Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.03680
Qiuye Sun;Rongda Xing;Qianxiang Shen;Zhen'ao Sun
In context of the emerging energy internet, the energy router (ER) is one of the core components of multi-port energy conversion and active energy flow regulation. In this paper, ER is classified into three categories based on its functional characteristics: electrical ER, information ER, and multi-energy ER. Based on the differences between the categories, this paper divides the research on ER into four aspects: power conversion, which focuses on multi-port power conversion; energy routing, which is concerned with the optimization of power flow between ports; information processing and optimal control, which is characterized by an emphasis on intelligence, the coupling of information and energy flow; multi-energy, which has the comprehensive utilization of multiple energies as its main objective. Building on these four research aspects, this paper explores the topologies, control strategies, and optimization methods of ER and related techniques. It compensates for the limitation in coverage due to existing research focusing only on specific application scenarios. This paper also explores the potential of ER to promote the economic and stable operation of power grids. Finally, an outlook is provided on the prospective roles and applications of ER in next-generation energy systems.
{"title":"Review of Energy Routers: Category Research Aspects and Related Technologies","authors":"Qiuye Sun;Rongda Xing;Qianxiang Shen;Zhen'ao Sun","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.03680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.03680","url":null,"abstract":"In context of the emerging energy internet, the energy router (ER) is one of the core components of multi-port energy conversion and active energy flow regulation. In this paper, ER is classified into three categories based on its functional characteristics: electrical ER, information ER, and multi-energy ER. Based on the differences between the categories, this paper divides the research on ER into four aspects: power conversion, which focuses on multi-port power conversion; energy routing, which is concerned with the optimization of power flow between ports; information processing and optimal control, which is characterized by an emphasis on intelligence, the coupling of information and energy flow; multi-energy, which has the comprehensive utilization of multiple energies as its main objective. Building on these four research aspects, this paper explores the topologies, control strategies, and optimization methods of ER and related techniques. It compensates for the limitation in coverage due to existing research focusing only on specific application scenarios. This paper also explores the potential of ER to promote the economic and stable operation of power grids. Finally, an outlook is provided on the prospective roles and applications of ER in next-generation energy systems.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2898-2911"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the gradual intensification of environmental issues such as the greenhouse effect, the development and utilization of sustainable energy has become a critical pathway for achieving the green transformation of energy structures. To address the inherent volatility and intermittency of sustainable energy, plasma catalysis technology offers a novel solution for efficiently converting sustainable energy into chemical energy through its high-efficiency reaction capabilities under mild conditions. This work begins by exploring the fundamental characteristics of plasma, highlighting its advantages in energy conversion and its compatibility with sustainable energy sources. It specifically reviews technological progress and bottlenecks in greenhouse gas conversion and classical nitrogen fixation systems, while emphasizing the highly efficient coupling relationship between plasma technology and sustainable energy utilization. Through systematic summarization and optimization of plasma-sustainable energy coupled systems, this study contributes to the development of zero-carbon energy systems. It promotes the advancement of sustainable socio-economic growth.
{"title":"Plasma-Enabled Energy Conversion from Sustainable Power","authors":"Shaojun Xu;Renwu Zhou;Xuekai Pei;Cheng Zhang;Dae Hoon Lee;Xin Tu;Anthony B. Murphy;Tao Shao","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.04750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.04750","url":null,"abstract":"With the gradual intensification of environmental issues such as the greenhouse effect, the development and utilization of sustainable energy has become a critical pathway for achieving the green transformation of energy structures. To address the inherent volatility and intermittency of sustainable energy, plasma catalysis technology offers a novel solution for efficiently converting sustainable energy into chemical energy through its high-efficiency reaction capabilities under mild conditions. This work begins by exploring the fundamental characteristics of plasma, highlighting its advantages in energy conversion and its compatibility with sustainable energy sources. It specifically reviews technological progress and bottlenecks in greenhouse gas conversion and classical nitrogen fixation systems, while emphasizing the highly efficient coupling relationship between plasma technology and sustainable energy utilization. Through systematic summarization and optimization of plasma-sustainable energy coupled systems, this study contributes to the development of zero-carbon energy systems. It promotes the advancement of sustainable socio-economic growth.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"3012-3031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) plays a critical role in modern power systems, where reliable and accurate condition monitoring is essential for operational safety. Optical sensing technologies, benefiting from immunity to electromagnetic interference, high sensitivity, and adaptability to harsh environments, offer promising alternatives to traditional electrical sensors. This review presents a comprehensive survey of optical sensing technologies for GIE, including fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), fiber-optic interferometry, distributed acoustic and temperature sensing, gas absorption spectroscopy, and electric-field detection based on the electro-optic (EO) effect. The fundamental principles, implementation schemes, and typical applications of each method are systematically analyzed. Despite the demonstrated advantages, challenges remain in sensor packaging reliability, optical coupling efficiency, and long-term stability. Future research should focus on enhancing system robustness, spatial resolution, and integration with digital twins and intelligent diagnostic frameworks. This work seeks to bridge GIE and optical sensing technologies, facilitating the development and deployment of high-reliability optical sensing systems for the monitoring of next-generation GIE.
