Sai Prasanna Chinthala, Anwar Sadek, Joshua Davis, John M Senko, Chelsea N Monty
ABSTRACT Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a widespread problem in the oil and gas industry, and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) cause the most aggressive kind of corrosion. A sulfate-reducing enrichmnent culture was obtained from a natural gas transmission line, and incubated in split chamber-zero resistance ammetry (SC-ZRA) incubations. Here, carbon steel electrodes were placed in a synthetic gas field brine in opposing chambers that were connected with a salt bridge. To mimic the heterogeneous metal coverage of a metal surface that causes MIC, one chamber was experimentally manipulated with addition of the SRB culture, while the other was uninoculated. Initial measurement of positive current between the electrodes in incubations with an organic electron donor (lactate) indicated a period of priming of the metal surface by planktonic SRB, before the current transitioned to negative, indicating that the cathodic corrosive reaction was occurring on the electrode exposed to SRB activities. This negative current is consistent with hypothesized mechanisms of SRB-induced corrosion, and was observed in lactate-free incubations and in uninoculated incubations amended with sulfide. These observations, combined with SRB metabolic patterns and mass loss analyses indicate the dynamic nature of SRB-mediated corrosion and illustrate the utility of real-time monitoring of MIC activities.
{"title":"Real-time electrochemical monitoring of the progress of sulfate reducing bacterially–induced corrosion of carbon steel","authors":"Sai Prasanna Chinthala, Anwar Sadek, Joshua Davis, John M Senko, Chelsea N Monty","doi":"10.5006/4415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4415","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a widespread problem in the oil and gas industry, and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) cause the most aggressive kind of corrosion. A sulfate-reducing enrichmnent culture was obtained from a natural gas transmission line, and incubated in split chamber-zero resistance ammetry (SC-ZRA) incubations. Here, carbon steel electrodes were placed in a synthetic gas field brine in opposing chambers that were connected with a salt bridge. To mimic the heterogeneous metal coverage of a metal surface that causes MIC, one chamber was experimentally manipulated with addition of the SRB culture, while the other was uninoculated. Initial measurement of positive current between the electrodes in incubations with an organic electron donor (lactate) indicated a period of priming of the metal surface by planktonic SRB, before the current transitioned to negative, indicating that the cathodic corrosive reaction was occurring on the electrode exposed to SRB activities. This negative current is consistent with hypothesized mechanisms of SRB-induced corrosion, and was observed in lactate-free incubations and in uninoculated incubations amended with sulfide. These observations, combined with SRB metabolic patterns and mass loss analyses indicate the dynamic nature of SRB-mediated corrosion and illustrate the utility of real-time monitoring of MIC activities.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Cristoforetti, Flavio Deflorian, Stefano Rossi, Michele Fedel
ABSTRACT Filiform corrosion is one of the possible failure mechanisms of organic-coated steel. Beyond cathodic delamination, filiform corrosion causes paint detachment and the dramatic loss of the protective properties given by the applied paint. Since both failure mechanisms occur during in-field exposure (depending on the environment), when assessing the performance of the protective paint by lab scale tests, we must be aware of the failure mechanism we induce with different accelerated aging cabinets. In this study, we investigate the effect of prohesion test on the initiation and propagation of filiform corrosion. We highlight the concurrent development of filiform corrosion and cathodic blistering, which includes the change between the cathodic and anodic delamination front, during an accelerated aging procedure that cycles between saturated humidity and dry stages. The role of the presence of aggressive contaminants (Cl− and SO42−) is discussed. According to our findings, cyclic aging tests seem to better stick to the failure mechanism occurring during in-field exposure, particularly due to the wet/dry cycles.
