Adolescence is a critical period where individuals build their identity and consolidate how they interact with others. However, for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the development of identity and social bounds is at stake. These challenges with the development of identity and social bonds could be linked to difficulties in autobiographical memory (AM), whether recalling past events (past episodic memory; past EM) or imagining future scenarios (episodic future thinking; EFT). To date, developmental patterns of AM over time remain poorly understood in ASD. Eleven adolescents with ASD or typical development (TD) completed an assessment of past EM and EFT once per year for three years. Preliminary results show that past EM becomes more detailed over the years for adolescents with ASD, while there is no change for TD adolescents. Interestingly, only the content elements of the narrated events are increasing, not the context elements. Furthermore, EFT evolves in the TD group but remains stable in the ASD group. This first multi-case longitudinal study of AM needs to be replicated with more participants, but it seems to indicate a heterogeneous evolution of AM in ASD. For future studies, these results will lead us to explore the hypothesis of developmental delay and the factors influencing AM development in ASD. Finally, understanding these developmental pathways highlights the importance of personalized therapeutic approaches to support social integration, identity construction, and future projects for adolescents with ASD.
{"title":"Exploring the development of past and future episodic memory in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary longitudinal study","authors":"Rima Touati , Fabian Guénolé , Bérengère Guillery-Girard , Prany Wantzen","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adolescence is a critical period where individuals build their identity and consolidate how they interact with others. However, for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the development of identity and social bounds is at stake. These challenges with the development of identity and social bonds could be linked to difficulties in autobiographical memory (AM), whether recalling past events (past episodic memory; past EM) or imagining future scenarios (episodic future thinking; EFT). To date, developmental patterns of AM over time remain poorly understood in ASD. Eleven adolescents with ASD or typical development (TD) completed an assessment of past EM and EFT once per year for three years. Preliminary results show that past EM becomes more detailed over the years for adolescents with ASD, while there is no change for TD adolescents. Interestingly, only the content elements of the narrated events are increasing, not the context elements. Furthermore, EFT evolves in the TD group but remains stable in the ASD group. This first multi-case longitudinal study of AM needs to be replicated with more participants, but it seems to indicate a heterogeneous evolution of AM in ASD. For future studies, these results will lead us to explore the hypothesis of developmental delay and the factors influencing AM development in ASD. Finally, understanding these developmental pathways highlights the importance of personalized therapeutic approaches to support social integration, identity construction, and future projects for adolescents with ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 194-203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.011
A. Errante , A. Rossi Sebastiano , N. Castellani , S. Rozzi , L. Fogassi , F. Garbarini
Previous studies indicated that the sense of body ownership (i.e., the feeling that our body parts belong to us; SBO) can be experimentally modulated in humans. Here, we focused on SBO from an across-species perspective, by investigating whether similar bottom-up and top-down constraints that consent to build SBO in humans also operate to build it in monkeys. To this aim, one monkey and a cohort of humans (N = 20) performed a paradigm combining the well-known rubber hand illusion (RHI), able to induce a fake hand embodiment, and a hand-identification reaching task, borrowed from the clinical evaluation of patients with SBO disorders. This task consisted of reaching one’s own hand with the other, while presenting a fake hand in different conditions controlling for bottom-up (synchronicity of the visuo-tactile stimulation) and top-down (congruency of the fake hand position relative to the monkey’s body) SBO constraints. Spatiotemporal kinematic features of such self-directed movements were measured. Our results show that, when the monkey aimed at the own hand, the trajectory of self-directed movements was attracted by the position of the hand believed to be one’s own (i.e., the fake hand), as in humans. Interestingly, such an effect was present only when both bottom-up and top-down constraints were met. Moreover, in the monkey, besides displacement of movement trajectory, also other kinematic parameters (velocity peak, deceleration phase) showed sensitivity to the embodiment effect. Overall, if replicated in a larger sample of monkeys, these results should support the view that human and non-human primates share similar body representation constraints and that they are able to modulate the motor behavior in both species.
