welfare state. The study also analyses three policy options aimed at improving sustainability. Longevity adjustment of pension benefits and introduction of an NDC pension system would reduce the expected problem and narrow the sustainability gap distribution. Under the third option, pension funds would invest more in equities and expect to get higher returns. This policy also limits the sustainability problem, but only under precondition that policymakers in the future can live with substantially larger variation in the value of the funds without adjusting tax rules or benefits.
本研究分析了芬兰公共部门的财政可持续性,使用随机预测来描述不确定的未来人口趋势和资产收益率。虽然目前的税率不太可能产生足够的税收来为人口老龄化的公共支出提供资金,但如果事态发展如预期的那样,问题不会很大。然而,有一个很小但不可忽略的可能性,即税收需要大幅提高,也许超过5个百分点。这样的结果如果成为现实,可能会动摇整个福利国家。该研究还分析了旨在提高可持续性的三种政策选择。养老金待遇的长寿调整和NDC养老金制度的引入将减少预期问题,缩小可持续性差距分布。在第三种选择下,养老基金将更多地投资于股票,并期望获得更高的回报。这一政策也限制了可持续性问题,但前提是政策制定者未来可以在不调整税收规则或福利的情况下接受基金价值大幅增加的变化。
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引用次数: 15
Immigration and Crime: An Empirical Analysis 移民与犯罪:一个实证分析
Pub Date : 2008-12-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1356568
Milo Bianchi, P. Buonanno, P. Pinotti
In this paper we examine the empirical relationship between immigration and crime across Italian provinces during the period 1990-2003. Drawing on police data, we first document that the size of the immigrant population is positively correlated with the incidence of property crimes and with the overall crime rate. We then use instrumental variables based on migration towards other European countries to identify the causal impact of exogenous changes in the immigrant population of Italy. According to these estimates, immigration increases only the incidence of robberies and has no effect on all other types of crime. Since robberies represent a very small fraction of all criminal offences, the effect on the overall crime rate is not significantly different from zero.
在本文中,我们研究了1990年至2003年期间意大利各省移民与犯罪之间的实证关系。根据警方的数据,我们首先证明了移民人口的规模与财产犯罪的发生率和总体犯罪率呈正相关。然后,我们使用基于向其他欧洲国家迁移的工具变量来确定意大利移民人口外生变化的因果影响。根据这些估计,移民只增加了抢劫的发生率,对所有其他类型的犯罪没有影响。由于抢劫在所有刑事犯罪中只占很小的一部分,因此对总体犯罪率的影响与零没有显著差异。
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引用次数: 42
Sources of Welfare Disparities Across and Within Regions of Brazil: Evidence from the 2002-03 Household Budget Survey 巴西地区间和地区内福利差距的来源:来自2002-03年家庭预算调查的证据
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4803
E. Skoufias, R. Katayama
Brazil's inequalities in welfare and poverty across and within regions can be accounted for by differences in household attributes and returns to those attributes. This paper uses Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions at the mean as well as at different quantiles of welfare distributions on regionally representative household survey data (2002-03 Household Budget Survey). The analysis finds that household attributes account for most of the welfare differences between urban and rural areas within regions. However, comparing the lagging Northeast region with the leading Southeast region, differences in returns to attributes account for a large part of the welfare disparities, in particular in metropolitan areas, supporting the presence of agglomeration effects in booming areas.
巴西地区之间和地区内部的福利和贫困不平等可以用家庭属性和这些属性的回报差异来解释。本文对具有区域代表性的家庭调查数据(2002-03年家庭预算调查)进行了福利分布均值和不同分位数的瓦哈卡-布林德分解。分析发现,区域内城乡福利差异的主要原因是家庭属性。然而,将落后的东北地区与领先的东南地区进行比较,属性回报的差异在很大程度上解释了福利差距,特别是在大都市地区,支持了繁荣地区存在集聚效应。
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引用次数: 9
Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Evidence on the Role of Tracking from a Finnish Quasi-Experiment 受教育程度的性别差异:来自芬兰准实验的追踪作用证据
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00562.x
Tuomas Pekkarinen
This paper studies the relationship between the timing of tracking of pupils into vocational and academic secondary education and gender differences in educational attainment and income. We argue that in a system that streams students into vocational and academic tracks relatively late (age 15-16), girls are more likely to choose the academic track than boys because of gender differences in the timing of puberty. We exploit the Finnish comprehensive school reform of the 1970's to analyze this hypothesis. This reform postponed the tracking of students from the age of 10-11 to 15-16 and was adopted gradually by municipalities so that we can observe members of the same cohorts in both systems. We find that the postponement of the tracking age increased gender differences in the probability of choosing the academic secondary education and in the probability of continuing into academic tertiary education. The reform had particularily negative effects on boys from non-academic family backgrounds. Finally, the reform decreased the gender wage gap in adult income by four percentage points.
本文研究了跟踪学生进入职业和学术中等教育的时间与受教育程度和收入的性别差异之间的关系。我们认为,在一个学生相对较晚(15-16岁)进入职业和学术轨道的系统中,由于青春期时间的性别差异,女孩比男孩更有可能选择学术轨道。我们以20世纪70年代芬兰的综合学校改革为例来分析这一假设。这项改革将对学生的跟踪从10-11岁推迟到15-16岁,并逐渐被市政当局采用,以便我们可以观察两个系统中同一队列的成员。我们发现,跟踪年龄的推迟增加了选择学术中等教育的概率和继续接受学术高等教育的概率的性别差异。这项改革对来自非学术家庭背景的男孩产生了特别负面的影响。最后,这项改革将成年人收入中的性别工资差距缩小了4个百分点。
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引用次数: 84
期刊
Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family
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