Pub Date : 2018-05-22DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432429
M. Vela-Cano, M. Gómez-Brandón, C. Pesciaroli, H. Insam, Jesús González-López
ABSTRACT Organic amendments have been shown to improve the quality of agricultural soils. Thus, the use of sewage sludge compost tea as a fertilizer can be considered a worthy and environmentally friendly alternative as it also offers the option of recycling sludge at the same time. However, an in-depth knowledge of how the addition of this product affects soil microbial diversity is still necessary. As such, the main objective of this study was to evaluate, at a microcosm level, the effects of irrigation with sewage sludge compost tea in an olive grove soil, focusing on the changes in the total bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). For this purpose plastic pots were filled with olive grove soil, watered with different amounts of water and/or compost tea, and incubated at 21 and 35°C for a period of 90 days. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, real-time PCR, and 454-pyrosequencing analysis were performed. Our results suggested that the addition of sewage sludge compost tea (liquid fertilizer) slightly increased the soil biological diversity during the incubation time which suggests that sewage sludge compost tea did not have any negative effects in the soil microbiota. Accordingly and regardless of the incubation temperature, significant changes in the soil community structure were not observed throughout the experiment, suggesting that the treated soils maintained their microbiological stability.
{"title":"Study of Total Bacteria and Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Response to Irrigation with Sewage Sludge Compost Tea in Agricultural Soil","authors":"M. Vela-Cano, M. Gómez-Brandón, C. Pesciaroli, H. Insam, Jesús González-López","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Organic amendments have been shown to improve the quality of agricultural soils. Thus, the use of sewage sludge compost tea as a fertilizer can be considered a worthy and environmentally friendly alternative as it also offers the option of recycling sludge at the same time. However, an in-depth knowledge of how the addition of this product affects soil microbial diversity is still necessary. As such, the main objective of this study was to evaluate, at a microcosm level, the effects of irrigation with sewage sludge compost tea in an olive grove soil, focusing on the changes in the total bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). For this purpose plastic pots were filled with olive grove soil, watered with different amounts of water and/or compost tea, and incubated at 21 and 35°C for a period of 90 days. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, real-time PCR, and 454-pyrosequencing analysis were performed. Our results suggested that the addition of sewage sludge compost tea (liquid fertilizer) slightly increased the soil biological diversity during the incubation time which suggests that sewage sludge compost tea did not have any negative effects in the soil microbiota. Accordingly and regardless of the incubation temperature, significant changes in the soil community structure were not observed throughout the experiment, suggesting that the treated soils maintained their microbiological stability.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"145 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41839145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432430
Carolyn Wilson, B. Zebarth, C. Goyer, D. Burton
ABSTRACT Soilborne diseases result in major economic losses for potato producers. Compost application can reduce soilborne diseases, however the effects of compost products on potato disease severity and incidence are still unclear. Diverse compost products were compared for their effects on soilborne diseases of potato in New Brunswick, Canada using field and growth room experiments. In the field, five products were applied at 45 Mg ha−1 dry weight to field plots in October of 2014 and 2015. In the growth room experiment, seven products were mixed to a 5% w/w ratio with naturally infested soil. Tubers were assessed for disease severity and incidence and compared with a no compost addition control. Severity of symptoms of silver scurf, black scurf (BS), common scab (CS), and powdery scab varied among treatments, experiments, and years. In the field experiment, BS severity was significantly greater in the control than in the poultry manure compost treatment (3.26% versus 0.90%) in 2016. Common scab severity and incidence in the field were positively related to soil pH and negatively related to soil particulate organic matter C and compost C concentrations. In the growth room experiment, CS severity was significantly greater in the control (8.98%) than in the municipal source separated organic compost and sea-waste compost treatments (1.72 and 2.47%, respectively). In this study, compost products had a significant, but inconsistent, suppressive effect on soilborne potato diseases. The quantity of compost C, rather than compost quality, was likely the most important factor in disease suppression in this study.