{"title":"Shared body representation constraints in human and non-human primates behavior","authors":"A. Errante , A. Rossi Sebastiano , N. Castellani , S. Rozzi , L. Fogassi , F. Garbarini","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies indicated that the sense of body ownership (i.e., the feeling that our body parts belong to us; SBO) can be experimentally modulated in humans. Here, we focused on SBO from an across-species perspective, by investigating whether similar bottom-up and top-down constraints that consent to build SBO in humans also operate to build it in monkeys. To this aim, one monkey and a cohort of humans (<em>N</em> = 20) performed a paradigm combining the well-known rubber hand illusion (RHI), able to induce a fake hand embodiment, and a hand-identification reaching task, borrowed from the clinical evaluation of patients with SBO disorders. This task consisted of reaching one’s own hand with the other, while presenting a fake hand in different conditions controlling for bottom-up (synchronicity of the visuo-tactile stimulation) and top-down (congruency of the fake hand position relative to the monkey’s body) SBO constraints. Spatiotemporal kinematic features of such self-directed movements were measured. Our results show that, when the monkey aimed at the own hand, the trajectory of self-directed movements was attracted by the position of the hand believed to be one’s own (i.e., the fake hand), as in humans. Interestingly, such an effect was present only when both bottom-up and top-down constraints were met. Moreover, in the monkey, besides displacement of movement trajectory, also other kinematic parameters (velocity peak, deceleration phase) showed sensitivity to the embodiment effect. Overall, if replicated in a larger sample of monkeys, these results should support the view that human and non-human primates share similar body representation constraints and that they are able to modulate the motor behavior in both species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 179-193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.012
Noëlle Schwendinger , Brigitte Charlotte Kaufmann , Dario Cazzoli , Thomas Nyffeler
While considerable knowledge has been acquired concerning the involvement of the parietal cortex in horizontal visuo-spatial attention, the understanding of its specific contribution to the vertical dimension remains limited. Here we present the exceptional case of a patient, who suffered from two consecutive ischemic strokes at the same location within the left and right Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) territory, involving the superior parietal lobule, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus. While the first left-hemispheric stroke led to a right-sided neglect, the consecutive stroke in the right hemisphere led to a left-sided neglect. In both cases, the horizontal visuo-spatial attentional bias resolved after a short time period. However, after the second stroke, the patient displayed a notable manifestation of vertical neglect for the right and the left lower visual space, as shown by means of a neuropsychological assessment with the Sensitive Neglect Test. Furthermore, video-oculography during Free Visual Exploration (FVE), comparing the patient’s exploration behaviour against twenty age-matched healthy controls, confirmed the significant visuo-spatial attentional deficits for the lower visual space. In conclusion, the present case study illustrates that the parietal cortex controls visuo-spatial attention deployment towards the contralateral and, more prominently, towards the lower visual space. Therefore, the clinical evaluation of neglect symptoms should also take the vertical dimension into account.
{"title":"Vertical neglect towards the lower space after bilateral parietal strokes – A case study","authors":"Noëlle Schwendinger , Brigitte Charlotte Kaufmann , Dario Cazzoli , Thomas Nyffeler","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While considerable knowledge has been acquired concerning the involvement of the parietal cortex in <em>horizontal</em> visuo-spatial attention, the understanding of its specific contribution to the <em>vertical</em> dimension remains limited. Here we present the exceptional case of a patient, who suffered from two consecutive ischemic strokes at the same location within the left and right Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) territory, involving the superior parietal lobule, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus. While the first left-hemispheric stroke led to a right-sided neglect, the consecutive stroke in the right hemisphere led to a left-sided neglect. In both cases, the horizontal visuo-spatial attentional bias resolved after a short time period. However, after the second stroke, the patient displayed a notable manifestation of vertical neglect for the right and the left lower visual space, as shown by means of a neuropsychological assessment with the Sensitive Neglect Test. Furthermore, video-oculography during Free Visual Exploration (FVE), comparing the patient’s exploration behaviour against twenty age-matched healthy controls, confirmed the significant visuo-spatial attentional deficits for the lower visual space. In conclusion, the present case study illustrates that the parietal cortex controls visuo-spatial attention deployment towards the contralateral and, more prominently, towards the lower visual space. Therefore, the clinical evaluation of neglect symptoms should also take the vertical dimension into account.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-stroke motor deficits often disrupt the voluntary control of body movements, leading to abnormal feelings. Among these, alterations in the sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of controlling one’s movement, are notable because SoA facilitates actions. However, whether patients with more severe motor deficits experience poorer SoA and SoA’s clinical impact on motor activity remain unclear. To address these questions, this longitudinal study quantified SoA in 156 post-stroke patients through factor analyses with multiple question items to differentiate SoA from potentially confounding discomfort. Structural equation modeling revealed that SoA decreased significantly with upper-limb motor deficit severity and that reduced SoA correlated significantly with decreased paretic upper-limb use. Notably, this effect persisted after controlling for motor deficit severity, suggesting a direct clinical impact of SoA on motor activity. Further, improvements in SoA were significantly associated with increased upper-limb use in patients with moderate or severe motor deficits, emphasizing the role of SoA in maintaining or increasing paretic upper-limb activity. These findings highlight the importance of rehabilitation treatments that consider patients' subjective experiences, particularly agency attribution.
