IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.020

Martina Berto , Patrick Reisinger , Emiliano Ricciardi , Nathan Weisz , Davide Bottari

The processing of stationary sounds relies on both local features and compact representations. As local information is compressed into summary statistics, abstract representations emerge. Whether the brain is endowed with distinct neural architectures predisposed to such computations is unknown. In this magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we employed a validated protocol to localize cortical correlates of local and summary auditory representations, exposing participants to sequences embedding triplets of synthetic sound textures systematically varying for either local details or summary statistics. Sounds varied for their duration and could be short (40 ms) or long (478 ms) to favor change detections based on local or summary statistics, respectively. Results clearly revealed distinct activation patterns for local features and summary auditory statistics. Neural activations diverged in magnitude, spatiotemporal distribution, and hemispheric lateralization. The right auditory cortex, comprising both primary and neighboring temporal and frontal regions were engaged to detect sound changes in both local features (for short sounds) and summary statistics (for long sounds). Conversely, the left auditory cortex was not selective to these auditory changes. However, the ventro-lateral portion of left frontal lobe, a region associated with sound recognition, was engaged in processing changes in summary statistics at a long sound duration. These findings highlight the involvement of distinct cortical pathways and hemispheric lateralization for the computation of local and summary acoustic information occurring at different temporal resolutions.

Significant statement

We revealed hemispheric specializations for auditory computations at high (local) and low (summary statistics) temporal resolutions. The right hemisphere was engaged for both computations, while the left hemisphere responded more to summary statistics changes. These findings highlight the multifaceted functions of the right hemisphere in capturing acoustic properties of stationary sounds and the left hemisphere's involvement in processing abstract representations.

静止声音的处理依赖于局部特征和紧凑表示。当局部信息被压缩为汇总统计信息时，抽象表示就出现了。大脑是否被赋予了独特的神经结构倾向于这样的计算是未知的。在这项脑磁图（MEG）研究中，我们采用了一种经过验证的方案来定位局部和汇总听觉表征的皮层相关性，让参与者接触到嵌入三组合成声音纹理的序列，这些序列系统地改变了局部细节或汇总统计。声音的持续时间各不相同，可以短（40毫秒），也可以长（478毫秒），以便分别根据本地或汇总统计数据进行变化检测。结果清楚地揭示了局部特征和汇总听觉统计的不同激活模式。神经激活在大小、时空分布和半球侧化方面存在差异。包括初级和邻近的颞叶和额叶区域的右侧听觉皮层被用于检测局部特征（短声音）和汇总统计（长声音）的声音变化。相反，左侧听觉皮层对这些听觉变化没有选择性。然而，左额叶腹外侧部分，一个与声音识别相关的区域，在长时间的声音持续时间内参与处理汇总统计的变化。这些发现强调了不同的皮层通路和半球侧化参与了不同时间分辨率下局部和汇总声学信息的计算。重要声明：我们揭示了高（局部）和低（汇总统计）时间分辨率下听觉计算的半球专门化。右半球参与了这两种计算，而左半球对汇总统计变化的反应更多。这些发现强调了右半球在捕捉静止声音的声学特性和左半球参与处理抽象表征方面的多方面功能。

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引用次数: 0

Putting things into perspective: Which visual cues facilitate automatic extraretinal symmetry representation?

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.024

Elena Karakashevska , Marco Bertamini , Alexis D.J. Makin

Objects project different images when viewed from varying locations, but the visual system can correct perspective distortions and identify objects across viewpoints. This study investigated the conditions under which the visual system allocates computational resources to construct view-invariant, extraretinal representations, focusing on planar symmetry. When a symmetrical pattern lies on a plane, its symmetry in the retinal image is degraded by perspective. Visual symmetry activates the extrastriate visual cortex and generates an Event Related Potential (ERP) called Sustained Posterior Negativity (SPN). Previous research has shown that the SPN is reduced for perspective symmetry during secondary tasks. We hypothesized that perspective cost would decrease when visual cues support extraretinal representation. To test this, 120 participants viewed symmetrical and asymmetrical stimuli presented in a frontoparallel or perspective view. The task did not explicitly involve symmetry; participants discriminated the luminance of the patterns. Participants completed four experimental blocks: (1) Baseline block: no depth cues; (2) Monocular viewing block: stimuli viewed with one eye; (3) Static frame block: pictorial depth cues from elements within a flat surface with edges; (4) Moving frame block: motion parallax enhanced 3D interpretation before stimulus onset. Perspective cost was calculated as the difference between SPN responses to frontoparallel and perspective views. Contrary to our pre-registered hypotheses, the perspective cost was consistent across all four blocks. We conclude that the tested visual cues do not substantially reduce the computational cost of processing perspective symmetry.

