A second species of Acanthobunocephalus is described from tributaries of the lower Purus River in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Acanthobunocephalus scruggsi, new species, is distinguished from all other aspredinid species by its reduced number of fin rays: four pectoral-fin rays (vs. five or more), two dorsal-fin rays (vs. three or more, except Amaralia hypsiura), five pelvic-fin rays (vs. six), four to five anal-fin rays (vs. six or more, except Bunocephalus verrucosus), and nine caudal-fin rays (vs. 10, except Hoplomyzontinae, Amaralia, Platystacus, Bunocephalus chamaizelus, and Bunocephalus minerim). Osteological aspects of the new species of Acanthobunocephalus are described using cleared and stained specimens and high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRXCT), and compared with Acanthobunocephalus nicoi and other aspredinids. Generic assignment is based on putative apomorphic shared features and a morphological diagnosis for Acanthobunocephalus is presented.
{"title":"A New Miniature Species of Acanthobunocephalus (Silurifomes: Aspredinidae) from the Lower Purus River Basin, Amazon Basin, Brazil","authors":"T. P. Carvalho, R. Reis","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-309","url":null,"abstract":"A second species of Acanthobunocephalus is described from tributaries of the lower Purus River in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Acanthobunocephalus scruggsi, new species, is distinguished from all other aspredinid species by its reduced number of fin rays: four pectoral-fin rays (vs. five or more), two dorsal-fin rays (vs. three or more, except Amaralia hypsiura), five pelvic-fin rays (vs. six), four to five anal-fin rays (vs. six or more, except Bunocephalus verrucosus), and nine caudal-fin rays (vs. 10, except Hoplomyzontinae, Amaralia, Platystacus, Bunocephalus chamaizelus, and Bunocephalus minerim). Osteological aspects of the new species of Acanthobunocephalus are described using cleared and stained specimens and high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRXCT), and compared with Acanthobunocephalus nicoi and other aspredinids. Generic assignment is based on putative apomorphic shared features and a morphological diagnosis for Acanthobunocephalus is presented.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"347 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1643/CI-19-309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48204310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Marsh, Alexa Caffio-Learner, Anna M. Daccache, Margaret B. Dewing, Kathryn L. McCreary, Nathan J. Richendollar, F. Skinner
Range limits can be caused by a multitude of abiotic or biotic factors, but all of these must act through the demography of range-edge populations. Woodland salamanders of the genus Plethodon often exhibit distinct range boundaries where the distributions of competing species meet. Because of their high densities and low mobility, Plethodon are well suited for studies of how fitness-related traits change as species approach their range limits. Across contact zones between the mountaintop endemic Peaks of Otter Salamander (Plethodon hubrichti) and the widespread Eastern Redback Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), we measured changes in three salamander traits: 1) body condition, 2) frequency of tail loss, and 3) proportion of hatchlings. We then used hierarchical Bayesian models to compare these traits among five site types: allopatric sites for both species, sites where one of the species was dominant and the other was rare, and mixed sites containing high densities of both species. For P. hubrichti, we found no consistent changes in body condition across contact zones. However, frequency of tail loss increased continuously from allopatric sites (21%) to rare sites (54%). We also found evidence of reduced hatchling proportions at sites outside of allopatric areas (15–16% versus 30% at allopatric sites). For P. cinereus, body condition was higher at allopatric sites compared to sites within the contact zone. Similar to P. hubrichti, frequency of tail loss in P. cinereus increased continuously from allopatric sites (27%) to sites where P. cinereus were rare (50%). However, for P. cinereus, we did not find evidence of reduced hatchling numbers towards the edge of their range margin. Overall, our results suggest that both species likely have reduced fitness as they approach their range margin. Tail loss, which may reflect interference competition, effects of predation, or interactions between these, could potentially act as a density-dependent factor that stabilizes the range boundary between these species, at least over shorter time scales.