{"title":"Optical Sensing Technologies for Gas-Insulated Equipment: Advances and Perspectives","authors":"Weiqi Qin;Tiejun Ma;Xianhao Fan;Jiaming Li;Zhecheng Zhang;Junbo Li;Yuan Wang;Yixuan Zhou;Chuanyang Li;Guoming Ma;Jun Hu;Jinliang He","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05930","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) plays a critical role in modern power systems, where reliable and accurate condition monitoring is essential for operational safety. Optical sensing technologies, benefiting from immunity to electromagnetic interference, high sensitivity, and adaptability to harsh environments, offer promising alternatives to traditional electrical sensors. This review presents a comprehensive survey of optical sensing technologies for GIE, including fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), fiber-optic interferometry, distributed acoustic and temperature sensing, gas absorption spectroscopy, and electric-field detection based on the electro-optic (EO) effect. The fundamental principles, implementation schemes, and typical applications of each method are systematically analyzed. Despite the demonstrated advantages, challenges remain in sensor packaging reliability, optical coupling efficiency, and long-term stability. Future research should focus on enhancing system robustness, spatial resolution, and integration with digital twins and intelligent diagnostic frameworks. This work seeks to bridge GIE and optical sensing technologies, facilitating the development and deployment of high-reliability optical sensing systems for the monitoring of next-generation GIE.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2983-3011"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing integration of electricity, gas, and hydrogen systems, spurred by blending green hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines, is paving the way for a future dominated by renewable energy. However, the integration poses significant challenges for efficient, safe operation across varying hydrogen penetration levels. This paper conducts a systematic review of the literature on hydrogen-blended integrated gas-electricity systems with a focus on modeling, optimization, and control technologies. First, key technologies and international demonstration projects are introduced to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and development trends in HIGES. Then, numerical modeling and solution methods are summarized, along with their application scenarios, thereby serving as a theoretical foundation for quantitative research. Next, optimization under normal operating conditions for the multi-entity integrated system is reviewed, with explorations into enhancing economic and effective operation through scheduling, planning, and market mechanisms. Research advances in security analysis and control technologies for fault-state scenarios are reviewed to address the complex operating characteristics. Finally, four pivotal research directions are highlighted.
{"title":"Systematic Review on Renewable-Dominated Hydrogen-Blended Integrated Gas-Electricity Systems: Modeling, Operation, and Control","authors":"Wenxin Liu;Jiakun Fang;Shichang Cui;Zhiyao Zhong;Iskandar Abdullaev;Suyang Zhou;Xiaomeng Ai;Jinyu Wen","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05450","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing integration of electricity, gas, and hydrogen systems, spurred by blending green hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines, is paving the way for a future dominated by renewable energy. However, the integration poses significant challenges for efficient, safe operation across varying hydrogen penetration levels. This paper conducts a systematic review of the literature on hydrogen-blended integrated gas-electricity systems with a focus on modeling, optimization, and control technologies. First, key technologies and international demonstration projects are introduced to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and development trends in HIGES. Then, numerical modeling and solution methods are summarized, along with their application scenarios, thereby serving as a theoretical foundation for quantitative research. Next, optimization under normal operating conditions for the multi-entity integrated system is reviewed, with explorations into enhancing economic and effective operation through scheduling, planning, and market mechanisms. Research advances in security analysis and control technologies for fault-state scenarios are reviewed to address the complex operating characteristics. Finally, four pivotal research directions are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2944-2967"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05990
Yao Xiong;Xiaoguang Wei;Guangfu Tang;Song Li;Wenwen Zhang;Hui Du;Taosha Jiang;Yunhai Shan
This paper proposes a dual vector control scheme based on the sequence component separation strategy (SCSS) for second harmonic suppression in DC power. Firstly, an analytical model is established to depict the positive and negative sequences of the controllable current source converter (CSC) under unbalanced grid conditions. Moreover, the generation mechanism of the DC power second harmonic component in the hybrid VSC-CSC HVDC system is demonstrated. This paper summarizes the impact of the modulation index (MI) and power factor (PF) on the operating characteristics of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) during the variation of the DC voltage. Based on the above analysis, the proposed control scheme extracts the sequence components of the CSC capacitor voltage and directly computes the sequence voltage reference value using instantaneous power. This approach effectively suppresses the second-harmonic component in DC power and significantly reduces the range of capacitor-voltage fluctuations in MMC submodules. Finally, an electromagnetic transient model of the hybrid HVDC system is constructed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
