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The Distribution of Leisure Time Across Countries and Over Time 不同国家和不同时期的休闲时间分布
Pub Date : 2008-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1233842
Monika Engler, S. Staubli
In this paper, we use time-use surveys to examine trends in the allocation of time in five industrialized countries over the last thirty years. Adjusting for changing demographics, we find that leisure time across countries has converged over this period. Specifically, leisure time has declined five to eight hours in countries with high leisure levels thirty years ago and has increased around one hour in the other countries. For men the reduction in leisure was driven by an increase in nonmarket work, while women dramatically increased time allocated to market work and decreased nonmarket work time. Lastly, we show that like in the USA leisure inequality increased in all countries of our sample.
在本文中,我们使用时间使用调查来检查在过去三十年中五个工业化国家的时间分配趋势。根据不断变化的人口统计数据进行调整后,我们发现,在此期间,各国的休闲时间趋于一致。具体来说,在30年前休闲水平高的国家,休闲时间减少了5到8个小时,而在其他国家,休闲时间增加了大约1个小时。对于男性来说,休闲时间的减少是由于非市场工作的增加,而女性分配给市场工作的时间大幅增加,非市场工作时间减少。最后,我们表明,与美国一样,在我们的样本中,所有国家的休闲不平等都在增加。
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引用次数: 0
The Consequences of Child Labor: Evidence from Longitudinal Data in Rural Tanzania 童工的后果:来自坦桑尼亚农村纵向数据的证据
Pub Date : 2008-07-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4677
K. Beegle, Rajeev Dehejia, R. Gatti, S. Krutikova
This paper exploits a unique longitudinal data set from Tanzania to examine the consequences of child labor on education, employment choices, and marital status over a 10-year horizon. Shocks to crop production and rainfall are used as instrumental variables for child labor. For boys, the findings show that a one-standard-deviation (5.7 hour) increase in child labor leads 10 years later to a loss of approximately one year of schooling and to a substantial increase in the likelihood of farming and of marrying at a younger age. Strikingly, there are no significant effects on education for girls, but there is a significant increase in the likelihood of marrying young. The findings also show that crop shocks lead to an increase in agricultural work for boys and instead lead to an increase in chore hours for girls. The results are consistent with education being a lower priority for girls and/or with chores causing less disruption for education than agricultural work. The increased chore hours could also account for the results on marriage for girls.
本文利用坦桑尼亚独特的纵向数据集来研究童工对教育、就业选择和婚姻状况的影响。对作物生产和降雨的冲击被用作童工的工具变量。对男孩而言,研究结果表明,童工时间每增加一个标准差(5.7小时),就会导致10年后失去大约一年的学校教育,并大大增加了从事农业和早婚的可能性。引人注目的是,这对女孩的教育没有显著影响,但早婚的可能性显著增加。研究结果还表明,农作物歉收导致男孩的农活增加,而女孩的家务劳动时间增加。这一结果与教育对女孩的重要性较低和/或家务劳动对教育的干扰比农业工作小一致。家务时间的增加也可以解释女孩结婚的结果。
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引用次数: 74
Expanding Wallets and Waistlines: The Impact of Family Income on the BMI of Women and Men Eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit 扩大钱包和腰围:家庭收入对符合劳动所得税抵免条件的男女体重指数的影响
Pub Date : 2008-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1373924
Maximilian D. Schmeiser
The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges facing the US. However, the underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This paper examines the effect of family income changes on body mass index (BMI) and obesity using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. It does so by using exogenous variation in family income in a sample of low-income women and men. This exogenous variation is obtained from the correlation of their family income with the generosity of state and federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program benefits. Income is found to significantly raise the BMI and probability of being obese for women with EITC-eligible earnings, and have no appreciable effect for men with EITC-eligible earnings. The results imply that the increase in real family income from 1990 to 2002 explains between 10 and 21% of the increase in sample women's BMI and between 23 and 29% of their increased obesity prevalence.