{"title":"Range Limits and Demography of a Mountaintop Endemic Salamander and Its Widespread Competitor","authors":"D. Marsh, Alexa Caffio-Learner, Anna M. Daccache, Margaret B. Dewing, Kathryn L. McCreary, Nathan J. Richendollar, F. Skinner","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-223","url":null,"abstract":"Range limits can be caused by a multitude of abiotic or biotic factors, but all of these must act through the demography of range-edge populations. Woodland salamanders of the genus Plethodon often exhibit distinct range boundaries where the distributions of competing species meet. Because of their high densities and low mobility, Plethodon are well suited for studies of how fitness-related traits change as species approach their range limits. Across contact zones between the mountaintop endemic Peaks of Otter Salamander (Plethodon hubrichti) and the widespread Eastern Redback Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), we measured changes in three salamander traits: 1) body condition, 2) frequency of tail loss, and 3) proportion of hatchlings. We then used hierarchical Bayesian models to compare these traits among five site types: allopatric sites for both species, sites where one of the species was dominant and the other was rare, and mixed sites containing high densities of both species. For P. hubrichti, we found no consistent changes in body condition across contact zones. However, frequency of tail loss increased continuously from allopatric sites (21%) to rare sites (54%). We also found evidence of reduced hatchling proportions at sites outside of allopatric areas (15–16% versus 30% at allopatric sites). For P. cinereus, body condition was higher at allopatric sites compared to sites within the contact zone. Similar to P. hubrichti, frequency of tail loss in P. cinereus increased continuously from allopatric sites (27%) to sites where P. cinereus were rare (50%). However, for P. cinereus, we did not find evidence of reduced hatchling numbers towards the edge of their range margin. Overall, our results suggest that both species likely have reduced fitness as they approach their range margin. Tail loss, which may reflect interference competition, effects of predation, or interactions between these, could potentially act as a density-dependent factor that stabilizes the range boundary between these species, at least over shorter time scales.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"358 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49449261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predation can have strong effects on the structure of pond-breeding amphibian communities. Many factors can influence the outcome of predator–prey interactions, including differences in densities, identities, and body sizes of both predator and prey. These different mediating factors can impart synergistic impacts on predation rates, though distinguishing such interactions among multiple factors are underexplored. We examined whether different body sizes of two predators, larval Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) and adult Lesser Sirens (Siren intermedia), varied in their ability to forage on larval anurans across a range of prey densities. We specifically tested whether attack rates and handling times, the two main parameters of functional response models, varied across three size classes in both predator species. We found that larval Marbled Salamanders exhibited a Type II (saturating) functional response and that larger individuals had higher attack rates and shorter handling times, resulting in greater prey mortality at higher prey densities with larger predators. In contrast, Lesser Sirens were largely ineffective predators despite being an order of magnitude larger in body size than Marbled Salamanders; tadpole mortality was largely unrelated to their own density. Predator body size was a significant predictor of prey mortality for both predator species. Overall, our study shows that species identity could be as important as predator body size when predicting the outcomes of predator–prey interactions.