中风后运动障碍通常会破坏对身体运动的自主控制，从而导致异常感觉。其中，代入感（SoA），即控制自己运动的感觉的改变是值得注意的，因为代入感会促进行动。然而，运动障碍更严重的患者是否会出现较差的代入感，以及代入感对运动活动的临床影响仍不清楚。为了解决这些问题，这项纵向研究通过因子分析对 156 名脑卒中后患者的 SoA 进行了量化，并设置了多个问题项目，以区分 SoA 和可能会造成混淆的不适。结构方程模型显示，SoA 随上肢运动障碍严重程度的增加而显著减少，SoA 的减少与上肢瘫痪程度的降低显著相关。值得注意的是，在控制了运动障碍的严重程度后，这种效应仍然存在，这表明 SoA 对运动活动有直接的临床影响。此外，在中度或重度运动障碍患者中，SoA的改善与上肢使用的增加有显著相关性，这强调了SoA在维持或增加瘫痪上肢活动中的作用。这些研究结果突显了考虑患者主观体验（尤其是代理归因）的康复治疗的重要性。
{"title":"Diminished sense of agency inhibits paretic upper-limb use in patients with post-stroke motor deficits","authors":"Yu Miyawaki , Takeshi Otani , Masaki Yamamoto , Shu Morioka , Akihiko Murai","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-stroke motor deficits often disrupt the voluntary control of body movements, leading to abnormal feelings. Among these, alterations in the sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of controlling one’s movement, are notable because SoA facilitates actions. However, whether patients with more severe motor deficits experience poorer SoA and SoA’s clinical impact on motor activity remain unclear. To address these questions, this longitudinal study quantified SoA in 156 post-stroke patients through factor analyses with multiple question items to differentiate SoA from potentially confounding discomfort. Structural equation modeling revealed that SoA decreased significantly with upper-limb motor deficit severity and that reduced SoA correlated significantly with decreased paretic upper-limb use. Notably, this effect persisted after controlling for motor deficit severity, suggesting a direct clinical impact of SoA on motor activity. Further, improvements in SoA were significantly associated with increased upper-limb use in patients with moderate or severe motor deficits, emphasizing the role of SoA in maintaining or increasing paretic upper-limb activity. These findings highlight the importance of rehabilitation treatments that consider patients' subjective experiences, particularly agency attribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 165-178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.008
Ana Vilotijević, Sebastiaan Mathôt
Pupil size is modulated by various cognitive factors such as attention, working memory, mental imagery, and subjective perception. Previous studies examining cognitive effects on pupil size mainly focused on inducing or enhancing a subjective experience of brightness or darkness (for example by asking participants to attend to/memorize a bright or dark stimulus), and then showing that this affects pupil size. Surprisingly, the inverse has never been done; that is, it is still unknown what happens when a subjective experience of brightness or darkness is eliminated or strongly reduced even though bright or dark stimuli are physically present. Here, we aim to answer this question by using perceptual fading, a phenomenon where a visual stimulus gradually fades from visual awareness despite its continuous presentation. The study contains two blocks: Fading and Non-Fading. In the Fading block, participants were presented with black and white patches with a fuzzy outline that were presented at the same location throughout the block, thus inducing strong perceptual fading. In contrast, in the Non-Fading block, the patches switched sides on each trial, thus preventing perceptual fading. Participants covertly attended to one of the two patches, indicated by a cue, and reported the offset of one of a set of circles that are displayed on top. We hypothesized that pupil size will be modulated by covert visual attention in the Non-Fading block, but that this effect will not (or to a lesser extent) arise in the Fading block. We found that covert visual attention to bright/dark does modulate pupil size even during perceptual fading (Fading block), but to a lesser extent than when the perceptual experience of brightness/darkness is preserved (Non-Fading block). This implies that pupil size is always modulated by covert attention, but that the effect decreases as subjective experience of brightness or darkness decreases. In broader terms, this suggests that cognitive modulations of pupil size reflect a mixture of high-level and lower-level visual processing.