不断上升的肥胖率已经达到流行病的程度,现在是美国面临的最严重的公共卫生挑战之一。然而,这种增长的根本原因尚不清楚。本文利用1979年全国青年纵向调查的数据,研究了家庭收入变化对身体质量指数(BMI)和肥胖的影响。它通过在低收入女性和男性样本中使用家庭收入的外生变化来做到这一点。这种外生变化是从他们的家庭收入与州和联邦劳动所得税抵免(EITC)计划福利的慷慨程度的相关性中获得的。研究发现,收入显著提高了符合eitc标准的女性的BMI和肥胖概率,而对符合eitc标准的男性没有明显的影响。结果表明,从1990年到2002年,实际家庭收入的增加解释了样本女性BMI增加的10%到21%,以及肥胖患病率增加的23%到29%。
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引用次数: 170
Family Leave after Childbirth and the Health of New Mothers 产后家庭休假与新妈妈的健康
Pub Date : 2008-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/W14156
Pinka Chatterji, S. Markowitz
In the United States, almost a third of new mothers who worked during pregnancy return to work within three months of childbirth. Current public policies in the U.S. do not support long periods of family leave after childbirth, although some states are starting to change this. As such, it is vital to understand how length of family leave during the first year after childbirth affects families' health and wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between family leave length, which includes leave taking by mothers and fathers, and behavioral and physical health outcomes among new mothers. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Birth Cohort, we examine measures of depression, overall health status, and substance use. We use a standard OLS as well as an instrumental variables approach with county-level employment conditions and state-level maternity leave policies as identifying instruments. The results suggest that longer maternity leave from work, both paid and un-paid, is associated with declines in depressive symptoms, a reduction in the likelihood of severe depression, and an improvement in overall maternal health. We also find that having a spouse that did not take any paternal leave after childbirth is associated with higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms. We do not find, however, that length of paternal leave is associated with overall maternal health, and we find only mixed evidence that leave length after childbirth affects maternal alcohol use and smoking.
在美国,几乎有三分之一在怀孕期间工作的新妈妈在分娩后三个月内重返工作岗位。美国目前的公共政策不支持生育后长时间的家庭假,尽管一些州正在开始改变这一点。因此,了解产后第一年的探亲假长短对家庭健康和福祉的影响至关重要。本文的目的是检验家庭假长度(包括母亲和父亲的休假)与新母亲的行为和身体健康结果之间的关系。使用早期儿童纵向研究-出生队列的数据,我们检查了抑郁,整体健康状况和物质使用的措施。我们使用标准OLS和工具变量方法,将县级就业条件和国家级产假政策作为识别工具。研究结果表明,较长的带薪和无薪产假与抑郁症症状的减轻、严重抑郁症的可能性的降低以及孕产妇整体健康状况的改善有关。我们还发现,如果配偶在分娩后没有休任何陪产假,那么母亲抑郁症状的水平就会更高。然而,我们没有发现陪产假的长短与产妇的整体健康有关,而且我们只发现了混合的证据表明,分娩后的陪产假长短会影响产妇的饮酒和吸烟。
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引用次数: 33
Urban Poverty Dynamic in Benin: An Entry and Exit Analysis (Dynamique De La Pauvrete Urbaine Au Benin: Une Analyse En Termes D'Entrees Et De Sorties) 贝宁的城市贫困动态:进入和退出分析(贝宁城市贫困动态:进入和退出分析)
Pub Date : 2008-06-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1148865
Mededji Damien
In order to carry out an analysis of transition in poverty, as well as the determining factors of entry to and exit out of poverty in the urban areas of Benin, this study uses the panel data of 836 households which were constituted based on the official surveys on households living conditions (Elam 96 and 99). The findings reveal that the proportion of households which are poor over a short-term is more important than that of households which are poor over a long-term and that, among households which are poor over a short-term, there are more cases of entry to poverty than cases of exit out of poverty. The determinants of cases of entry into and exit out of poverty have been analyzed based on the multinomial logit model. According to the findings, cases of exit out of poverty are determined by the status of the household head in the labour market, the activity sector, the demographic variables (number of dependents, gender), the ethnic group and the area of residence. The factors which allow entry into poverty are, on their part, relating to the geographical location, the status of household members in the labour market - except for the household head, the demographic factors (size of household, number of adults within the household) and the ethnic group. Education seems to favour long-term non poverty.