{"title":"On the occurrence of filiform corrosion on organic coated carbon steel exposed to cyclic aging test","authors":"Andrea Cristoforetti, Flavio Deflorian, Stefano Rossi, Michele Fedel","doi":"10.5006/4443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4443","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Filiform corrosion is one of the possible failure mechanisms of organic-coated steel. Beyond cathodic delamination, filiform corrosion causes paint detachment and the dramatic loss of the protective properties given by the applied paint. Since both failure mechanisms occur during in-field exposure (depending on the environment), when assessing the performance of the protective paint by lab scale tests, we must be aware of the failure mechanism we induce with different accelerated aging cabinets. In this study, we investigate the effect of prohesion test on the initiation and propagation of filiform corrosion. We highlight the concurrent development of filiform corrosion and cathodic blistering, which includes the change between the cathodic and anodic delamination front, during an accelerated aging procedure that cycles between saturated humidity and dry stages. The role of the presence of aggressive contaminants (Cl− and SO42−) is discussed. According to our findings, cyclic aging tests seem to better stick to the failure mechanism occurring during in-field exposure, particularly due to the wet/dry cycles.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT In this study, the processing of zinc-nickel alloys with an electroplated nickel layer as the first layer followed by hot-dip galvanizing on plain carbon steel (St37) is investigated. The effect of the nickel layer and the effect of the immersion time on the alloy layers of the coating obtained by this method are studied. In addition, some properties of the obtained coating, such as the overall thickness, hardness, surface uniformity, coating adhesion strength, and corrosion resistance, were investigated using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, EDX analysis, and potentiostat. The results show that the 16-minute immersion time is the optimum galvanizing time at which an alloy with a nickel content of 0.11 wt.% is formed, and that the overall thickness of the galvanized sheet, especially the alloy layers, decreases compared to the pure zinc sheet. In addition, a more ductile, corrosion-resistant and smoother surface is obtained.
{"title":"Surface characterization, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Zn-Ni alloy coated steel using electro plating-hot dip galvanizing","authors":"Zahra Raghebi, Nagi Parvini Ahmadi, Rasul Azari khosroshahi, Robabeh Jafari","doi":"10.5006/4290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4290","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, the processing of zinc-nickel alloys with an electroplated nickel layer as the first layer followed by hot-dip galvanizing on plain carbon steel (St37) is investigated. The effect of the nickel layer and the effect of the immersion time on the alloy layers of the coating obtained by this method are studied. In addition, some properties of the obtained coating, such as the overall thickness, hardness, surface uniformity, coating adhesion strength, and corrosion resistance, were investigated using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, EDX analysis, and potentiostat. The results show that the 16-minute immersion time is the optimum galvanizing time at which an alloy with a nickel content of 0.11 wt.% is formed, and that the overall thickness of the galvanized sheet, especially the alloy layers, decreases compared to the pure zinc sheet. In addition, a more ductile, corrosion-resistant and smoother surface is obtained.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135967868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dannisa R. Chalfoun, Mariano A. Kappes, Teresa E. Perez, José L. Otegui, Mariano Iannuzzi
ABSTRACT The nickel content in low alloy steels (LAS) for oil and gas exploration and production is limited to a maximum of 1 wt.% according to ANSI/NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156. This restriction is imposed to avoid sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in sour (H2S-containing) environments. In this work, the effect of Ni on SSC of LAS was studied independently of other alloying elements. For this purpose, quenched and tempered steels heat treated to a yield strength of 610 MPa with a Ni content below and above the 1 wt.% threshold were evaluated at the open circuit potential (OCP) in unstressed specimens, and in slow strain rate tests (SSRT) at room temperature. Thiosulfate was used as a surrogate of H2S, according to the Tsujikawa method. It is concluded that Ni contributes to the stabilization of the sulfide films that form on the steel's surface at OCP. The rupture of this film due to tensile stress promotes the nucleation of elongated deep pits, referred to as trenches, which can act as sulfide stress crack initiators. Trenches were observed exclusively in stressed, Ni-containing specimens. Moreover, trenches' morphology, dimensions, and distribution varied with the Ni content in the steels. For the steels studied in this work, the Ni effect on trenching persisted below the 1 wt.% threshold.