{"title":"Functional Responses of Larval Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) and Adult Lesser Sirens (Siren intermedia) on Anuran Tadpole Prey","authors":"T. Anderson, K. M. Stemp, J. Davenport","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-212","url":null,"abstract":"Predation can have strong effects on the structure of pond-breeding amphibian communities. Many factors can influence the outcome of predator–prey interactions, including differences in densities, identities, and body sizes of both predator and prey. These different mediating factors can impart synergistic impacts on predation rates, though distinguishing such interactions among multiple factors are underexplored. We examined whether different body sizes of two predators, larval Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) and adult Lesser Sirens (Siren intermedia), varied in their ability to forage on larval anurans across a range of prey densities. We specifically tested whether attack rates and handling times, the two main parameters of functional response models, varied across three size classes in both predator species. We found that larval Marbled Salamanders exhibited a Type II (saturating) functional response and that larger individuals had higher attack rates and shorter handling times, resulting in greater prey mortality at higher prey densities with larger predators. In contrast, Lesser Sirens were largely ineffective predators despite being an order of magnitude larger in body size than Marbled Salamanders; tadpole mortality was largely unrelated to their own density. Predator body size was a significant predictor of prey mortality for both predator species. Overall, our study shows that species identity could be as important as predator body size when predicting the outcomes of predator–prey interactions.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"341 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45577201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xochitl Ortiz-Ross, Michelle E. Thompson, Enrique Salicetti-Nelson, Orlando Vargas-Ramirez, M. A. Donnelly
Oviposition site selection is critical for the reproductive success of oviparous organisms. We investigated oviposition site selection in three species of glass frogs—Espadarana prosoblepon, Hyalinobatrachium valerioi, and Teratohyla spinosa—in northeastern Costa Rica. We conducted nocturnal visual encounter surveys to estimate glass frog egg mass abundance and characterize oviposition site features in streams of three different habitats (pasture, secondary forest, and mature forest). Our results show differential oviposition site selection among all three species depending on vegetation and stream features. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi and T. spinosa, which oviposit almost exclusively on the underside of leaves, selected smooth leaves, while E. prosoblepon, which oviposits on the upper side of leaves or in moss, used moss eight times more than expected on the basis of availability. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi was found on larger leaves than T. spinosa and E. prosoblepon. Teratohyla spinosa and E. prosoblepon both oviposited most frequently above slow-moving water, while H. valerioi oviposited most frequently above fast-moving water. Espadarana prosoblepon was the only species affected by habitat type and had higher abundances of egg masses in mature forest than in secondary forest and pasture. Our results suggest that microhabitat plays a larger role in oviposition site selection than larger habitat classification. We propose that appropriate riparian microhabitat is a critical factor in sustaining glass frog populations in modified habitats and highlight the importance of preserving riparian corridors in altered landscapes.
{"title":"Oviposition Site Selection in Three Glass Frog Species","authors":"Xochitl Ortiz-Ross, Michelle E. Thompson, Enrique Salicetti-Nelson, Orlando Vargas-Ramirez, M. A. Donnelly","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-243","url":null,"abstract":"Oviposition site selection is critical for the reproductive success of oviparous organisms. We investigated oviposition site selection in three species of glass frogs—Espadarana prosoblepon, Hyalinobatrachium valerioi, and Teratohyla spinosa—in northeastern Costa Rica. We conducted nocturnal visual encounter surveys to estimate glass frog egg mass abundance and characterize oviposition site features in streams of three different habitats (pasture, secondary forest, and mature forest). Our results show differential oviposition site selection among all three species depending on vegetation and stream features. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi and T. spinosa, which oviposit almost exclusively on the underside of leaves, selected smooth leaves, while E. prosoblepon, which oviposits on the upper side of leaves or in moss, used moss eight times more than expected on the basis of availability. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi was found on larger leaves than T. spinosa and E. prosoblepon. Teratohyla spinosa and E. prosoblepon both oviposited most frequently above slow-moving water, while H. valerioi oviposited most frequently above fast-moving water. Espadarana prosoblepon was the only species affected by habitat type and had higher abundances of egg masses in mature forest than in secondary forest and pasture. Our results suggest that microhabitat plays a larger role in oviposition site selection than larger habitat classification. We propose that appropriate riparian microhabitat is a critical factor in sustaining glass frog populations in modified habitats and highlight the importance of preserving riparian corridors in altered landscapes.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"333 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1643/CE-19-243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48486065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predators can affect the development, fitness, and behavior of prey species in myriad ways. In response to the threat of predation, tadpoles can alter growth rate, morphology, and foraging behavior. Changes to tadpole development have the potential to alter life history characteristics and are therefore of interest in species of conservation concern. Using experimental mesocosms, we explored how non-lethal predators affected the larval development of the Pine Barrens Treefrog, Hyla andersonii, a near-threatened species in the United States. We found that caged dragonflies (Anax junius) induced darker tail coloration and deeper tail fins in tadpoles of H. andersonii, but the dragonflies did not affect tadpole behavior, survival, or size at metamorphosis. Non-lethal predator presence also induced greater within population variation in the tail color trait compared to populations without predators. This result suggests that there may be underlying genetic variation in the ability to express phenotypically plastic traits, a concept that should be explored further because it has implications for the evolution of inducible defenses. These findings support the existence of an adaptive syndrome among hylid tadpoles, where tadpoles develop conspicuous tail morphology in response to larval dragonfly predators.