{"title":"The effect of covert visual attention on pupil size during perceptual fading.","authors":"Ana Vilotijević, Sebastiaan Mathôt","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pupil size is modulated by various cognitive factors such as attention, working memory, mental imagery, and subjective perception. Previous studies examining cognitive effects on pupil size mainly focused on inducing or enhancing a subjective experience of brightness or darkness (for example by asking participants to attend to/memorize a bright or dark stimulus), and then showing that this affects pupil size. Surprisingly, the inverse has never been done; that is, it is still unknown what happens when a subjective experience of brightness or darkness is eliminated or strongly reduced even though bright or dark stimuli are physically present. Here, we aim to answer this question by using perceptual fading, a phenomenon where a visual stimulus gradually fades from visual awareness despite its continuous presentation. The study contains two blocks: Fading and Non-Fading. In the Fading block, participants were presented with black and white patches with a fuzzy outline that were presented at the same location throughout the block, thus inducing strong perceptual fading. In contrast, in the Non-Fading block, the patches switched sides on each trial, thus preventing perceptual fading. Participants covertly attended to one of the two patches, indicated by a cue, and reported the offset of one of a set of circles that are displayed on top. We hypothesized that pupil size will be modulated by covert visual attention in the Non-Fading block, but that this effect will not (or to a lesser extent) arise in the Fading block. We found that covert visual attention to bright/dark does modulate pupil size even during perceptual fading (Fading block), but to a lesser extent than when the perceptual experience of brightness/darkness is preserved (Non-Fading block). This implies that pupil size is always modulated by covert attention, but that the effect decreases as subjective experience of brightness or darkness decreases. In broader terms, this suggests that cognitive modulations of pupil size reflect a mixture of high-level and lower-level visual processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142615867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.010
Dave Kenneth Tayao Cayado , Samantha Wray , Dustin Alfonso Chacón , Marco Chia-Ho Lai , Suhail Matar , Linnaea Stockall
A major puzzle in the visual word recognition literature is how the human brain deals with complex words (e.g., presuppose). Prior work has shown that a multi-stage process is involved, starting with the early, form-based decomposition stage where a word is broken down into smaller pieces called morphemes {pre-}+{suppose} and ending with the recombination stages where the pieces are put back together to access the word’s full meaning. However, most neurolinguistic studies have focused on the first stage, and/or on derivational morphology, which inherently carries both syntactic and semantic information, and this research has overwhelmingly investigated Indo-European languages. Here, we investigate visual word recognition of Tagalog complex words, focusing on inflectional prefixes which allows us to zero in on the contribution of syntactic information during the recombination stage, where both syntactic and semantic information are expected to be analyzed. Using MEG, we replicate previous findings implicating the left fusiform gyrus in segmenting complex words into pieces. We also show that the recombination stages, where the morphological pieces are put back together, activate the left posterior temporal lobe and left orbitofrontal cortex. Although our results support a multi-stage comprehension model of complex words and confirm that these distinct stages are associated with distinct spatiotemporal profiles, we also observed some spatiotemporal differences compared to previous studies on derivational morphology. For the first time, we show that inflected words activate the same core processing profile as derived words in the early (decomposition) stage, while later (recombination) stages of morphological processing point to an earlier and faster recombination of inflected words.