{"title":"Effect of Diverse Compost Products on Soilborne Diseases of Potato","authors":"Carolyn Wilson, B. Zebarth, C. Goyer, D. Burton","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soilborne diseases result in major economic losses for potato producers. Compost application can reduce soilborne diseases, however the effects of compost products on potato disease severity and incidence are still unclear. Diverse compost products were compared for their effects on soilborne diseases of potato in New Brunswick, Canada using field and growth room experiments. In the field, five products were applied at 45 Mg ha−1 dry weight to field plots in October of 2014 and 2015. In the growth room experiment, seven products were mixed to a 5% w/w ratio with naturally infested soil. Tubers were assessed for disease severity and incidence and compared with a no compost addition control. Severity of symptoms of silver scurf, black scurf (BS), common scab (CS), and powdery scab varied among treatments, experiments, and years. In the field experiment, BS severity was significantly greater in the control than in the poultry manure compost treatment (3.26% versus 0.90%) in 2016. Common scab severity and incidence in the field were positively related to soil pH and negatively related to soil particulate organic matter C and compost C concentrations. In the growth room experiment, CS severity was significantly greater in the control (8.98%) than in the municipal source separated organic compost and sea-waste compost treatments (1.72 and 2.47%, respectively). In this study, compost products had a significant, but inconsistent, suppressive effect on soilborne potato diseases. The quantity of compost C, rather than compost quality, was likely the most important factor in disease suppression in this study.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"156 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1432430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48324693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434022
Z. Haitao, Liao Tianpeng, Shan Yuhua, F. Ke, Yan Zhijun, Zhu Qiande
ABSTRACT Vermicompost is becoming an important substitute for peat in horticulture due to the negative consequences of peat depletion. There is no aerobic fermentation pretreatment in the process of direct digestion of fresh cow manure by earthworms, which resulted in different properties of vermicompost compared with traditional treatment methods. However, there is limited knowledge on the properties of vermicompost in the direct earthworm digestion process. In the present study, a large-scale earthworm bio-bed was used to convert fresh cow manure into vermicompost, and then the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the vermicompost were determined. To study the influence of mineral nutrient additions, vermicompost was mixed with vermiculite at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), and was then used as the growth medium for capsicum seedlings. The results showed that nitrate nitrogen (243.39 mg/kg), ammonium nitrogen (50.38 mg/kg), total phosphorus (47.61 g/kg), available phosphorus (41.68 g/kg), catalase activity (2.17 mL/g·h), bacterial biomass (3.60 × 107 cfu/g), actinobacterial biomass (2.40 × 107 cfu/g), and fungal biomass (1.55 × 106 cfu/g) measurements were significantly higher in vermicompost than in the parent material. However, moisture (50.01%), electrical conductivity (2.07 mS/cm), total nitrogen (8.52 g/kg), organic matter (28.47%), and urease activity (0.63 mL/g·h) were significantly lower in the vermicompost compared to the parent material. The shoot and root morphological indices and the capsicum biomass accumulation measurements in the vermicompost treatments were superior to those found in the commercial peat medium (CK). Leaf expansion (14.83 cm), shoot height (24.20 cm), stem diameter (4.38 cm), leaf number (16.20 No.), root length (352.83 cm), root surface area (60.30 cm2), root diameter (0.61 mm), and root volume (0.92cm3) significantly higher in vermicompost-vermiculite mixed media with added urea (0.5 kg/m3), superphosphate (10.0 kg/m3), and potassium chloride (1.0 kg/m3) than in CK at the late seedling growth stage. The addition of mineral nutrients (NPK) had little effect on the physical properties of the vermicompost media, but it improved the available nutrients. In summary, fresh cow manure without pre-treatment can be processed into vermicompost using a large-scale earthworm bio-bed. Vermicompost could serve as an alternative for commercial peat media in the cultivation of capsicum plug seedlings, and the beneficial effects of adding NPK gradually emerged as the seedling growth time increased.
