Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001561
C. Czajkowski
An intergranular stress-corrosion cracking failure of 304 stainless steel pipe in 2000 ppm B as H3BO3 + H2O at 100 deg C was investigated. Constant extension rate testing produced an intergranular type failure in material in air. Chemical analysis was performed on both the base metal and weld material, in addition to fractography, EPR testing and optical microscopy in discerning the mode of failure. Various effects of Cl-, O2 and MnS are discussed. Results indicated that the cause of failure was the severe sensitization coupled with probable contamination by S and possibly by Cl ions.
{"title":"Investigation of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Fuel Pool at Three Mile Island Unit 1","authors":"C. Czajkowski","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001561","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An intergranular stress-corrosion cracking failure of 304 stainless steel pipe in 2000 ppm B as H3BO3 + H2O at 100 deg C was investigated. Constant extension rate testing produced an intergranular type failure in material in air. Chemical analysis was performed on both the base metal and weld material, in addition to fractography, EPR testing and optical microscopy in discerning the mode of failure. Various effects of Cl-, O2 and MnS are discussed. Results indicated that the cause of failure was the severe sensitization coupled with probable contamination by S and possibly by Cl ions.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"39 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048356
Welded to the top of a dust bin for rigid support, a furnace water-wall tube in a new stationary boiler broke at the welded joint shortly after start-up. The tubes measured 64 mm (2.5 in.) OD by 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) wall thickness and were made of carbon steel to ASME SA-226 specifications. Investigation supported the conclusion that a crevice-like undercut was likely the primary cause of the fracture and that the source of the necessary fluctuating stress was tube vibration inherent in boiler operation. Recommendations included magnetic-particle inspection of the remaining water-wall tubes in the row, replacing the broken tube, and repairing cracks in other tubes by welding.
{"title":"Fatigue Failure of a Carbon Steel Water-Wall Tube Because of an Undercut at a Welded Joint","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048356","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Welded to the top of a dust bin for rigid support, a furnace water-wall tube in a new stationary boiler broke at the welded joint shortly after start-up. The tubes measured 64 mm (2.5 in.) OD by 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) wall thickness and were made of carbon steel to ASME SA-226 specifications. Investigation supported the conclusion that a crevice-like undercut was likely the primary cause of the fracture and that the source of the necessary fluctuating stress was tube vibration inherent in boiler operation. Recommendations included magnetic-particle inspection of the remaining water-wall tubes in the row, replacing the broken tube, and repairing cracks in other tubes by welding.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128687615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048747
A 455 mm diam x 8 mm thick wall carbon steel (ASTM A 53) discharge line for a circulating-water system at a cooling tower fractured in service; a manifold section cracked where a Y-shaped connection had been welded. Investigation (visual inspection and photographs) supported the conclusion that the pipe failed by fatigue. Cracks originated at crevices and pits in the weld area that acted as stress raisers, producing high localized stresses because of the sharp-radius corner design. Abnormally high structural stresses and alternating stresses resulting from the pump vibrations contributed to the failure. Recommendations included changing the joint design to incorporate a large-radius corner and improving fitting of the components to permit full weld penetration. Backing strips were suggested to increase weld quality, and the pipe wall thickness was increased from 8 to 9.5 mm.