{"title":"MEG evidence for left temporal and orbitofrontal involvement in breaking down inflected words and putting the pieces back together","authors":"Dave Kenneth Tayao Cayado , Samantha Wray , Dustin Alfonso Chacón , Marco Chia-Ho Lai , Suhail Matar , Linnaea Stockall","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A major puzzle in the visual word recognition literature is how the human brain deals with complex words (e.g., <em>presuppose</em>). Prior work has shown that a multi-stage process is involved, starting with <span>the early, form-based decomposition stage</span> where a word is broken down into smaller pieces called morphemes {pre-}+{suppose} and ending with <span>the recombination stages</span> where the pieces are put back together to access the word’s full meaning. However, most neurolinguistic studies have focused on the first stage, and/or on derivational morphology, which inherently carries both syntactic and semantic information, and this research has overwhelmingly investigated Indo-European languages. Here, we investigate visual word recognition of Tagalog complex words, focusing on inflectional prefixes which allows us to zero in on the contribution of syntactic information during the recombination stage, where both syntactic and semantic information are expected to be analyzed. Using MEG, we replicate previous findings implicating the left fusiform gyrus in segmenting complex words into pieces. We also show that the recombination stages, where the morphological pieces are put back together, activate the left posterior temporal lobe and left orbitofrontal cortex. Although our results support a multi-stage comprehension model of complex words and confirm that these distinct stages are associated with distinct spatiotemporal profiles, we also observed some spatiotemporal differences compared to previous studies on derivational morphology. For the first time, we show that inflected words activate the same core processing profile as derived words in the early (decomposition) stage, while later (recombination) stages of morphological processing point to an earlier and faster recombination of inflected words.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 101-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.005
S. Della Sala, J. Bathelt, H. Buchtel, A. Tavano, C. Press, B. Love, I. Croy, R. Morris, S. Kotz, M.D. Kopelman, M.I. Coco, P. Reber, S.J. Forkel, S.R. Schweinberger
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.014
Chiara Scarampi , Stéphanie Cauvin , Chris J.A. Moulin , Céline Souchay , Katharina M. Schnitzspahn , Nicola Ballhausen , Matthias Kliegel
This study explored the role of metacognition in the so-called “age-prospective memory (PM) paradox” by investigating the accuracy of younger and older adults’ predictions of their future PM performance in time-based tasks performed across laboratory and naturalistic settings. Metacognitive monitoring was assessed by asking participants to make judgments-of-learning (JOLs) on an item level for both the prospective (remembering that something has to be done) and retrospective (remembering what to do) components of PM. In terms of PM performance, the results for the prospective component revealed an age deficit in the laboratory-based task and an age benefit in the naturalistic task, in line with the age-PM paradox. In terms of metacognition, important age differences were found across settings. In particular, the results pointed to poor resolution of JOLs made by older adults in the laboratory and by younger adults in the naturalistic setting. This suggests that younger and older participants could not discriminate between items they would later hit or miss but did so in different settings. Furthermore, although both age groups exhibited overconfidence in the naturalistic setting, this bias was significantly stronger for the younger adults. This might explain the observed differences in performance. That is, the advantage older adults have in naturalistic tasks may stem from a better ability to predict performance in this setting compared to younger adults, who tend instead to heavily overestimate their capabilities and may therefore not engage in appropriate strategies or planning. These findings speak to the functional relevance of metacognitive monitoring processes for PM performance and suggest considering metacognition as a key factor in explaining the age-PM paradox.
{"title":"Age- and task-setting-related performance predictions in prospective memory: Can metacognition explain the age-prospective memory paradox?","authors":"Chiara Scarampi , Stéphanie Cauvin , Chris J.A. Moulin , Céline Souchay , Katharina M. Schnitzspahn , Nicola Ballhausen , Matthias Kliegel","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the role of metacognition in the so-called “age-prospective memory (PM) paradox” by investigating the accuracy of younger and older adults’ predictions of their future PM performance in time-based tasks performed across laboratory and naturalistic settings. Metacognitive monitoring was assessed by asking participants to make <em>judgments-of-learning</em> (JOLs) on an item level for both the prospective (remembering <em>that</em> something has to be done) and retrospective (remembering <em>what</em> to do) components of PM. In terms of PM performance, the results for the prospective component revealed an age deficit in the laboratory-based task and an age benefit in the naturalistic task, in line with the age-PM paradox. In terms of metacognition, important age differences were found across settings. In particular, the results pointed to poor resolution of JOLs made by older adults in the laboratory and by younger adults in the naturalistic setting. This suggests that younger and older participants could not discriminate between items they would later hit or miss but did so in different settings. Furthermore, although both age groups exhibited overconfidence in the naturalistic setting, this bias was significantly stronger for the younger adults. This might explain the observed differences in performance. That is, the advantage older adults have in naturalistic tasks may stem from a better ability to predict performance in this setting compared to younger adults, who tend instead to heavily overestimate their capabilities and may therefore not engage in appropriate strategies or planning. These findings speak to the functional relevance of metacognitive monitoring processes for PM performance and suggest considering metacognition as a key factor in explaining the age-PM paradox.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 119-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142615926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.003
Luciano Mecacci
Recent historical research has shown that the large complex of research conducted by Aleksandr Luria on aphasia in brain-damaged soldiers during the Second World War was already started at the end of the 1920s, under the theoretical influence of Lev Vygotsky and the results of his clinical studies. The first written document of Luria's interest in neuropsychological investigation is the abstract of a conference held on November 27, 1932, a text published in Russian in 1933 and never reprinted, and here translated for the first time into a Western language.