{"title":"Cow Manure Disposal Using an Earthworm Bio-Bed and the Development of a Vermicompost-Based Substrate for Capsicum Seedlings","authors":"Z. Haitao, Liao Tianpeng, Shan Yuhua, F. Ke, Yan Zhijun, Zhu Qiande","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434022","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vermicompost is becoming an important substitute for peat in horticulture due to the negative consequences of peat depletion. There is no aerobic fermentation pretreatment in the process of direct digestion of fresh cow manure by earthworms, which resulted in different properties of vermicompost compared with traditional treatment methods. However, there is limited knowledge on the properties of vermicompost in the direct earthworm digestion process. In the present study, a large-scale earthworm bio-bed was used to convert fresh cow manure into vermicompost, and then the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the vermicompost were determined. To study the influence of mineral nutrient additions, vermicompost was mixed with vermiculite at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), and was then used as the growth medium for capsicum seedlings. The results showed that nitrate nitrogen (243.39 mg/kg), ammonium nitrogen (50.38 mg/kg), total phosphorus (47.61 g/kg), available phosphorus (41.68 g/kg), catalase activity (2.17 mL/g·h), bacterial biomass (3.60 × 107 cfu/g), actinobacterial biomass (2.40 × 107 cfu/g), and fungal biomass (1.55 × 106 cfu/g) measurements were significantly higher in vermicompost than in the parent material. However, moisture (50.01%), electrical conductivity (2.07 mS/cm), total nitrogen (8.52 g/kg), organic matter (28.47%), and urease activity (0.63 mL/g·h) were significantly lower in the vermicompost compared to the parent material. The shoot and root morphological indices and the capsicum biomass accumulation measurements in the vermicompost treatments were superior to those found in the commercial peat medium (CK). Leaf expansion (14.83 cm), shoot height (24.20 cm), stem diameter (4.38 cm), leaf number (16.20 No.), root length (352.83 cm), root surface area (60.30 cm2), root diameter (0.61 mm), and root volume (0.92cm3) significantly higher in vermicompost-vermiculite mixed media with added urea (0.5 kg/m3), superphosphate (10.0 kg/m3), and potassium chloride (1.0 kg/m3) than in CK at the late seedling growth stage. The addition of mineral nutrients (NPK) had little effect on the physical properties of the vermicompost media, but it improved the available nutrients. In summary, fresh cow manure without pre-treatment can be processed into vermicompost using a large-scale earthworm bio-bed. Vermicompost could serve as an alternative for commercial peat media in the cultivation of capsicum plug seedlings, and the beneficial effects of adding NPK gradually emerged as the seedling growth time increased.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"165 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47127357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438934
M. Schwarz, Jean F. Bonhotal
ABSTRACT Cornell University Farm Services collects recyclable organics from various locations around the University including the dining halls and other food service establishments, the veterinary hospital, satellite dairy cattle, horse and chicken farms, cropping operations, and greenhouses. In 2013, they diverted approximately 6714 metric tons of organic residuals to the compost facility. A questionnaire was developed to get information from the facility in order to calculate greenhouse gas emissions for each step in this process including savings from carbon sequestration through compost use. It was found that in 2013, Cornell's compost facility emitted 104.6 metric tons carbon equivalent (MTCE) and saved 201.4 MTCE through compost use for a total carbon footprint savings of 96.7 MTCE/year (carbon negative). This equates to 0.0154 MTCE/tonne feedstock emitted and 0.03 MTCE saved through compost use for a total carbon footprint savings of 0.0146 MTCE/tonne fresh matter. These values are specific to this facility, but the questionnaire and calculations can be used by compost facilities to calculate the carbon footprint of composting.