{"title":"Predators Induce Morphological Changes in Tadpoles of Hyla andersonii","authors":"Ariel Kruger, P. Morin","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-241","url":null,"abstract":"Predators can affect the development, fitness, and behavior of prey species in myriad ways. In response to the threat of predation, tadpoles can alter growth rate, morphology, and foraging behavior. Changes to tadpole development have the potential to alter life history characteristics and are therefore of interest in species of conservation concern. Using experimental mesocosms, we explored how non-lethal predators affected the larval development of the Pine Barrens Treefrog, Hyla andersonii, a near-threatened species in the United States. We found that caged dragonflies (Anax junius) induced darker tail coloration and deeper tail fins in tadpoles of H. andersonii, but the dragonflies did not affect tadpole behavior, survival, or size at metamorphosis. Non-lethal predator presence also induced greater within population variation in the tail color trait compared to populations without predators. This result suggests that there may be underlying genetic variation in the ability to express phenotypically plastic traits, a concept that should be explored further because it has implications for the evolution of inducible defenses. These findings support the existence of an adaptive syndrome among hylid tadpoles, where tadpoles develop conspicuous tail morphology in response to larval dragonfly predators.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"316 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42377566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Shepherd, H. Pinheiro, Tyler A. Y. Phelps, Erin E. Easton, A. Pérez‐Matus, L. Rocha
A new species of Chromis (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) is described from three specimens collected at 90 m depth in a mesophotic coral ecosystem at Rapa Nui, Chile. Chromis mamatapara, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays XIV,13–14; pectoral-fin rays 18–19, third from top of fin longest; tubed lateral-line scales 18; total gill rakers on first arch 30–32; vertebrae 11+15; and by coloration of living specimens, especially the presence of a single, pronounced, white spot, roughly the same diameter as the orbit, located where the posterior base of the dorsal fin intersects the caudal peduncle. The most similar DNA barcode (mitochondrial COI gene), among those available, is Chromis tingting from Japan (3.5% uncorrected divergence); however, C. mamatapara, new species, also superficially resembles other species for which sequences are unavailable for comparisons, including C. okamurai from Japan and C. struhsakeri from Hawaii. Due to the high geographic isolation and consequently high endemism in the Rapa Nui region, we believe that C. mamatapara, new species, is endemic to mesophotic ecosystems of Rapa Nui, Isla Salas y Gómez, and nearby seamounts, a discovery that contributes to the high endemism of the region and thus the need for conservation efforts.