{"title":"The Role of Nickel in Low Alloy Steels exposed to H2S-containing environments. Part I: Trench Formation at the Open Circuit Potential","authors":"Dannisa R. Chalfoun, Mariano A. Kappes, Teresa E. Perez, José L. Otegui, Mariano Iannuzzi","doi":"10.5006/4436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4436","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The nickel content in low alloy steels (LAS) for oil and gas exploration and production is limited to a maximum of 1 wt.% according to ANSI/NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156. This restriction is imposed to avoid sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in sour (H2S-containing) environments. In this work, the effect of Ni on SSC of LAS was studied independently of other alloying elements. For this purpose, quenched and tempered steels heat treated to a yield strength of 610 MPa with a Ni content below and above the 1 wt.% threshold were evaluated at the open circuit potential (OCP) in unstressed specimens, and in slow strain rate tests (SSRT) at room temperature. Thiosulfate was used as a surrogate of H2S, according to the Tsujikawa method. It is concluded that Ni contributes to the stabilization of the sulfide films that form on the steel's surface at OCP. The rupture of this film due to tensile stress promotes the nucleation of elongated deep pits, referred to as trenches, which can act as sulfide stress crack initiators. Trenches were observed exclusively in stressed, Ni-containing specimens. Moreover, trenches' morphology, dimensions, and distribution varied with the Ni content in the steels. For the steels studied in this work, the Ni effect on trenching persisted below the 1 wt.% threshold.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136062482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Utibe-Eno Charles-Granville, John R. Scully, Robert G. Kelly
Abstract The electrochemical behavior of an AA7050-316SS galvanic couple in chromate-containing NaCl environments under relatively constant thick electrolyte films and wet-dry cycling was investigated utilizing the coupled micro-electrode array (CMEA) approach. The CMEA approach provided a means to analyze the in-situ electrochemical kinetics as a function of spatial location and time. In inhibitor-free environments, the total net anodic charge associated with galvanic current increased with increasing conductivity and aggressiveness of the environment. The AA7050 electrodes supplied more than half of the total net cathodic charge in relation to the 316SS electrodes in the more aggressive environments. Under thick electrolyte films, chromate became less effective at suppressing cathodic kinetics on the 316SS and AA7050 net cathodes as the chloride concentration increased. Under wet-dry cycling conditions, the effectiveness of chromate was diminished when compared to thick electrolyte film conditions, due to the cycling of the equilibrium chloride concentration as electrolyte thickness changed upon onset of drying and wetting while the loading density of the salt remained constant. Furthermore, chromate exhibited a diminished ability to suppress cathodic currents on the AA7050 net cathodes in comparison to the 316SS electrodes. This study highlighted the importance of Cu-rich intermetallic particles and replated Cu on precipitation-strengthened Al alloys when considering the driving force of cathodes in sustaining anodic dissolution in typical Al alloy macro-galvanic systems exposed to atmospheric conditions.