{"title":"Carbon Footprint of a University Compost Facility: Case Study of Cornell Farm Services","authors":"M. Schwarz, Jean F. Bonhotal","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438934","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cornell University Farm Services collects recyclable organics from various locations around the University including the dining halls and other food service establishments, the veterinary hospital, satellite dairy cattle, horse and chicken farms, cropping operations, and greenhouses. In 2013, they diverted approximately 6714 metric tons of organic residuals to the compost facility. A questionnaire was developed to get information from the facility in order to calculate greenhouse gas emissions for each step in this process including savings from carbon sequestration through compost use. It was found that in 2013, Cornell's compost facility emitted 104.6 metric tons carbon equivalent (MTCE) and saved 201.4 MTCE through compost use for a total carbon footprint savings of 96.7 MTCE/year (carbon negative). This equates to 0.0154 MTCE/tonne feedstock emitted and 0.03 MTCE saved through compost use for a total carbon footprint savings of 0.0146 MTCE/tonne fresh matter. These values are specific to this facility, but the questionnaire and calculations can be used by compost facilities to calculate the carbon footprint of composting.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"128 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438934","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-12DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1396268
A. Saleem, I. Fareed, M. Irshad, Q. Mahmood, A. Eneji, M. Shahzad
ABSTRACT Poultry litter (PL) is a significant source of nutrients, but a suitable amount of carbon needs to be added as a bulking agent during its composting to a stable nutrient source. Here, we characterized the transformation of phosphorus and other plant nutrients during aerobic composting of PL with sugarcane (SW) and cabbage waste (CW) for 120 d. Periodic samples were collected during composting and analyzed for total C, P (and its fractions), K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, EC and pH. At the initial stage of composting (20 d), the P fractions varied in the order: water soluble P > NaHCO3-P (readily plant-available) > HCl-P (Ca+Mg-bound) > residual-P > NaOH-P (Fe+Al-bound). After 120 d, the order was HCl-P > residual-P > water-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P. These variations suggested a transformation of labile Pi to more recalcitrant forms during composting. Water soluble P was the dominant fraction during the initial composting period. This declined progressively with time of composting, while the HCl-P increased, confirming the transformation of the more vulnerable water soluble P to the more recalcitrant HCl-extractable P. This indicated that the composting could be a useful way of managing manure for P stabilization and reducing its losses in runoff water following land application. The total C varied directly with the ratio of sugarcane and cabbage wastes in the manure but was inversely related to the duration of composting. Extractable K, Ca, Mg, and Na increased whereas trace elements concentrations decreased with time of composting. The higher availability of basic plant nutrients and reduced availability of heavy metals in the mature compost are valuable attributes for safe use in sustainable agricultural production.
{"title":"Transformations of Phosphorus and Other Plant Nutrients in Poultry Litter Composted with Sugarcane and Cabbage Wastes","authors":"A. Saleem, I. Fareed, M. Irshad, Q. Mahmood, A. Eneji, M. Shahzad","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1396268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1396268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Poultry litter (PL) is a significant source of nutrients, but a suitable amount of carbon needs to be added as a bulking agent during its composting to a stable nutrient source. Here, we characterized the transformation of phosphorus and other plant nutrients during aerobic composting of PL with sugarcane (SW) and cabbage waste (CW) for 120 d. Periodic samples were collected during composting and analyzed for total C, P (and its fractions), K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, EC and pH. At the initial stage of composting (20 d), the P fractions varied in the order: water soluble P > NaHCO3-P (readily plant-available) > HCl-P (Ca+Mg-bound) > residual-P > NaOH-P (Fe+Al-bound). After 120 d, the order was HCl-P > residual-P > water-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P. These variations suggested a transformation of labile Pi to more recalcitrant forms during composting. Water soluble P was the dominant fraction during the initial composting period. This declined progressively with time of composting, while the HCl-P increased, confirming the transformation of the more vulnerable water soluble P to the more recalcitrant HCl-extractable P. This indicated that the composting could be a useful way of managing manure for P stabilization and reducing its losses in runoff water following land application. The total C varied directly with the ratio of sugarcane and cabbage wastes in the manure but was inversely related to the duration of composting. Extractable K, Ca, Mg, and Na increased whereas trace elements concentrations decreased with time of composting. The higher availability of basic plant nutrients and reduced availability of heavy metals in the mature compost are valuable attributes for safe use in sustainable agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"114 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1396268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48822041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1392907
M. Jakubus, E. Bakinowska
ABSTRACT Sewage sludge management is a major challenge in environmental protection. Composting is an organic waste treatment method that is cost effective and leads to resource recovery. Composting is considered an environmentally and agriculturally friendly method of sewage sludge utilisation. The objective of this study was to evaluate maturity of three composts prepared on the basis of sewage sludge mixed with structure-forming waste materials, such as pine bark, sawdust and wheat straw. The germination index (GI) was used to assess the maturity and phytotoxicity of composts at particular composting stages (initial, mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling, maturation). Cress seeds were used to determine the GI. The logistic model, which belongs to a broad class of generalized linear models, was used to analyze experimental data. Using this model the interesting probabilities (from the point of view of the experimenter) for the occurrence of a specific root length were determined. In addition, a model was constructed providing a dependence of probability on temperature. This work indicates a marked dependence between root length produced by cress seeds and the temperature of the composting process, which was closely related to the GI values. The longest plant roots, similarly as the highest GI values, were found at the lower temperature, which took place at the beginning and at the end of the composting process. Our findings suggest that the practical applicability of GI in the evaluation of compost maturity is limited. Additionally, the role of additional wastes being structure-forming agents in composted mixtures with sewage sludge was stressed as a sorption matrix for harmful substances released from sewage sludge.