为了对贝宁城市地区的贫困转型以及进入和摆脱贫困的决定因素进行分析,本研究使用了836户家庭的面板数据,这些数据是根据对家庭生活条件的官方调查(Elam 96和99)组成的。研究结果表明,短期贫困家庭的比例比长期贫困家庭的比例更重要,而且在短期贫困家庭中,进入贫困的情况比摆脱贫困的情况更多。基于多项逻辑模型分析了进入和摆脱贫困案例的决定因素。根据调查结果,摆脱贫穷的情况取决于户主在劳动力市场的地位、活动部门、人口变数(受抚养人数目、性别)、族裔群体和居住地区。使人陷入贫穷的因素与地理位置、家庭成员在劳动力市场上的地位(户主除外)、人口因素(家庭规模、家庭内成人人数)和族裔群体有关。教育似乎有利于长期摆脱贫困。
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引用次数: 0
Staying in the Classroom and Out of the Maternity Ward? The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Births 呆在教室里,离开产房?义务教育法对青少年生育的影响
Pub Date : 2008-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02159.x
Sandra E. Black, P. Devereux, K. Salvanes
This article investigates whether increasing mandatory educational attainment through compulsory schooling legislation encourages women to delay childbearing. We use variation induced by changes in compulsory schooling laws in both the US and Norway to estimate the effect in two very different institutional environments. We find evidence that increased compulsory schooling does in fact reduce the incidence of teenage childbearing in both the US and Norway, and these estimates are quite robust to various specification checks. These results suggest that legislation aimed at improving educational outcomes may have spillover effects onto the fertility decisions of teenagers.
本文探讨通过义务教育立法提高义务教育程度是否会鼓励妇女推迟生育。我们使用由美国和挪威义务教育法变化引起的差异来估计在两个非常不同的制度环境中的影响。我们发现有证据表明,在美国和挪威,增加义务教育确实降低了青少年生育的发生率,而且这些估计在各种规格检查中都相当可靠。这些结果表明,旨在改善教育成果的立法可能对青少年的生育决策产生溢出效应。
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引用次数: 338
Wage Discrimination Measurement: In Defense of a Simple but Informative Statistical Tool 工资歧视测量:捍卫一个简单但信息丰富的统计工具
Pub Date : 2008-06-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1337986
M. Le Breton, A. Michelangeli, Eugenio Peluso
We examine several functional and numerical measures of wage discrimination in the spirit of the Lorenz curve. The First Order discrimination curve is based on the comparison of the wage CDF of two subpopulations. Three dierent Second Order discrimination curves are derived to re…ne the …rst one by taking into account inequality and/or e¢ ciency in the wage distribution across the two groups. We explore the relationship between these curves and some � Butler and McDonald (1987) developed about two decades ago the similar concept of interdistributional Lorenz curve and the main idea of our paper was already implicit in the work of some other scholars. However, our paper seems to constitute the …rst systematic study of these curves as a …rst step towards the derivation of partial dominance criteria in the analysis of discrimination data. y We thank Alain Trannoy for useful comments. The usual disclaimer applies. z Manufacture des Tabacs, Aile Jean-Jacques Laont 21, allee de Brienne, F-31000 Toulouse. E-mail: lebre-
我们以洛伦兹曲线的精神考察了工资歧视的几个函数和数值度量。一阶歧视曲线是基于两个亚群的工资CDF的比较。考虑到两组之间工资分配的不平等和/或效率,导出了三个不同的二阶歧视曲线,以重新定义第一阶歧视曲线。巴特勒和麦克唐纳(1987)在大约20年前提出了类似的分布间洛伦兹曲线的概念,我们论文的主要思想已经隐含在其他一些学者的工作中。然而,我们的论文似乎构成了对这些曲线的第一次系统研究,作为推导判别数据分析中的部分优势标准的第一步。我们感谢阿兰·特兰诺伊提出的有益意见。通常的免责声明适用。z烟草制造商,Aile Jean-Jacques Laont 21, allee de Brienne, F-31000图卢兹。电子邮件:是个-
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引用次数: 8
Alternating Residence and Relocation A View from France 交替居住与搬迁:法国视角
Pub Date : 2008-06-03 DOI: 10.18352/ULR.65
Frédérique Granet
Alternating residence of children is regulated by the Act of 4th March 2002 and is based either on the basis of parental agreement or, if it is impossible, on a judicial decision. Of course, joint physical parental authority implies appropriate material circumstances, but it also refers to the mutual respect of the parents for each other and to their capacity to communicate with each other, thus ensuring that the child is educated and raised in an harmonious environment. However, this type of arrangement for the child can be altered at any time as and when new circumstances arise, for example when of one of the child’s parents moves. The child’s best interests must remain the paramount consideration in establishing, as well as when terminating an alternating residence arrangement.