{"title":"Galvanic Interactions on a Coupled Micro-Electrode Array of AA7050-T7451 and 316SS in Chromate-Containing NaCl Solutions Under Thick Electrolyte Film and Cyclic Wet-Dry Conditions","authors":"Utibe-Eno Charles-Granville, John R. Scully, Robert G. Kelly","doi":"10.5006/4334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4334","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The electrochemical behavior of an AA7050-316SS galvanic couple in chromate-containing NaCl environments under relatively constant thick electrolyte films and wet-dry cycling was investigated utilizing the coupled micro-electrode array (CMEA) approach. The CMEA approach provided a means to analyze the in-situ electrochemical kinetics as a function of spatial location and time. In inhibitor-free environments, the total net anodic charge associated with galvanic current increased with increasing conductivity and aggressiveness of the environment. The AA7050 electrodes supplied more than half of the total net cathodic charge in relation to the 316SS electrodes in the more aggressive environments. Under thick electrolyte films, chromate became less effective at suppressing cathodic kinetics on the 316SS and AA7050 net cathodes as the chloride concentration increased. Under wet-dry cycling conditions, the effectiveness of chromate was diminished when compared to thick electrolyte film conditions, due to the cycling of the equilibrium chloride concentration as electrolyte thickness changed upon onset of drying and wetting while the loading density of the salt remained constant. Furthermore, chromate exhibited a diminished ability to suppress cathodic currents on the AA7050 net cathodes in comparison to the 316SS electrodes. This study highlighted the importance of Cu-rich intermetallic particles and replated Cu on precipitation-strengthened Al alloys when considering the driving force of cathodes in sustaining anodic dissolution in typical Al alloy macro-galvanic systems exposed to atmospheric conditions.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Applying organic chemicals as an oxygen scavenger or a corrosion inhibitor to the water treatment of steam-water circuits of power plants possibly results in the generation of organic acids, such as acetic acid. This necessitates assessing the effects of the generated organic acids on the corrosion of the steam-water circuits prior to applying the organic chemicals. In this research, the effects of acetic acid on pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on low-pressure turbine materials of low-alloy steel were examined by electrochemical measurements and U-bend tests. Buffer solutions of various pHs from 4.5 to 10 were used as test solutions to investigate the effects of acidification by acetic acid on corrosion. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the steel was passivated at pHs above 8 and was the most susceptible to pitting corrosion at pH 8. In the U-bend test, SCC was initiated readily at a pH of around 8. Because SCC occurred at sites of pitting corrosion, pitting corrosion was suggested to be a precursor of SCC. Acetate ions did not trigger pitting corrosion nor SCC on the steel. Rather, the addition of acetate ions to a Cl−-containing solution mitigated the initiation of pitting corrosion, resulting in the inhibition of SCC initiation.
{"title":"Effects of Acetic Acid on the Initiation of Pitting Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking on Low-alloy Steel in pH Buffer Solutions","authors":"Noriyuki Ida, Junichi Tani, Hirotaka Kawamura","doi":"10.5006/4427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4427","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Applying organic chemicals as an oxygen scavenger or a corrosion inhibitor to the water treatment of steam-water circuits of power plants possibly results in the generation of organic acids, such as acetic acid. This necessitates assessing the effects of the generated organic acids on the corrosion of the steam-water circuits prior to applying the organic chemicals. In this research, the effects of acetic acid on pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on low-pressure turbine materials of low-alloy steel were examined by electrochemical measurements and U-bend tests. Buffer solutions of various pHs from 4.5 to 10 were used as test solutions to investigate the effects of acidification by acetic acid on corrosion. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the steel was passivated at pHs above 8 and was the most susceptible to pitting corrosion at pH 8. In the U-bend test, SCC was initiated readily at a pH of around 8. Because SCC occurred at sites of pitting corrosion, pitting corrosion was suggested to be a precursor of SCC. Acetate ions did not trigger pitting corrosion nor SCC on the steel. Rather, the addition of acetate ions to a Cl−-containing solution mitigated the initiation of pitting corrosion, resulting in the inhibition of SCC initiation.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135591734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The study focuses on establishing the influence of an oxygen-enriched layer (OEL) on the electrochemical properties of an alpha-phase titanium alloy, Ti-Al-Zr, in oxidizing nitric acid environments. Heat treatment was given to the material at 760 °C for 700 h in air which resulted in the formation of an OEL on the surface. The electrochemical properties were studied and compared with as-received (AR) conditions by techniques like open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. It was established that the presence of an OEL on the surface reduced the cathodic activity of oxidizing species on the material’s surface. The OCP value did not depend on the presence/absence of the OEL on the surface. The formation of the passive film was instantaneous for all conditions. The presence of the OEL on the surface promoted the formation of a protective passive film. The material with an OEL on the surface had a lower donor density as compared to the AR condition.