{"title":"Sequence-Based Vector Control of Hybrid VSC-CSC HVDC System for DC Power Second Harmonic Suppression","authors":"Yao Xiong;Xiaoguang Wei;Guangfu Tang;Song Li;Wenwen Zhang;Hui Du;Taosha Jiang;Yunhai Shan","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05990","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a dual vector control scheme based on the sequence component separation strategy (SCSS) for second harmonic suppression in DC power. Firstly, an analytical model is established to depict the positive and negative sequences of the controllable current source converter (CSC) under unbalanced grid conditions. Moreover, the generation mechanism of the DC power second harmonic component in the hybrid VSC-CSC HVDC system is demonstrated. This paper summarizes the impact of the modulation index (MI) and power factor (PF) on the operating characteristics of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) during the variation of the DC voltage. Based on the above analysis, the proposed control scheme extracts the sequence components of the CSC capacitor voltage and directly computes the sequence voltage reference value using instantaneous power. This approach effectively suppresses the second-harmonic component in DC power and significantly reduces the range of capacitor-voltage fluctuations in MMC submodules. Finally, an electromagnetic transient model of the hybrid HVDC system is constructed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2912-2927"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.04090
Yang Liu;Jiemin Liao;Q. H. Wu;Zhigang Li;Kaishun Xiahou
The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) via voltage source converters (VSCs) has introduced considerable risk to the transient stability of power systems, necessitating accurate transient stability assessment through estimating the region of attraction (ROA). This review systematically examines methodologies for ROA estimation in power systems integrated with VSCs. The key challenges in ROA estimation arise from various nonlinearities, multi-timescale control interactions, and structural switching in system models. The review categorizes ROA estimation methods into non-direct methods (e.g., time-domain simulation method, stable manifold method) and direct methods (e.g., energy function method, Lyapunov function method). The basic principles of these methods and their advantages and limitations are summarized. Future directions for estimating the ROA of power systems integrated with VSCs are outlined and discussed. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for advancing ROA estimation and various applications based on ROA estimation in VSC integrated power systems.
{"title":"Estimating Region of Attraction of Power Systems Integrated with Voltage Source Converters: A Review","authors":"Yang Liu;Jiemin Liao;Q. H. Wu;Zhigang Li;Kaishun Xiahou","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.04090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.04090","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) via voltage source converters (VSCs) has introduced considerable risk to the transient stability of power systems, necessitating accurate transient stability assessment through estimating the region of attraction (ROA). This review systematically examines methodologies for ROA estimation in power systems integrated with VSCs. The key challenges in ROA estimation arise from various nonlinearities, multi-timescale control interactions, and structural switching in system models. The review categorizes ROA estimation methods into non-direct methods (e.g., time-domain simulation method, stable manifold method) and direct methods (e.g., energy function method, Lyapunov function method). The basic principles of these methods and their advantages and limitations are summarized. Future directions for estimating the ROA of power systems integrated with VSCs are outlined and discussed. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for advancing ROA estimation and various applications based on ROA estimation in VSC integrated power systems.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2879-2897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05090
Jizhen Liu;Zhongming Du;Weiming Ji;Feng Hong
As global energy systems transition toward high shares of renewable energy, maintaining frequency stability becomes increasingly challenging in the case of the reduced inertia and dispatchability of inverter-based resources. Power generation, including renewable energy technologies as well as thermal power generation, continues to serve a vital role in frequency regulation of power grids but confronts accelerating operational issues, especially when tackling frequent, rapid cycling. Flywheels with their fast response, high power density, long cycle life, and minimal environmental drawbacks, have emerged as promising auxiliary resources for enhancing flexibility in frequency regulation challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of flywheel technology development and its limitations, followed by an introduction to the diverse types of grid-scale high-power flywheel energy storage systems. Overviews of the flywheel-assisted power grid paradigm, focusing on advanced flywheel technologies, coordinated control strategies, and economic optimizations in electrical trading markets, are also summarized. The electricity trading market mechanisms, including ancillary service reforms and capacity payments, which reshape power grid balancing by leveraging the role of fast-response storage, are further investigated and discussed. Finally, practical pilot implementations are examined in regions such as Shanxi and Ningxia, China, and Bacon, the United States, demonstrating the efficacy of the independent Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and assisted power generation. This insight expands the research landscape and provides new directions including the interoperability of FESS with low-inertia grids, comprehensive lifecycle assessment, integration within hybrid storage topologies, and the design of investment incentives to promote large-scale adoption.