在智利Rapa Nui的一个中孔珊瑚生态系统中，从90 m深度采集的三个标本中描述了一种新的Chromis (Teleostei: Pomacentridae)。新种mamatapara可通过以下特征组合与同属物种区分:背鳍射线XIV, 13-14;胸鳍射线18-19，从鳍的顶部第三最长;管状横向刻度18;上弓鳃耙总数30-32;椎骨11 + 15;通过活体标本的颜色，特别是存在一个单一的、明显的白点，它的直径与眼眶大致相同，位于背鳍后基部与尾柄相交的地方。在现有的DNA条形码(线粒体COI基因)中，最相似的是来自日本的Chromis tingting(未校正差异为3.5%);然而，新物种C. mamatapara在表面上也与其他无法比较序列的物种相似，包括来自日本的C. okamurai和来自夏威夷的C. struhsakeri。由于Rapa Nui地区高度地理隔离，因此具有高度地方性，我们认为C. mamatapara是Rapa Nui, Isla Salas y Gómez和附近海山的中游生态系统特有的新物种，这一发现有助于该地区的高地方性，因此需要采取保护措施。
{"title":"A New Species of Chromis (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) from Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and Salas y Gómez, Chile","authors":"B. Shepherd, H. Pinheiro, Tyler A. Y. Phelps, Erin E. Easton, A. Pérez‐Matus, L. Rocha","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-294","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Chromis (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) is described from three specimens collected at 90 m depth in a mesophotic coral ecosystem at Rapa Nui, Chile. Chromis mamatapara, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays XIV,13–14; pectoral-fin rays 18–19, third from top of fin longest; tubed lateral-line scales 18; total gill rakers on first arch 30–32; vertebrae 11+15; and by coloration of living specimens, especially the presence of a single, pronounced, white spot, roughly the same diameter as the orbit, located where the posterior base of the dorsal fin intersects the caudal peduncle. The most similar DNA barcode (mitochondrial COI gene), among those available, is Chromis tingting from Japan (3.5% uncorrected divergence); however, C. mamatapara, new species, also superficially resembles other species for which sequences are unavailable for comparisons, including C. okamurai from Japan and C. struhsakeri from Hawaii. Due to the high geographic isolation and consequently high endemism in the Rapa Nui region, we believe that C. mamatapara, new species, is endemic to mesophotic ecosystems of Rapa Nui, Isla Salas y Gómez, and nearby seamounts, a discovery that contributes to the high endemism of the region and thus the need for conservation efforts.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"326 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44178726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morgan A. Herrmann, Stephanie M. Campos, E. Martins, Cristina Romero‐Diaz
We examined eye-bulging behavior in relation to scent-marking and chemosensory behavior in three species of iguanian lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii, S. tristichus, and S. virgatus, in a controlled environment. We studied males of the three species and also females of S. jarrovii and S. tristichus. Overall, the frequency of eye-bulging was positively correlated to the frequency of chin wipes in males, but not females. Chin wipes rarely occurred in the absence of eye-bulging; they were closely associated with the latter and, to some degree, to other chemosensory behavior. Of the three species, S. virgatus exhibited the highest eye-bulging frequency. The possibility of eye-bulging behavior being utilized for chemical communication is discussed.
在控制环境下，我们研究了三种鬣蜥(Sceloporus jarrovii, S. tristichus和S. virgatus)的眼睛凸起行为与气味标记和化学感觉行为的关系。我们研究了这三个物种的雄性，也研究了jarrovii和tristichus的雌性。总体而言，男性眼睛突出的频率与擦下巴的频率呈正相关，而女性则不然。在没有眼鼓的情况下很少擦下巴;它们与后者密切相关，在某种程度上也与其他化学感觉行为密切相关。在三个物种中，处女鱼的眼鼓频率最高。讨论了利用眼膨出行为进行化学通讯的可能性。
{"title":"Eye-Bulging Behavior in Lizards of the Genus Sceloporus: A Role in Chemical Communication?","authors":"Morgan A. Herrmann, Stephanie M. Campos, E. Martins, Cristina Romero‐Diaz","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-249","url":null,"abstract":"We examined eye-bulging behavior in relation to scent-marking and chemosensory behavior in three species of iguanian lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii, S. tristichus, and S. virgatus, in a controlled environment. We studied males of the three species and also females of S. jarrovii and S. tristichus. Overall, the frequency of eye-bulging was positively correlated to the frequency of chin wipes in males, but not females. Chin wipes rarely occurred in the absence of eye-bulging; they were closely associated with the latter and, to some degree, to other chemosensory behavior. Of the three species, S. virgatus exhibited the highest eye-bulging frequency. The possibility of eye-bulging behavior being utilized for chemical communication is discussed.