{"title":"Electrochemical behavior of an alpha-phase titanium alloy in oxidizing nitric acid environments: Influence of an oxygen-enriched layer","authors":"Prafful Kumar Sinha","doi":"10.5006/4412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4412","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study focuses on establishing the influence of an oxygen-enriched layer (OEL) on the electrochemical properties of an alpha-phase titanium alloy, Ti-Al-Zr, in oxidizing nitric acid environments. Heat treatment was given to the material at 760 °C for 700 h in air which resulted in the formation of an OEL on the surface. The electrochemical properties were studied and compared with as-received (AR) conditions by techniques like open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. It was established that the presence of an OEL on the surface reduced the cathodic activity of oxidizing species on the material’s surface. The OCP value did not depend on the presence/absence of the OEL on the surface. The formation of the passive film was instantaneous for all conditions. The presence of the OEL on the surface promoted the formation of a protective passive film. The material with an OEL on the surface had a lower donor density as compared to the AR condition.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135592197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prof. Emeritus Glenn E. Stoner of the University of Virginia (UVA) passed away on August 9, 2023, after a brief illness.Glenn’s professional life is summarized in the History of ECS section of The Electrochemical Society’s website,(1) and his papers published in JES are part of a collection.(2) More of his work can be found in other journals such as CORROSION.(3) But those sites describe only a small part of the true impact that Glenn had. After earning his degrees at the Missouri School of Mines (B.S. and M.S.) and the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.), Glenn eventually joined the faculty of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UVA in 1973, where he decided to use his understanding of the fundamentals of electrochemistry to address practical problems.Glenn’s superpower was his ability to educate and develop students and colleagues. It sounds like an obvious role for a professor, but he was simply great at it, and he did it in the most gentle and kindest way. An early demonstration of this superpower was his hiring of George Cahen as a Ph.D. student and Louie Scribner (founder of Scribner Associates) as a lab manager to establish the Applied Electrochemistry Laboratory (AEL). It was a single laboratory, as in one room. But Glenn was exceptional at grantsmanship, so he quickly had several research projects that used electrochemical processes to address a range of problems. George and Louie were tasked with meeting the promises Glenn made to sponsors. One of their earliest research programs looked for ways to use electrochemistry to sanitize human wastewater, which was of great interest to the U.S. Navy. Although a successful technology was created with numerous patents, it was not embraced by the Navy, so it sat for about 25 years before one of Glenn’s sons, Brian, and a former student, Jeff Glass, resurrected it with funding from the Gates Foundation as part of the Reinventing the Toilet program(4) aimed at bringing safe sanitation to roughly half the