用于冷却塔循环水系统的455毫米直径x 8毫米厚的碳钢(ASTM A 53)排放管在使用中断裂;在一个y形接头焊接处，管汇部分出现了裂纹。调查(目测和照片)证实了管子因疲劳而失效的结论。裂纹起源于焊缝区域的裂缝和凹坑，这些裂缝和凹坑作为应力源，由于尖半径角的设计，产生了很高的局部应力。异常高的结构应力和由泵振动引起的交变应力导致了故障。建议包括改变接头设计，加入大半径角，改善组件的配合，以允许完全焊接渗透。建议采用衬带提高焊接质量，管壁厚度由8 mm增加到9.5 mm。
{"title":"Fracture of a Carbon Steel Pipe in a Cooling Tower","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048747","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 455 mm diam x 8 mm thick wall carbon steel (ASTM A 53) discharge line for a circulating-water system at a cooling tower fractured in service; a manifold section cracked where a Y-shaped connection had been welded. Investigation (visual inspection and photographs) supported the conclusion that the pipe failed by fatigue. Cracks originated at crevices and pits in the weld area that acted as stress raisers, producing high localized stresses because of the sharp-radius corner design. Abnormally high structural stresses and alternating stresses resulting from the pump vibrations contributed to the failure. Recommendations included changing the joint design to incorporate a large-radius corner and improving fitting of the components to permit full weld penetration. Backing strips were suggested to increase weld quality, and the pipe wall thickness was increased from 8 to 9.5 mm.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"136 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120979026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001569
S. L. Meiley
This paper reviews several fatigue failures from the waterwall, superheater, and economizer portions of the boiler, their causes and how they were mitigated and monitored. Some cases required simple field modifications by cutting or welding, repair of existing controls, and/or changes in maintenance. Nondestructive inspections by visual, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic methods for detecting and monitoring damage are discussed. These failures are presented to provide hindsight that will help others in increasing the success rate for anticipating and analyzing the remaining life of other units.
{"title":"Cause and Prevention of Fatigue Failures in Boiler Tubing","authors":"S. L. Meiley","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001569","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reviews several fatigue failures from the waterwall, superheater, and economizer portions of the boiler, their causes and how they were mitigated and monitored. Some cases required simple field modifications by cutting or welding, repair of existing controls, and/or changes in maintenance. Nondestructive inspections by visual, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic methods for detecting and monitoring damage are discussed. These failures are presented to provide hindsight that will help others in increasing the success rate for anticipating and analyzing the remaining life of other units.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125250355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091655
Cracking occurred in an ASME SB166 Inconel 600 safe-end forging on a nuclear reactor coolant water recirculation nozzle while it was in service. The safe-end was welded to a stainless-steel-clad carbon steel nozzle and a type 316 stainless steel transition metal pipe segment. An Inconel 600 thermal sleeve was welded to the safe-end, and a repair weld had obviously been made on the outside surface of the safe-end to correct a machining error. Initial visual examination of the safe-end disclosed that the cracking extended over approximately 85 deg of the circular circumference of the piece. Investigation (visual inspection, on-site radiographic inspection, limited ultrasonic inspection, chemical analysis, 53x metallographic cross sections and SEM images etched in 8:1 phosphoric acid) supported the conclusion that the cracking mechanism was intergranular SCC. No recommendations were made.
{"title":"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of an Inconel 600 Safe-End on a Reactor Nozzle","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091655","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cracking occurred in an ASME SB166 Inconel 600 safe-end forging on a nuclear reactor coolant water recirculation nozzle while it was in service. The safe-end was welded to a stainless-steel-clad carbon steel nozzle and a type 316 stainless steel transition metal pipe segment. An Inconel 600 thermal sleeve was welded to the safe-end, and a repair weld had obviously been made on the outside surface of the safe-end to correct a machining error. Initial visual examination of the safe-end disclosed that the cracking extended over approximately 85 deg of the circular circumference of the piece. Investigation (visual inspection, on-site radiographic inspection, limited ultrasonic inspection, chemical analysis, 53x metallographic cross sections and SEM images etched in 8:1 phosphoric acid) supported the conclusion that the cracking mechanism was intergranular SCC. No recommendations were made.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001669
J. F. Henry, F. Ellis, J. Alice, J. LaFontaine, P. Orban
As the result of a leak detected in a plate-formed header at PENELEC'S Shawville Unit No. 3, an extensive failure investigation was initiated to determine the origin of cracking visible along the longitudinal weld seam. Fabricated from SA387-D material and designed for a superheater outlet temperature of 566 deg C, the 11.4 cm thick header had operated for approximately 187,000 h at the time of the failure. Discussion focuses on the results of a metallographic examination of boat samples removed from the longitudinal seam weldment in the vicinity of the failure and at other areas of the header where peak temperatures were believed to have been reached. The long-term mechanical properties of the service-exposed base metal and creep-damaged weld metal were determined by creep testing. Based on the utility's decision to replace the header within one to three years, an isostress overtemperature lead specimen approach was taken, whereby failure of a test specimen in the laboratory would precede failures in the plant. These tests revealed approximately a 2:1 difference in life for the base metal as compared to weld metal.