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"309 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44748188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surveys and analyses of anatomical characters have allowed researchers to describe a wealth of anatomical features and contribute to our evolutionary understanding of fishes for centuries. However, most of these studies have focused on specific lineages or families rather than the broader evolutionary relationships. As such, there has been a lack of progress inferring higher-level relationships among percomorphs. With the use of large-scale DNA-based methods in multiple studies over the past two decades, the backbone of the phylogeny of fishes is becoming increasingly understood. Taking this DNA-based phylogenetic backbone into account, we have the opportunity to integrate discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data to test earlier topologies and provide new and improved hypotheses of relationships. The carangiform fishes, which include approximately 1,100 species in 29–34 families, were initially recovered as a clade in DNA-based studies. Subsequent to its initial recovery, many molecular phylogenies have been published assessing carangiform relationships, but these studies present a conflicting array of hypotheses on the intrarelationships of this clade. In addition to this diversity of hypotheses, no studies have explicitly diagnosed the clade or its major subgroups from a morphological perspective or conducted a simultaneous analysis to put forth synapomorphies for relationships across the Carangiformes using a combination of molecular and morphological data. In this study, we performed combined analyses of new and previously identified discrete morphological characters and new and previously published genome-scale data to characterize the evolutionary history and anatomical variation within this clade of fishes. Our novel morphological dataset included 201 hard and soft tissue characters, and it was combined with a novel dataset of 463 ultraconserved element loci. Our combined analysis of these data resulted in a monophyletic Carangiformes, with a series of subclades nested within. We put forth a series of subordinal names based on the recovered branching pattern, morphological character evidence, and relative stability in large-scale studies. These suborders are the Centropomoidei, which includes Centropomidae, Lactariidae, Latidae, and Sphyraenidae; Polynemoidei, which includes Polynemidae and the infraorder Pleuronectoideo; Toxotoidei, which includes Leptobramidae and Toxotidae; Nematistioidei, which includes Nematistiidae; and Menoidei, which includes Menidae and Xiphioidea. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss morphological characters that support the relationships between two or more lineages of carangiform fishes. Finally, we highlight patterns of morphological convergence among some carangiform fishes and their previously hypothesized sister lineages.
{"title":"The Phylogeny of Carangiform Fishes: Morphological and Genomic Investigations of a New Fish Clade","authors":"M. Girard, M. P. Davis, W. Smith","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-320","url":null,"abstract":"Surveys and analyses of anatomical characters have allowed researchers to describe a wealth of anatomical features and contribute to our evolutionary understanding of fishes for centuries. However, most of these studies have focused on specific lineages or families rather than the broader evolutionary relationships. As such, there has been a lack of progress inferring higher-level relationships among percomorphs. With the use of large-scale DNA-based methods in multiple studies over the past two decades, the backbone of the phylogeny of fishes is becoming increasingly understood. Taking this DNA-based phylogenetic backbone into account, we have the opportunity to integrate discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data to test earlier topologies and provide new and improved hypotheses of relationships. The carangiform fishes, which include approximately 1,100 species in 29–34 families, were initially recovered as a clade in DNA-based studies. Subsequent to its initial recovery, many molecular phylogenies have been published assessing carangiform relationships, but these studies present a conflicting array of hypotheses on the intrarelationships of this clade. In addition to this diversity of hypotheses, no studies have explicitly diagnosed the clade or its major subgroups from a morphological perspective or conducted a simultaneous analysis to put forth synapomorphies for relationships across the Carangiformes using a combination of molecular and morphological data. In this study, we performed combined analyses of new and previously identified discrete morphological characters and new and previously published genome-scale data to characterize the evolutionary history and anatomical variation within this clade of fishes. Our novel morphological dataset included 201 hard and soft tissue characters, and it was combined with a novel dataset of 463 ultraconserved element loci. Our combined analysis of these data resulted in a monophyletic Carangiformes, with a series of subclades nested within. We put forth a series of subordinal names based on the recovered branching pattern, morphological character evidence, and relative stability in large-scale studies. These suborders are the Centropomoidei, which includes Centropomidae, Lactariidae, Latidae, and Sphyraenidae; Polynemoidei, which includes Polynemidae and the infraorder Pleuronectoideo; Toxotoidei, which includes Leptobramidae and Toxotidae; Nematistioidei, which includes Nematistiidae; and Menoidei, which includes Menidae and Xiphioidea. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss morphological characters that support the relationships between two or more lineages of carangiform fishes. Finally, we highlight patterns of morphological convergence among some carangiform fishes and their previously hypothesized sister lineages.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"265 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46721969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregory B. Pauly, Maya C. Shaulsky, A. J. Barley, Stevie R. Kennedy‐Gold, Sam C. Stewart, S. Keeney, R. C. Thomson
Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis) have experienced extensive population declines over the last century. In California, this species was historically known to occur in scattered localities in the extreme southeastern portion of the state, but it has not been positively documented since 1965. Subsequent to this decline in California, nonnative Rio Grande Leopard Frogs (R. berlandieri) have expanded into localities previously occupied by R. yavapaiensis. The lack of extensive formal surveys and the difficulty distinguishing between these species using morphological characters have caused uncertainty about whether Lowland Leopard Frogs persist within their historical range in California. Recently, leopard frogs that could not be confidently identified to species have been observed at historical localities of R. yavapaiensis . Thus, we undertook a formal study of these populations to characterize their morphological and genetic variation, and conclusively determine to which species they belong. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that these frogs are R. berlandieri, but the morphological characters typically used to diagnose these species are largely overlapping. Further complicating field identifications, for some morphological characters, the California R. berlandieri are more similar to R. yavapaiensis than to native-range R. berlandieri. Additionally, invasive R. berlandieri show greater variation in a key character—the condition of the inset dorsolateral folds—than that found across much of the species' native range. These results demonstrate the potential for morphological change during rapid population expansions to confound species identifications. Our findings have implications for future efforts to resolve the status of R. yavapaiensis in California and to identify other native leopard frogs found within the expanding range of R. berlandieri. Our results also highlight the utility of genetic approaches for reliably identifying morphologically similar leopard frogs.
{"title":"Morphological Change during Rapid Population Expansion Confounds Leopard Frog Identifications in the Southwestern United States","authors":"Gregory B. Pauly, Maya C. Shaulsky, A. J. Barley, Stevie R. Kennedy‐Gold, Sam C. Stewart, S. Keeney, R. C. Thomson","doi":"10.1643/CH-19-222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-222","url":null,"abstract":"Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis) have experienced extensive population declines over the last century. In California, this species was historically known to occur in scattered localities in the extreme southeastern portion of the state, but it has not been positively documented since 1965. Subsequent to this decline in California, nonnative Rio Grande Leopard Frogs (R. berlandieri) have expanded into localities previously occupied by R. yavapaiensis. The lack of extensive formal surveys and the difficulty distinguishing between these species using morphological characters have caused uncertainty about whether Lowland Leopard Frogs persist within their historical range in California. Recently, leopard frogs that could not be confidently identified to species have been observed at historical localities of R. yavapaiensis . Thus, we undertook a formal study of these populations to characterize their morphological and genetic variation, and conclusively determine to which species they belong. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that these frogs are R. berlandieri, but the morphological characters typically used to diagnose these species are largely overlapping. Further complicating field identifications, for some morphological characters, the California R. berlandieri are more similar to R. yavapaiensis than to native-range R. berlandieri. Additionally, invasive R. berlandieri show greater variation in a key character—the condition of the inset dorsolateral folds—than that found across much of the species' native range. These results demonstrate the potential for morphological change during rapid population expansions to confound species identifications. Our findings have implications for future efforts to resolve the status of R. yavapaiensis in California and to identify other native leopard frogs found within the expanding range of R. berlandieri. Our results also highlight the utility of genetic approaches for reliably identifying morphologically similar leopard frogs.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"299 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Aldridge, D. Siegel, S. Goldberg, Alexander Pyron