{"title":"Practical Applicability of Germination Index Assessed by Logistic Models","authors":"M. Jakubus, E. Bakinowska","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1392907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1392907","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sewage sludge management is a major challenge in environmental protection. Composting is an organic waste treatment method that is cost effective and leads to resource recovery. Composting is considered an environmentally and agriculturally friendly method of sewage sludge utilisation. The objective of this study was to evaluate maturity of three composts prepared on the basis of sewage sludge mixed with structure-forming waste materials, such as pine bark, sawdust and wheat straw. The germination index (GI) was used to assess the maturity and phytotoxicity of composts at particular composting stages (initial, mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling, maturation). Cress seeds were used to determine the GI. The logistic model, which belongs to a broad class of generalized linear models, was used to analyze experimental data. Using this model the interesting probabilities (from the point of view of the experimenter) for the occurrence of a specific root length were determined. In addition, a model was constructed providing a dependence of probability on temperature. This work indicates a marked dependence between root length produced by cress seeds and the temperature of the composting process, which was closely related to the GI values. The longest plant roots, similarly as the highest GI values, were found at the lower temperature, which took place at the beginning and at the end of the composting process. Our findings suggest that the practical applicability of GI in the evaluation of compost maturity is limited. Additionally, the role of additional wastes being structure-forming agents in composted mixtures with sewage sludge was stressed as a sorption matrix for harmful substances released from sewage sludge.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"104 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1392907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45336574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-16DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366375
H. Kanaan, Y. Hadar, S. Medina, A. Krasnovsky, S. Mordechai‐Lebiush, L. Tsror (Lahkim), J. Katan, M. Raviv
ABSTRACT Several composts were tested for their capacity to moderate the effect of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (VCG B4, VD) on eggplant (Solanum melongena) under greenhouse conditions. Eggplants plantlets were inoculated by immersing their roots in conidial suspension and then planted in pots filled with mixtures of compost or peat moss, mixed with perlite. Six composts and peat moss mixtures were tested, of which tomato waste compost suppressed V. dahliae, and turkey litter compost partially suppressed it. Reduced levels of symptoms and lower fungal colonization were detected in the xylem of eggplants planted in tomato waste compost, and these plants accumulated more dry matter and had higher chlorophyll content compared to other media. However, survival of conidia in tomato waste compost showed only a moderate decrease compared with a sharp decrease in other media, suggesting that conidial eradication cannot be proposed as the suppressiveness mechanism. γ irradiation of tomato waste compost and peat at 2.5 Mrad reduced microorganism density by four orders of magnitude, but irradiation of tomato waste compost did not reduce its suppressiveness of V. dahliae. Composts properties affected progress rate of VD in the xylem tissue of eggplant seedling. These properties could indicate both biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process.