{"title":"Failure Investigation of Longitudinal Seam Welded Elevated Temperature Header","authors":"J. F. Henry, F. Ellis, J. Alice, J. LaFontaine, P. Orban","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001669","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the result of a leak detected in a plate-formed header at PENELEC'S Shawville Unit No. 3, an extensive failure investigation was initiated to determine the origin of cracking visible along the longitudinal weld seam. Fabricated from SA387-D material and designed for a superheater outlet temperature of 566 deg C, the 11.4 cm thick header had operated for approximately 187,000 h at the time of the failure. Discussion focuses on the results of a metallographic examination of boat samples removed from the longitudinal seam weldment in the vicinity of the failure and at other areas of the header where peak temperatures were believed to have been reached. The long-term mechanical properties of the service-exposed base metal and creep-damaged weld metal were determined by creep testing. Based on the utility's decision to replace the header within one to three years, an isostress overtemperature lead specimen approach was taken, whereby failure of a test specimen in the laboratory would precede failures in the plant. These tests revealed approximately a 2:1 difference in life for the base metal as compared to weld metal.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129444661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001666
A. Cervoni, M. Clark
Stress-corrosion cracking of low-alloy steel turbine discs has emerged as a generic concern in nuclear generating stations. An investigation that made extensive use of field metallographic techniques to examine suspected cracking in such a component is described. The crack position, and its relationship to surface topographic features, were examined and recorded by magnetic rubber and high-resolution dental rubber replicating materials. Corrosion deposits on keyway surfaces and within the crack were collected with acetate foil replicas applied and then stripped from the keyway surfaces. Microstructural details were revealed by the use of field metallographic preparation techniques and replicated by acetate foil for examination with optical and scanning electron microscopes. It was possible by these techniques to establish the cracking mechanism as stress corrosion possibly related to chloride or sulphate ion steam contaminants. Subsequent sectioning and conventional metallography confirmed both the validity of the conclusions and the replication techniques.
{"title":"Investigation of Turbine Disc Cracking by Field Metallography","authors":"A. Cervoni, M. Clark","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001666","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Stress-corrosion cracking of low-alloy steel turbine discs has emerged as a generic concern in nuclear generating stations. An investigation that made extensive use of field metallographic techniques to examine suspected cracking in such a component is described. The crack position, and its relationship to surface topographic features, were examined and recorded by magnetic rubber and high-resolution dental rubber replicating materials. Corrosion deposits on keyway surfaces and within the crack were collected with acetate foil replicas applied and then stripped from the keyway surfaces. Microstructural details were revealed by the use of field metallographic preparation techniques and replicated by acetate foil for examination with optical and scanning electron microscopes. It was possible by these techniques to establish the cracking mechanism as stress corrosion possibly related to chloride or sulphate ion steam contaminants. Subsequent sectioning and conventional metallography confirmed both the validity of the conclusions and the replication techniques.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126006264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-02-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001521
S. Lawrence, R. Bodnar
Admiralty brass (Alloy C44300) cooling tubes which were part of a heat exchanger in a turbogenerator that provided electricity to a manufacturing plant failed. A mixture of non-recirculating city and “spring pit” water flowed through bundles of tubes to cool the oil in which they are immersed. However, a problem developed when several of the brass tubes cracked transversely, allowing cooling water to mix with the oil. The presence of a tensile stress, intergranular cracks, and a corrosion product suggested the tube failures resulted from stress-corrosion cracking. The main corrosion product was cupric hydroxychloride. In addition to switching to a more corrosion-resistant alloy, extreme care should be taken in the manufacturing of the replacement tube bundles to avoid imparting any residual tensile stresses in the tubing. Analyses of city and spring-pit water were recommended also, to determine which contained the least-harmful corrosive chemicals.