world’s population that does not have it. He expanded his research into corrosion in the 1990’s, especially Al alloy corrosion and surface treatments.The success of the Navy project begat additional programs. As the promises accumulated, the laboratory grew, and Glenn was able to recruit exceptional students to perform the work as he helped them develop into professionals. His emphasis on the “applied” part of the AEL was one of the reasons he attracted very accomplished students, but he also attracted students who were uncertain that they belonged in graduate school. But Glenn was never uncertain, and that unwavering, deep, and heartfelt dedication was incredibly inspiring. Students simply did not want to let Glenn down, so they achieved to an extent that they would never have dreamed. Glenn created tremendous camaraderie amongst the MSE students and especially within AEL, even pitching for the department softball team and drinking a beverage or three afterwards.Over the next thr
美国弗吉尼亚大学名誉教授Glenn E. Stoner于2023年8月9日因病去世。格伦的职业生涯总结在电化学学会网站的ECS历史部分，(1)他在JES上发表的论文是一个集合的一部分。(2)他的更多工作可以在其他期刊上找到，如腐蚀。(3)但这些网站只描述了格伦真正影响的一小部分。在密苏里矿业学院(学士学位和硕士学位)和宾夕法尼亚大学(博士学位)获得学位后，Glenn最终于1973年加入了UVA材料科学与工程系，在那里他决定利用他对电化学基础的理解来解决实际问题。格伦的超能力是他教育和培养学生和同事的能力。这听起来像是一个教授的理所当然的角色，但他就是很擅长，而且他用最温和、最善良的方式做到了。这种超能力的早期表现是，他聘请了博士生乔治·卡汉(George Cahen)和实验室经理路易·斯克里布纳(Scribner Associates的创始人)，建立了应用电化学实验室(AEL)。这是一个单独的实验室，在一个房间里。但格伦在资助方面非常出色，所以他很快就有了几个研究项目，利用电化学过程来解决一系列问题。乔治和路易的任务是实现格伦对赞助商的承诺。他们最早的研究项目之一是寻找利用电化学对人类废水进行消毒的方法，这引起了美国海军的极大兴趣。虽然一项成功的技术获得了许多专利，但它并没有被海军所接受，所以它被搁置了大约25年，直到格伦的一个儿子布莱恩和他以前的学生杰夫·格拉斯在盖茨基金会的资助下复活了它，作为“重新发明厕所”项目的一部分，该项目旨在为世界上大约一半没有安全卫生设施的人口提供安全的卫生设施。他在20世纪90年代扩展了他对腐蚀的研究，特别是铝合金腐蚀和表面处理。海军项目的成功引发了更多的项目。随着承诺的积累，实验室不断壮大，格伦能够招募优秀的学生来完成这项工作，并帮助他们成长为专业人士。他对AEL的“应用”部分的强调是他吸引了非常有成就的学生的原因之一，但他也吸引了那些不确定自己是否属于研究生院的学生。但格伦从不犹豫，他坚定不移、深沉而发自内心的奉献精神令人难以置信地鼓舞人心。学生们只是不想让格伦失望，所以他们达到了他们做梦也想不到的程度。格伦在MSE的学生中建立了深厚的友谊，尤其是在AEL的学生中，他甚至为系垒球队投球，之后还喝了一两杯饮料。在接下来的三十年中，Glenn将AEL扩展为电化学科学与工程(CESE)的多部门中心。他用温柔的手和敏锐的眼睛来观察那些如果有办法就会成功的人。到20世纪90年代中期，CESE拥有6名教师和30名研究生，每年毕业7个或更多的研究生学位。格伦把他的学生送到世界各地，并带来了世界一流的专业知识，比如他的朋友以访问科学家的身份(特拉维夫大学)Eliezer Gileadi。格伦和乔治的博士生后来都取得了令人难以置信的成功，在一些情况下，他们的孙子在学术上也很成功。他的毕业生包括几位教授、几位工程学院院长、一些著名的小公司首席执行官和几位大型科技公司的首席技术官。自Glenn退休以来，CESE继续教育和培养年轻的科学家和工程师，并增加了电化学和腐蚀方面的知识体系。今天，CESE有100多名毕业生(硕士和博士)，CESE是国际上领先的腐蚀研究中心之一。2024年6月，CESE将在弗吉尼亚大学工程与应用科学学院庆祝电化学科学与工程50周年。虽然格伦不会亲自出席，但他肯定会在精神上出现，并将成为大部分庆祝活动的主题。提到格伦，就不能不提到玛琳所扮演的角色。在一起超过61年的时间里，他们是平等的伴侣，这在当时是不寻常的，至少可以说。除了为学生和他们的配偶(有时是未来的配偶)举办无数的派对和聚会外，格伦和玛琳还不止一次成为最后的住所。汤姆森路那家非正式的“住宿加早餐”旅馆一直营业。 但他们不只是给人们一个居住的地方;客人们成为了他们庞大的职业家庭的一部分。对于那些经历艰难时刻的人来说，他们是救星。对于所有接受过这种善意的人来说，格伦的去世对他们的打击尤其大。格伦生前深受爱戴，我们将深深怀念他。我们知道他在某个地方钓鱼，可能和他的好朋友、事实上的顾问以利以谢·基列迪(Eliezer Gileadi)坐在他旁边，试图让格伦听一个新理论。
{"title":"In Memory of Glenn E. Stoner","authors":"Jeannie Reese, Robert G. Kelly, John R. Scully","doi":"10.5006/4445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4445","url":null,"abstract":"Prof. Emeritus Glenn E. Stoner of the University of Virginia (UVA) passed away on August 9, 2023, after a brief illness.Glenn’s professional life is summarized in the History of ECS section of The Electrochemical Society’s website,(1) and his papers published in JES are part of a collection.(2) More of his work can be found in other journals such as CORROSION.