{"title":"Luria's first steps in neuropsychology","authors":"Luciano Mecacci","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent historical research has shown that the large complex of research conducted by Aleksandr Luria on aphasia in brain-damaged soldiers during the Second World War was already started at the end of the 1920s, under the theoretical influence of Lev Vygotsky and the results of his clinical studies. The first written document of Luria's interest in neuropsychological investigation is the abstract of a conference held on November 27, 1932, a text published in Russian in 1933 and never reprinted, and here translated for the first time into a Western language.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"181 ","pages":"Pages 133-139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142616184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.009
William L. Hastings III , Ethan H. Willbrand , Joseph P. Kelly , Sydney T. Washington , Phyllis Tameilau , Reyansh N. Sathishkumar , Samira A. Maboudian , Benjamin J. Parker , Matthew V. Elliott , Sheri L. Johnson , Kevin S. Weiner
Background
Emotion-related impulsivity (ERI) describes the trait-like tendency toward poor self-control when experiencing strong emotions. ERI has been shown to be elevated across psychiatric disorders and predictive of the onset and worsening of psychiatric syndromes. Recent work has correlated ERI scores with the region-level neuroanatomical properties of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but not posteromedial cortex (PMC). Informed by a growing body of research indicating that examining the morphology of specific cortical folds (sulci) can produce unique insights into behavioral outcomes, the present study modeled the association between ERI and the morphology of sulci within OFC and PMC, which is a finer scale than previously conducted.
Methods
Analyses were conducted in a transdiagnostic sample of 118 adult individuals with a broad range of psychiatric syndromes. First, we manually defined over 4,000 sulci across 236 cerebral hemispheres. Second, we implemented a model-based LASSO regression to relate OFC sulcal morphology to ERI. Third, we tested whether effects were specific to OFC sulci, sulcal depth, and ERI (as compared to PMC sulci, sulcal gray matter thickness, and non-emotion-related impulsivity).
Results
The LASSO regression revealed bilateral associations of ERI with the depths of eight OFC sulci. These effects were strongest for OFC sulci, sulcal depth, and ERI in comparison to PMC sulci, sulcal gray matter thickness, and non-emotion-related impulsivity. In addition, we identified a new transverse component of the olfactory sulcus in every hemisphere that is dissociable from the longitudinal component based on anatomical features and correlation with behavior, which could serve as a new transdiagnostic biomarker.
Conclusions
The results of this data-driven investigation provide greater neuroanatomical and neurodevelopmental specificity on how OFC is related to ERI. As such, findings link neuroanatomical characteristics to a trait that is highly predictive of psychopathology.
背景：情绪相关冲动（ERI）描述的是在经历强烈情绪时自我控制能力较差的特征性倾向。研究表明，ERI 在各种精神疾病中都会升高，并可预测精神综合症的发病和恶化。最近的研究发现，ERI 分数与眶额皮层（OFC）的区域神经解剖特性相关，但与后内侧皮层（PMC）无关。越来越多的研究表明，检查特定皮层皱褶（沟）的形态可以对行为结果产生独特的见解，有鉴于此，本研究模拟了ERI与OFC和PMC内沟形态之间的关联，其尺度比以前进行的研究更为精细：方法：我们对118名患有各种精神综合症的成年人进行了跨诊断样本分析。首先，我们人工定义了236个大脑半球的4000多条沟。其次，我们实施了基于模型的 LASSO 回归，将 OFC 沟形态与 ERI 联系起来。第三，我们检验了OFC脑沟、脑沟深度和ERI（与PMC脑沟、脑沟灰质厚度和非情绪相关冲动性相比）是否具有特异性影响：LASSO回归显示，ERI与八个OFC沟的深度存在双侧关联。与PMC沟、沟灰质厚度和非情绪相关冲动性相比，这些效应对OFC沟、沟深度和ERI的影响最强。此外，我们还在每个半球的嗅沟中发现了一个新的横向成分，根据解剖学特征以及与行为的相关性，该成分可与纵向成分区分开来，从而可作为一种新的跨诊断生物标志物：这项以数据为驱动的调查结果显示，OFC与ERI的关系在神经解剖学和神经发育方面具有更强的特异性。因此，研究结果将神经解剖学特征与高度预测精神病理学的特质联系起来。
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