{"title":"Failure Analysis of Brass Tubes","authors":"S. Lawrence, R. Bodnar","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001521","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Admiralty brass (Alloy C44300) cooling tubes which were part of a heat exchanger in a turbogenerator that provided electricity to a manufacturing plant failed. A mixture of non-recirculating city and “spring pit” water flowed through bundles of tubes to cool the oil in which they are immersed. However, a problem developed when several of the brass tubes cracked transversely, allowing cooling water to mix with the oil. The presence of a tensile stress, intergranular cracks, and a corrosion product suggested the tube failures resulted from stress-corrosion cracking. The main corrosion product was cupric hydroxychloride. In addition to switching to a more corrosion-resistant alloy, extreme care should be taken in the manufacturing of the replacement tube bundles to avoid imparting any residual tensile stresses in the tubing. Analyses of city and spring-pit water were recommended also, to determine which contained the least-harmful corrosive chemicals.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-12-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091807
A. Howell, D. Kendall
Failures occurred in admiralty brass condenser tubes in a nuclear plant cooled by freshwater. About 2500 tubes had to be replaced over a span of six years. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, water chemistry (for both intake and outfall), and corrosion products in the operating system and on test coupons exposed to the operating environment) supported the conclusion that the failure was caused by microbe-initiated SCC. No recommendations were made.
{"title":"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Admiralty Brass Condenser Tubes","authors":"A. Howell, D. Kendall","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091807","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Failures occurred in admiralty brass condenser tubes in a nuclear plant cooled by freshwater. About 2500 tubes had to be replaced over a span of six years. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, water chemistry (for both intake and outfall), and corrosion products in the operating system and on test coupons exposed to the operating environment) supported the conclusion that the failure was caused by microbe-initiated SCC. No recommendations were made.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124200164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001682
S. West, D. Nelson, M. Louthan
The secondary cooling water system pressure boundary of Savannah River Site reactors includes expansion joints utilizing a thin-wall bellows. While successfully used for over thirty years, an occasional replacement has been required because of the development of small, circumferential fatigue cracks in a bellows convolute. One such crack was recently shown to have initiated from a weld heat-affected zone liquation microcrack. The crack, initially open to the outer surface of the rolled and seam welded cylindrical bellows section, was closed when cold forming of the convolutes placed the outer surface in residual compression. However, the bellows was placed in tension when installed, and the tensile stresses reopened the microcrack. This five to eight grain diameter microcrack was extended by ductile fatigue processes. Initial extension was by relatively rapid propagation through the large-grained weld metal, followed by slower extension through the fine-grained base metal. A significant through-wall crack was not developed until the crack extended into the base metal on both sides of the weld. Leakage of cooling water was subsequently detected and the bellows removed and a replacement installed.
{"title":"Reactor Cooling Water Expansion Joint Bellows: The Role of the Seam Weld in Fatigue Crack Development","authors":"S. West, D. Nelson, M. Louthan","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001682","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The secondary cooling water system pressure boundary of Savannah River Site reactors includes expansion joints utilizing a thin-wall bellows. While successfully used for over thirty years, an occasional replacement has been required because of the development of small, circumferential fatigue cracks in a bellows convolute. One such crack was recently shown to have initiated from a weld heat-affected zone liquation microcrack. The crack, initially open to the outer surface of the rolled and seam welded cylindrical bellows section, was closed when cold forming of the convolutes placed the outer surface in residual compression. However, the bellows was placed in tension when installed, and the tensile stresses reopened the microcrack. This five to eight grain diameter microcrack was extended by ductile fatigue processes. Initial extension was by relatively rapid propagation through the large-grained weld metal, followed by slower extension through the fine-grained base metal. A significant through-wall crack was not developed until the crack extended into the base metal on both sides of the weld. Leakage of cooling water was subsequently detected and the bellows removed and a replacement installed.","PeriodicalId":107406,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116097081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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