2002年3月4日的法案规定了子女轮流居住的规定,这种规定要么基于父母协议,要么在不可能的情况下基于司法裁决。当然,父母共同的身体权威意味着适当的物质环境,但它也指父母相互尊重,相互沟通的能力,从而确保孩子在和谐的环境中受到教育和抚养。但是,这种对孩子的安排可以在出现新情况时随时改变,例如当孩子的父母之一搬家时。在建立和终止交替居住安排时,必须以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑。
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引用次数: 2
Gender, Migration, Remittances: Evidence from Germany 性别、移民、汇款:来自德国的证据
Pub Date : 2008-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1151186
E. Holst, Andreas Schäfer, M. Schrooten
Gender-specific determinants of remittances are the subject of this study based on German SOEP data (2001-2006). In 2007, about 7.3 million foreigners were living in Germany. While the total number of foreigners has decreased over the last decade, female migration to Germany has increased. A feminization of migration is observable all over the world, and is changing gender roles in the households of origin as well. Today, women constitute 48.6% of migratory flows to Germany, although the proportion varies significantly by country of origin. A feminization of migration is observable all over the world, and is changing gender roles in the households of origin as well. To date, research has failed to address the gender-specific determinants of remittances from Germany. Here we attempt to fill this gap, focusing on gender roles and network effects. We distinguish between three different groups of migrants: foreigners, Germans with migration background, and all individuals with personal migration experience. Our main findings show, above all, that gender matters. However, the gender differences identified disappear after controlling for transnational (family) networks. Taking interaction terms into account reveals gender-specific network effects. In addition, different groups of migrants show remarkable differences in international networking. We find that female foreigners, but not female migrants with German citizenship, remit less than males if their children live abroad as well. Female migrants with German citizenship send more money home if their siblings remain in the home country. We find the reverse in the case of female migrants with foreign citizenship. Our findings show that female migrants tend to support their children first and foremost, while male migrants tend to support a wider network of more distant family members and friends. This finding is in sharp contrast to previous studies on remittances. It makes clear that there is little evidence supporting the assumption that remittances simply follow income-difference based altruism or that women are more altruistic than men. Furthermore, there seems to be evidence that the gender-specific differences detected in remittance behavior might be due to gender-specific migration patterns and the relative role of the migrant within the transnational network.