(3) But those sites describe only a small part of the true impact that Glenn had. After earning his degrees at the Missouri School of Mines (B.S. and M.S.) and the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.), Glenn eventually joined the faculty of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UVA in 1973, where he decided to use his understanding of the fundamentals of electrochemistry to address practical problems.Glenn’s superpower was his ability to educate and develop students and colleagues. It sounds like an obvious role for a professor, but he was simply great at it, and he did it in the most gentle and kindest way. An early demonstration of this superpower was his hiring of George Cahen as a Ph.D. student and Louie Scribner (founder of Scribner Associates) as a lab manager to establish the Applied Electrochemistry Laboratory (AEL). It was a single laboratory, as in one room. But Glenn was exceptional at grantsmanship, so he quickly had several research projects that used electrochemical processes to address a range of problems. George and Louie were tasked with meeting the promises Glenn made to sponsors. One of their earliest research programs looked for ways to use electrochemistry to sanitize human wastewater, which was of great interest to the U.S. Navy. Although a successful technology was created with numerous patents, it was not embraced by the Navy, so it sat for about 25 years before one of Glenn’s sons, Brian, and a former student, Jeff Glass, resurrected it with funding from the Gates Foundation as part of the Reinventing the Toilet program(4) aimed at bringing safe sanitation to roughly half the world’s population that does not have it. He expanded his research into corrosion in the 1990’s, especially Al alloy corrosion and surface treatments.The success of the Navy project begat additional programs. As the promises accumulated, the laboratory grew, and Glenn was able to recruit exceptional students to perform the work as he helped them develop into professionals. His emphasis on the “applied” part of the AEL was one of the reasons he attracted very accomplished students, but he also attracted students who were uncertain that they belonged in graduate school. But Glenn was never uncertain, and that unwavering, deep, and heartfelt dedication was incredibly inspiring. Students simply did not want to let Glenn down, so they achieved to an extent that they would never have dreamed. Glenn created tremendous camaraderie amongst the MSE students and especially within AEL, even pitching for the department softball team and drinking a beverage or three afterwards.Over the next thr","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anodically enhanced cathodic kinetics behavior of eighteen different Mg alloys encompassing commercially pure Mg, Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, Mg-Sn, and Mg-RE (RE = rare earth element) based alloys was studied via global and local electrochemical methods in unbuffered 0.6 M NaCl. The total cathodic enhancement observed for Mg-Al and Mg-Sn alloys was found to decrease with increasing primary alloy content whereas the cathodic activity of Mg-Zn based alloys increased with alloying content. Furthermore, a lower fraction of secondary phases expressed as a volume fraction present generally lead to lower susceptibility towards anodically enhanced cathodic kinetics. The variations in enhanced cathodic activity were attributed to the identity of the primary alloying element, microstructure, and nature of the dissolution product film.