{"title":"Grid-Scale High-Power Flywheel-Assisted Grid Frequency Regulation Technologies and Pilot Applications","authors":"Jizhen Liu;Zhongming Du;Weiming Ji;Feng Hong","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.05090","url":null,"abstract":"As global energy systems transition toward high shares of renewable energy, maintaining frequency stability becomes increasingly challenging in the case of the reduced inertia and dispatchability of inverter-based resources. Power generation, including renewable energy technologies as well as thermal power generation, continues to serve a vital role in frequency regulation of power grids but confronts accelerating operational issues, especially when tackling frequent, rapid cycling. Flywheels with their fast response, high power density, long cycle life, and minimal environmental drawbacks, have emerged as promising auxiliary resources for enhancing flexibility in frequency regulation challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of flywheel technology development and its limitations, followed by an introduction to the diverse types of grid-scale high-power flywheel energy storage systems. Overviews of the flywheel-assisted power grid paradigm, focusing on advanced flywheel technologies, coordinated control strategies, and economic optimizations in electrical trading markets, are also summarized. The electricity trading market mechanisms, including ancillary service reforms and capacity payments, which reshape power grid balancing by leveraging the role of fast-response storage, are further investigated and discussed. Finally, practical pilot implementations are examined in regions such as Shanxi and Ningxia, China, and Bacon, the United States, demonstrating the efficacy of the independent Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and assisted power generation. This insight expands the research landscape and provides new directions including the interoperability of FESS with low-inertia grids, comprehensive lifecycle assessment, integration within hybrid storage topologies, and the design of investment incentives to promote large-scale adoption.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2855-2878"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper systematically investigates the multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DoF) control framework of high voltage direct current (HVDC) converters based on their topological characteristics and control requirements. First, this study reveals that its topology determines the control degrees of freedom (CDoF) of a converter. Specifically, a line-commutated converter (LCC) possesses only one CDoF, a voltage source converter (VSC) has two, and a modular multilevel converter (MMC) can theoretically achieve up to eight. However, only six CDoF are practically necessary for MMC. Despite this, existing MMC control strategies utilize only four CDoF, limiting control flexibility. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a six-degree-of-freedom (6 DoF) control framework for MMC, which enables asymmetric and precise regulation of DC voltage and SM capacitor voltage compared to the existing MMC control. Based on this framework, corresponding control strategies are designed for MMCs in HVDC systems with different control objectives. Finally, a two-terminal MMC-HVDC system is built on the PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the effectiveness of the proposed 6 DoF control.
{"title":"Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Control Framework for HVDC Transmission Converters","authors":"Haobo Zhang;Jinyu Wen;Wang Xiang;Weixing Lin;Meng Zhou;Wenping Zuo;Shijie Cheng","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.02610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.02610","url":null,"abstract":"This paper systematically investigates the multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DoF) control framework of high voltage direct current (HVDC) converters based on their topological characteristics and control requirements. First, this study reveals that its topology determines the control degrees of freedom (CDoF) of a converter. Specifically, a line-commutated converter (LCC) possesses only one CDoF, a voltage source converter (VSC) has two, and a modular multilevel converter (MMC) can theoretically achieve up to eight. However, only six CDoF are practically necessary for MMC. Despite this, existing MMC control strategies utilize only four CDoF, limiting control flexibility. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a six-degree-of-freedom (6 DoF) control framework for MMC, which enables asymmetric and precise regulation of DC voltage and SM capacitor voltage compared to the existing MMC control. Based on this framework, corresponding control strategies are designed for MMCs in HVDC systems with different control objectives. Finally, a two-terminal MMC-HVDC system is built on the PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the effectiveness of the proposed 6 DoF control.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2928-2943"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134753","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent Italian regulation rewards Local Energy Communities (LECs) through two distinct channels: an incentive for virtual shared energy and market access for distributed batteries that provide up-regulation. These incentives often conflict, as charging batteries to maximize the shared energy limits the capacity to provide ancillary services, and vice versa. Currently, quantitative tools for effectively balancing these objectives are lacking respecting the electrical constraints of the low-voltage grid. To fill this gap, a multi-objective optimization is proposed that co-maximizes the revenue from up-regulation and the virtual shared energy reward, under the constraint that the daily energy bill does not exceed a predefined baseline. The implemented mathematical programming formulation utilizes multi-objective second-order cone programming (SOCP) with linear constraints to incorporate the network's physical constraints. Linearization and decomposition techniques are employed to simplify the problem. By adjusting the physical constraints of the network, the impact of energy communities on the distribution network can also be evaluated with different objectives. The model allows the representation of real peer-to-peer trading, quantifying its effects on both revenue streams and voltage profiles as well as power losses. Trade-off analyses performed on an 84-bus radial distribution network, under both constant and variable prices, show that the framework adapts smoothly to market volatility, highlighting when it is advantageous to prioritize up-regulation and when it becomes preferable to maximize the virtual shared energy incentive.