本研究以德国社会经济状况指数(2001-2006年)为基础,研究了影响汇款的性别因素。2007年,约有730万外国人居住在德国。在过去十年中,虽然外国人的总数有所减少,但移民到德国的女性却有所增加。移徙的女性化在世界各地都很明显,并且正在改变原籍家庭中的性别角色。如今,女性占德国移民的48.6%,尽管这一比例因来源国而异。移徙的女性化在世界各地都很明显,并且正在改变原籍家庭中的性别角色。迄今为止,研究未能解决德国汇款的性别决定因素。在这里,我们试图填补这一空白,关注性别角色和网络效应。我们区分了三种不同的移民群体:外国人,有移民背景的德国人,以及所有有个人移民经历的人。我们的主要发现首先表明,性别很重要。然而,在控制跨国(家庭)网络后,性别差异就消失了。考虑到互动术语揭示了性别特定的网络效应。此外,不同的移民群体在国际网络方面表现出显著的差异。我们发现,如果女性外国人的子女也生活在国外,那么她们的汇款比男性少,而拥有德国国籍的女性移民则不是这样。拥有德国国籍的女性移民,如果她们的兄弟姐妹留在母国,她们会寄更多的钱回家。我们发现具有外国国籍的女性移民的情况正好相反。我们的研究结果表明,女性移民倾向于首先抚养孩子,而男性移民倾向于抚养更广泛的家庭成员和朋友网络。这一发现与以前关于汇款的研究形成鲜明对比。报告清楚地表明,几乎没有证据支持以下假设,即汇款仅仅遵循基于收入差异的利他主义,或者女性比男性更利他。此外,似乎有证据表明,在汇款行为中发现的具体性别差异可能是由于具体性别的移徙模式和移徙者在跨国网络中的相对作用。
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引用次数: 19
2007 Annual Consumer Bankruptcy Demographics Report 2007年度消费者破产统计报告
Pub Date : 2008-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1153454
Leslie E. Linfield
The deteriorating American economic situation in 2007 was first felt by individual consumers and families throughout the country experiencing personal financial crisis and an increase in home foreclosures. This personal level economic crisis was followed by failures and retractions in the financial services sector, which in turn was followed by retractions throughout the wider economy and in the stock market. Finally, the impact of these wider economic retractions caused financial aftershocks for individual consumers and families in the form of job loss, reduced income and reduced net worth driven by the plummeting values of their remaining real estate and retirement holdings. From this cycle one can draw a hypothesis that reducing the incidence of personal financial crisis should have a positive and stabilizing impact on the wider economy. One commonly proposed method for reducing the incidence of personal financial crisis is to modify consumer behavior through financial literacy education. The development of data identifying those Americans in personal financial crisis is necessary to create effective financial literacy education programs. In 2006 the Institute for Financial Literacy established a comprehensive, neutral research program designed to collect demographic information from individuals contemplating and eventually filing for bankruptcy protection, a population that is by definition in personal financial crisis. Utilizing the Institute's capacity for large scale data collection, information was collected for the period January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007 in the following categories: gender, age, ethnicity, educational attainment, personal income level, employment status, marital status and cause(s) of financial distress. This data was then analyzed by the Institute's Center for Consumer Financial Research (CCFR) and indicates that the average American who is in financial distress and seeking bankruptcy related credit counseling and financial education is: Caucasian, married, employed, between the ages of 35-44 years old, has at least a high school education or some college, and makes no more than $30,000 per year. In light of its findings, this paper challenges the academic community to craft effective solutions for America's ever growing personal debt problem.
2007年美国经济形势的恶化首先体现在全国各地的个人消费者和家庭身上,他们经历了个人财务危机,房屋丧失抵押品赎回权的情况有所增加。在这场个人层面的经济危机之后,金融服务业出现了失败和收缩,而这反过来又导致了整个经济和股市的收缩。最后,这些更广泛的经济收缩的影响给个人消费者和家庭带来了金融余震,其形式是失业、收入减少和净资产减少,这些都是由他们剩余的房地产和退休资产价值暴跌造成的。从这个循环中,我们可以得出一个假设,即减少个人财务危机的发生率应该对更广泛的经济产生积极和稳定的影响。减少个人财务危机发生的一种常用方法是通过金融知识教育来改变消费者的行为。开发识别处于个人财务危机中的美国人的数据对于创建有效的金融素养教育计划是必要的。2006年,金融知识研究所(Institute for Financial Literacy)建立了一个全面、中立的研究项目,旨在收集正在考虑并最终申请破产保护的个人的人口统计信息,根据定义,这些人处于个人金融危机中。利用研究所的大规模数据收集能力,收集了2007年1月1日至2007年12月31日期间的信息,分类如下:性别、年龄、种族、教育程度、个人收入水平、就业状况、婚姻状况和经济困难的原因。该研究所的消费者金融研究中心(CCFR)随后对这些数据进行了分析,结果表明,陷入财务困境并寻求破产相关信用咨询和金融教育的普通美国人是:高加索人,已婚,有工作,年龄在35-44岁之间,至少有高中或大学学历,年收入不超过3万美元。鉴于其研究结果,本文向学术界提出了挑战,要求他们为美国日益严重的个人债务问题制定有效的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family
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