通过电化学方法研究了18种不同的Mg合金(包括商业纯Mg、Mg- al、Mg- zn、Mg- sn和Mg-RE (RE =稀土元素)基合金)在无缓冲的0.6 M NaCl中阳极增强的阴极动力学行为。Mg-Al和Mg-Sn合金的总阴极增强随合金含量的增加而降低，而Mg-Zn基合金的阴极活性随合金含量的增加而增加。此外，以体积分数表示的次级相的较低分数通常导致对阳极增强的阴极动力学的较低敏感性。阴极活性增强的变化归因于合金元素、微观结构和溶解产物膜的性质。
{"title":"An Experimental Survey of Anodically Enhanced Cathodic Kinetics of Magnesium Alloys","authors":"Taylor W. Cain, Carol F. Glover, John R. Scully","doi":"10.5006/4420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4420","url":null,"abstract":"The anodically enhanced cathodic kinetics behavior of eighteen different Mg alloys encompassing commercially pure Mg, Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, Mg-Sn, and Mg-RE (RE = rare earth element) based alloys was studied via global and local electrochemical methods in unbuffered 0.6 M NaCl. The total cathodic enhancement observed for Mg-Al and Mg-Sn alloys was found to decrease with increasing primary alloy content whereas the cathodic activity of Mg-Zn based alloys increased with alloying content. Furthermore, a lower fraction of secondary phases expressed as a volume fraction present generally lead to lower susceptibility towards anodically enhanced cathodic kinetics. The variations in enhanced cathodic activity were attributed to the identity of the primary alloying element, microstructure, and nature of the dissolution product film.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sliem, N. Laycock, A. Hefny, P. Shenai, A. M. Abdullah, S. Pedrazzini, M.P. Ryan
Carbon or low alloy steel tubes in steam generators (or boilers) are potentially vulnerable to Under Deposit Corrosion (UDC), arising from the formation of porous magnetite deposits on the waterside heat transfer surfaces. Beneath these deposits, ‘wick-boiling’ causes concentration of contaminants (such as chlorides), which eventually leads to rapid corrosion. In this work, the corrosion of carbon steel has been investigated in hot acid chloride solutions that simulate the concentrated local environments formed during UDC. Tri-Sodium Phosphate (TSP) is sometimes dosed into boilers for pH control. This work has shown that TSP addition such that the phosphate concentration equals the chloride concentration dramatically reduces the corrosion rate in these simulated environments from > 20 to < 0.1 mm/yr. Additionally, a model of wick-boiling beneath deposits has been used to analyze the concentration of chlorides and phosphates during the initiation stages of UDC, suggesting that dosing of only 100 ppb of TSP into bulk boiler water should be sufficient to increase the critical deposit thickness (required for UDC) by > 100 μm across a wide range of operational scenarios.
{"title":"The Impact of Trisodium Phosphate on Chloride-Driven Under Deposit Corrosion in Steam Generators","authors":"M. Sliem, N. Laycock, A. Hefny, P. Shenai, A. M. Abdullah, S. Pedrazzini, M.P. Ryan","doi":"10.5006/4421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5006/4421","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon or low alloy steel tubes in steam generators (or boilers) are potentially vulnerable to Under Deposit Corrosion (UDC), arising from the formation of porous magnetite deposits on the waterside heat transfer surfaces. Beneath these deposits, ‘wick-boiling’ causes concentration of contaminants (such as chlorides), which eventually leads to rapid corrosion. In this work, the corrosion of carbon steel has been investigated in hot acid chloride solutions that simulate the concentrated local environments formed during UDC. Tri-Sodium Phosphate (TSP) is sometimes dosed into boilers for pH control. This work has shown that TSP addition such that the phosphate concentration equals the chloride concentration dramatically reduces the corrosion rate in these simulated environments from &gt; 20 to &lt; 0.1 mm/yr. Additionally, a model of wick-boiling beneath deposits has been used to analyze the concentration of chlorides and phosphates during the initiation stages of UDC, suggesting that dosing of only 100 ppb of TSP into bulk boiler water should be sufficient to increase the critical deposit thickness (required for UDC) by &gt; 100 μm across a wide range of operational scenarios.","PeriodicalId":10717,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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