{"title":"Effect of Compost Properties on Progress Rate of Verticillium dahliae Attack on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)","authors":"H. Kanaan, Y. Hadar, S. Medina, A. Krasnovsky, S. Mordechai‐Lebiush, L. Tsror (Lahkim), J. Katan, M. Raviv","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366375","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several composts were tested for their capacity to moderate the effect of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (VCG B4, VD) on eggplant (Solanum melongena) under greenhouse conditions. Eggplants plantlets were inoculated by immersing their roots in conidial suspension and then planted in pots filled with mixtures of compost or peat moss, mixed with perlite. Six composts and peat moss mixtures were tested, of which tomato waste compost suppressed V. dahliae, and turkey litter compost partially suppressed it. Reduced levels of symptoms and lower fungal colonization were detected in the xylem of eggplants planted in tomato waste compost, and these plants accumulated more dry matter and had higher chlorophyll content compared to other media. However, survival of conidia in tomato waste compost showed only a moderate decrease compared with a sharp decrease in other media, suggesting that conidial eradication cannot be proposed as the suppressiveness mechanism. γ irradiation of tomato waste compost and peat at 2.5 Mrad reduced microorganism density by four orders of magnitude, but irradiation of tomato waste compost did not reduce its suppressiveness of V. dahliae. Composts properties affected progress rate of VD in the xylem tissue of eggplant seedling. These properties could indicate both biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"71 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42527866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-05DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1379916
M. A. O. Orrico Junior, A. Orrico, D. M. Manarelli, Walter Renato Teixeira Lopes, A. W. Schwingel
ABSTRACT The different organic matter fractions of residues significantly impact the degradability of organic material in composting windrows. Based on that, this study aimed to find out the organic matter fractions that most impact the breakdown rate during composting, besides proposing models to estimate the solids reductions in sheep bedding composting windrows. To that end, 24 sheep beddings from different locations and varied composition were composted so as to ensure the representativeness of the sample. The models found for reduction in total (TS) and volatile (VS) solids as a function of compostable organic matter (COM) and organic matter resistant to composting (OMRC) were not significant. Lignin had correlation coefficients of −0.6, −0.89, and −0.84 in relation to temperature, TS reduction, and VS reduction, respectively. The hemicellulose:lignin ratio was the parameter most correlated with temperature (0.69), TS reduction (0.91), VS reduction (0.92), and nitrogen (0.5), which led to more significant predictive models. It can be concluded that the hemicellulose:lignin ratio is the parameter that most impacts the breakdown of organic matter and nitrogen losses in sheep bedding composting windrows.
{"title":"Estimated Reduction in Solids During Sheep Bedding Composting as a Function of the Composition of the Organic Fractions","authors":"M. A. O. Orrico Junior, A. Orrico, D. M. Manarelli, Walter Renato Teixeira Lopes, A. W. Schwingel","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1379916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1379916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The different organic matter fractions of residues significantly impact the degradability of organic material in composting windrows. Based on that, this study aimed to find out the organic matter fractions that most impact the breakdown rate during composting, besides proposing models to estimate the solids reductions in sheep bedding composting windrows. To that end, 24 sheep beddings from different locations and varied composition were composted so as to ensure the representativeness of the sample. The models found for reduction in total (TS) and volatile (VS) solids as a function of compostable organic matter (COM) and organic matter resistant to composting (OMRC) were not significant. Lignin had correlation coefficients of −0.6, −0.89, and −0.84 in relation to temperature, TS reduction, and VS reduction, respectively. The hemicellulose:lignin ratio was the parameter most correlated with temperature (0.69), TS reduction (0.91), VS reduction (0.92), and nitrogen (0.5), which led to more significant predictive models. It can be concluded that the hemicellulose:lignin ratio is the parameter that most impacts the breakdown of organic matter and nitrogen losses in sheep bedding composting windrows.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"91 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1379916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-05DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1381865
A. Maynard
ABSTRACT For 22 years, plots were amended annually with oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) or sugar maple leaves (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in Mt. Carmel, CT on a loamy upland soil. Leaves were incorporated into the soil immediately after application in the fall. Yields of 12 different vegetable crops (lettuce, peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, edamame, delicata squash, spaghetti squash, onions, leeks, rutabaga, carrots, and beans) from these plots were compared to yields from unamended controls. All plots received equal amounts of fertilizer. There were no significant differences in vegetable yields with any of the crops between any of the treatments indicating there are no deleterious effects of annual applications of uncomposted leaves. Some soil characteristics such as organic matter and pH improved on the leaf amended plots. Study shows that annual applications of leaves to cropland (sheet composting) is a viable alternative for the disposal of leaves.