The squamates occur in a variety of climates from tropical to Arctic regions. Being poikilotherms, snakes and lizards in temperate regions, and high elevation tropical environments, must adjust their reproductive biology to reproduce at a time that optimizes offspring survival. The two major components of the reproductive cycle in both males and females are gametogenesis and mating. The reproductive cycle of males is the focus of this study. In snakes in temperate climates, sperm production (spermatogenesis) may occur immediately prior to mating (prenuptial spermatogenesis) or following mating (postnuptial spermatogenesis). In postnuptial spermatogenesis, sperm are produced following the mating season and stored in the efferent testicular ducts (primarily the ductus deferens) until the following spring mating season. Given that most recent phylogenetic reconstructions resolve snakes as a monophyletic group of highly specialized lizards, it is generally assumed that lizards have spermatogenic cycles similar to snakes. Lizard spermatogenic cycles are often described as prenuptial or postnuptial. We propose that the major difference between snake and lizard spermatogenic cycles is the presence of postnuptial spermatogenesis in snakes and the absence of true postnuptial spermatogenesis in lizards. Our interpretation of lizard spermatogenic cycles suggests that all lizards have prenuptial spermatogenesis (i.e., sperm are produced immediately prior to mating). If fertilization occurs months after mating, the female, and not the male, stores the sperm until spring ovulation and fertilization. Using a variety of analytical tools, we analyzed the reproductive strategies of snakes and lizards, and we have concluded that they differ in fundamental ways. Most notably, prenuptial spermatogenesis is the ancestral condition for Squamata with continuous spermatogenesis evolving multiple times independently within lizards and snakes. We also found that postnuptial spermatogenesis evolved early in the evolutionary history of snakes but, we argue, has never evolved in lizards. We suggest that the evolutionary origin of snakes may account for the differences observed in snake versus lizard reproductive cycles, and we present a scenario for the evolution of snake reproductive cycles.
{"title":"Seasonal Timing of Spermatogenesis and Mating in Squamates: A Reinterpretation","authors":"R. Aldridge, D. Siegel, S. Goldberg, Alexander Pyron","doi":"10.1643/CH-19-230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-230","url":null,"abstract":"The squamates occur in a variety of climates from tropical to Arctic regions. Being poikilotherms, snakes and lizards in temperate regions, and high elevation tropical environments, must adjust their reproductive biology to reproduce at a time that optimizes offspring survival. The two major components of the reproductive cycle in both males and females are gametogenesis and mating. The reproductive cycle of males is the focus of this study. In snakes in temperate climates, sperm production (spermatogenesis) may occur immediately prior to mating (prenuptial spermatogenesis) or following mating (postnuptial spermatogenesis). In postnuptial spermatogenesis, sperm are produced following the mating season and stored in the efferent testicular ducts (primarily the ductus deferens) until the following spring mating season. Given that most recent phylogenetic reconstructions resolve snakes as a monophyletic group of highly specialized lizards, it is generally assumed that lizards have spermatogenic cycles similar to snakes. Lizard spermatogenic cycles are often described as prenuptial or postnuptial. We propose that the major difference between snake and lizard spermatogenic cycles is the presence of postnuptial spermatogenesis in snakes and the absence of true postnuptial spermatogenesis in lizards. Our interpretation of lizard spermatogenic cycles suggests that all lizards have prenuptial spermatogenesis (i.e., sperm are produced immediately prior to mating). If fertilization occurs months after mating, the female, and not the male, stores the sperm until spring ovulation and fertilization. Using a variety of analytical tools, we analyzed the reproductive strategies of snakes and lizards, and we have concluded that they differ in fundamental ways. Most notably, prenuptial spermatogenesis is the ancestral condition for Squamata with continuous spermatogenesis evolving multiple times independently within lizards and snakes. We also found that postnuptial spermatogenesis evolved early in the evolutionary history of snakes but, we argue, has never evolved in lizards. We suggest that the evolutionary origin of snakes may account for the differences observed in snake versus lizard reproductive cycles, and we present a scenario for the evolution of snake reproductive cycles.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"231 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1643/CH-19-230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49223797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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