{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization for Assessing Tradeoffs Between Energy Sharing and Ancillary Services in Local Energy Communities","authors":"Pierluigi Siano;Mohammad Dolatabadi;Hassan Haes Alhelou;Alberto Borghetti","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.01110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2025.01110","url":null,"abstract":"Recent Italian regulation rewards Local Energy Communities (LECs) through two distinct channels: an incentive for virtual shared energy and market access for distributed batteries that provide up-regulation. These incentives often conflict, as charging batteries to maximize the shared energy limits the capacity to provide ancillary services, and vice versa. Currently, quantitative tools for effectively balancing these objectives are lacking respecting the electrical constraints of the low-voltage grid. To fill this gap, a multi-objective optimization is proposed that co-maximizes the revenue from up-regulation and the virtual shared energy reward, under the constraint that the daily energy bill does not exceed a predefined baseline. The implemented mathematical programming formulation utilizes multi-objective second-order cone programming (SOCP) with linear constraints to incorporate the network's physical constraints. Linearization and decomposition techniques are employed to simplify the problem. By adjusting the physical constraints of the network, the impact of energy communities on the distribution network can also be evaluated with different objectives. The model allows the representation of real peer-to-peer trading, quantifying its effects on both revenue streams and voltage profiles as well as power losses. Trade-off analyses performed on an 84-bus radial distribution network, under both constant and variable prices, show that the framework adapts smoothly to market volatility, highlighting when it is advantageous to prioritize up-regulation and when it becomes preferable to maximize the virtual shared energy incentive.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 6","pages":"2968-2982"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-16DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2024.02520
Xuelei Feng;Tianhao Wen;Xiaohan Liu;Yang Liu;Q. H. Wu
This paper proposes a novel cascaded high-gain state and perturbation observer (CHGSPO)-based feedback linearization control (FLC) strategy for mitigating the sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) caused by the interactions between the series capacitor and doubly-fed induction generator-based wind farms (DFIGWFs). The CHGSPO is designed to estimate both the state and nonlinear perturbations of the series-compensated DFIGWF system. The nonlinear perturbation contains the disturbance originated from SSR, nonlinearities and uncertainties of the system model. The estimated state and perturbations are used by the FLC to eliminate the nonlinearities of the system and realize complete decoupling control of the DFIGWF. Additionally, the FLC effectively suppresses oscillatory signals detected by the CHGSPO. The proposed CHGSPO-based FLC exhibits remarkable robustness against uncertainties and external disturbances. The results of modal analysis and time domain simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in SSR mitigation of the series-compensated DFIGWF system.
{"title":"Mitigating SSR of Series-Compensated DFIG Wind Farms Based on Cascaded High-Gain State and Perturbation Observers","authors":"Xuelei Feng;Tianhao Wen;Xiaohan Liu;Yang Liu;Q. H. Wu","doi":"10.17775/CSEEJPES.2024.02520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2024.02520","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel cascaded high-gain state and perturbation observer (CHGSPO)-based feedback linearization control (FLC) strategy for mitigating the sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) caused by the interactions between the series capacitor and doubly-fed induction generator-based wind farms (DFIGWFs). The CHGSPO is designed to estimate both the state and nonlinear perturbations of the series-compensated DFIGWF system. The nonlinear perturbation contains the disturbance originated from SSR, nonlinearities and uncertainties of the system model. The estimated state and perturbations are used by the FLC to eliminate the nonlinearities of the system and realize complete decoupling control of the DFIGWF. Additionally, the FLC effectively suppresses oscillatory signals detected by the CHGSPO. The proposed CHGSPO-based FLC exhibits remarkable robustness against uncertainties and external disturbances. The results of modal analysis and time domain simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in SSR mitigation of the series-compensated DFIGWF system.","PeriodicalId":10729,"journal":{"name":"CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems","volume":"11 4","pages":"1582-1595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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