{"title":"Cumulative Effect of Annual Additions of Uncomposted Oak and Maple Leaves on the Yield of Vegetables","authors":"A. Maynard","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1381865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1381865","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For 22 years, plots were amended annually with oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) or sugar maple leaves (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in Mt. Carmel, CT on a loamy upland soil. Leaves were incorporated into the soil immediately after application in the fall. Yields of 12 different vegetable crops (lettuce, peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, edamame, delicata squash, spaghetti squash, onions, leeks, rutabaga, carrots, and beans) from these plots were compared to yields from unamended controls. All plots received equal amounts of fertilizer. There were no significant differences in vegetable yields with any of the crops between any of the treatments indicating there are no deleterious effects of annual applications of uncomposted leaves. Some soil characteristics such as organic matter and pH improved on the leaf amended plots. Study shows that annual applications of leaves to cropland (sheet composting) is a viable alternative for the disposal of leaves.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"103 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1381865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47344232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-05DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366376
D. Parker, Dave Venhaus, C. Robinson, T. Marek, J. Sweeten
ABSTRACT About 7 million beef cattle are raised annually in the Texas High Plains, producing 16 million Mg of manure, which is land-applied as raw manure (RM) to crops. An interest in aerobic composting prompted a 2-year field study with the primary objective of evaluating corn (Zea mays L.) yield and soil fertility for RM as compared to composted manure (CM). The four treatments (TRT) consisted of low-rate composted manure (CM-L), high-rate composted manure (CM-H), RM, and inorganic fertilizer (IN). All four TRT received equal plant—available N by supplementing the RM and CM with IN. Yield was measured by both machine-harvesting and hand-harvesting methods. Machine-harvested yield was similar among TRT for both years. Hand-harvested yield was lower for IN than RM in the first year, with similar yields among TRT in the second year. Due to drought, yields were considerably lower in the second year for all TRT. After 2 years, CM-H had higher soil P, K, Zn, and organic carbon concentrations than IN, with no differences among TRT for soil NO3-N, pH, or electrical conductivity. Both CM and RM provided beneficial nutrients for corn production and improving soil fertility. Land application of CM and RM provides long-term benefits to soil health and sustainability in the Texas High Plains region.
{"title":"Corn Yield and Soil Fertility with Combined Use of Raw or Composted Beef Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Texas Northern High Plains","authors":"D. Parker, Dave Venhaus, C. Robinson, T. Marek, J. Sweeten","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366376","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT About 7 million beef cattle are raised annually in the Texas High Plains, producing 16 million Mg of manure, which is land-applied as raw manure (RM) to crops. An interest in aerobic composting prompted a 2-year field study with the primary objective of evaluating corn (Zea mays L.) yield and soil fertility for RM as compared to composted manure (CM). The four treatments (TRT) consisted of low-rate composted manure (CM-L), high-rate composted manure (CM-H), RM, and inorganic fertilizer (IN). All four TRT received equal plant—available N by supplementing the RM and CM with IN. Yield was measured by both machine-harvesting and hand-harvesting methods. Machine-harvested yield was similar among TRT for both years. Hand-harvested yield was lower for IN than RM in the first year, with similar yields among TRT in the second year. Due to drought, yields were considerably lower in the second year for all TRT. After 2 years, CM-H had higher soil P, K, Zn, and organic carbon concentrations than IN, with no differences among TRT for soil NO3-N, pH, or electrical conductivity. Both CM and RM provided beneficial nutrients for corn production and improving soil fertility. Land application of CM and RM provides long-term benefits to soil health and sustainability in the Texas High Plains region.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"79 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1366376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43121159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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