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引用次数: 0

Neural sensitivity to others' belief states in infancy predicts later theory of mind reasoning in childhood 婴儿期对他人信念状态的神经敏感性预示着儿童时期的心智推理理论。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.023

Yiyu Liu , Eden Moss , Fransisca Ting , Daniel C. Hyde

While pre-verbal infants may be sensitive to others' mental states, they are not able to accurately answer questions about them until several years later, an ability referred to as having a theory of mind. Here we ask whether infant social-cognitive sensitivity is subserved by the same brain mechanisms as those that support theory of mind in childhood. To do so, we explored the relationship between functional sensitivity of the right temporal-parietal junction to mental state processing in infancy, a region known to underlie theory of mind in older children, and explicit theory of mind reasoning in the same group several years later. In a small initial sample (N = 33), we find evidence of a longitudinal brain-behavioral link from infancy to childhood, providing preliminary support for a common mechanism for theory of mind across development. However, the brain metric that was predictive of individual differences was not the response to conditions that required tracking the beliefs, but instead, the response to a control condition where belief tracking was not obligatory to predict others' behavior. In hindsight, the ambiguity of this control condition may have best distinguished between infants who had different propensities to engage in belief tracking, suggesting a potential role for active experience in infancy contributing to individual differences in later theory of mind development in childhood. Given the exploratory nature of the study, other alternative explanations for these results must also be considered.

虽然不会说话的婴儿可能对他人的心理状态很敏感，但他们要在几年后才能准确地回答有关他人的问题，这种能力被称为“心智理论”。在这里，我们询问婴儿的社会认知敏感性是否与那些支持儿童心理理论的大脑机制相同。为此，我们探索了婴儿时期右颞顶叶连接对心理状态处理的功能敏感性与几年后同一组儿童的外显心理理论推理之间的关系，这一区域是年龄较大的儿童心理理论的基础。在一个小的初始样本（N = 33）中，我们发现了从婴儿期到儿童期大脑-行为纵向联系的证据，为跨发展心智理论的共同机制提供了初步支持。然而，预测个体差异的大脑指标并不是对需要跟踪信念的条件的反应，而是对控制条件的反应，在控制条件下，信念跟踪不是预测他人行为的义务。事后看来，这种控制条件的模糊性可能最好地区分了具有不同信仰跟踪倾向的婴儿，这表明婴儿时期的积极经验在后来的儿童心理发展理论中对个体差异有潜在的作用。考虑到研究的探索性，对这些结果的其他解释也必须考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Delayed primacy recall in AVLT is associated with medial temporal tau PET burden in cognitively unimpaired adults 在认知功能未受损的成人中，AVLT中延迟的初回记忆与内侧颞叶tau PET负担有关。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.012

Ainara Jauregi-Zinkunegi , Tobey Betthauser , Cynthia M. Carlsson , Barbara B. Bendlin , Ozioma Okonkwo , Nathaniel A. Chin , Sanjay Asthana , Rebecca E. Langhough , Sterling C. Johnson , Kimberly D. Mueller , Davide Bruno

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be diagnosed by in vivo abnormalities of amyloid-β plaques (A) and tau accumulation (T) biomarkers. Previous studies have shown that analyses of serial position performance in episodic memory tests, and especially, delayed primacy, are associated with AD pathology even in individuals who are cognitively unimpaired. The earliest signs of cortical tau pathology are observed in medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions, yet it is unknown if serial position markers are also associated with early tau load in these regions. This study of cognitively unimpaired older individuals examined whether serial position scores in word-list recall cross-sectionally predicted tau PET load in the MTL, and were able to discriminate between biomarker profiles, based on AT classification.

Methods

Data from 490 participants (mean age = 68.8 ± 7.2) were extracted from two cohorts, which were merged into one sample. Linear regression analyses were carried out with regional volume-controlled tau (18F-MK-6240) PET SUVR of the entorhinal cortex (EC), parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and hippocampus (H) as outcomes, cross-sectional memory scores from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test as predictors (total and delayed recall, along with serial position scores) and control variables, in separate analyses for each outcome and predictor. The sample was then stratified by biomarker profile and ANCOVAs were conducted with the strongest scores from the regression analyses, AT groups as fixed factor and the covariates.

Results

Higher delayed primacy significantly predicted lower tau PET in EC, PHC, and H, cross-sectionally. Higher total recall scores predicted lower EC tau, but delayed primacy showed the best model fit, as indicated by AICs. ANCOVAs showed that AVLT metrics did not significantly discriminate between A−T− and A+T+, after correcting for multiple comparisons.

Conclusions

Serial position analysis of word-list recall, particularly delayed primacy, may be a valuable tool for identifying in vivo tau pathology in cognitively unimpaired individuals.

背景：阿尔茨海默病（AD）可以通过体内淀粉样β斑块（A）和tau堆积（T）生物标志物的异常来诊断。以往的研究表明，即使是认知功能未受损的人，在情节记忆测试中的序列位置表现分析，尤其是延迟的先验性，也与阿兹海默症的病理变化有关。在内侧颞叶（MTL）区域可以观察到皮质tau病理学的最早迹象，但序列位置标记是否也与这些区域的早期tau负荷有关，目前尚不清楚。本研究对认知功能未受损的老年人进行了研究，考察了词表回忆中的序列位置得分是否能横截面预测MTL中的tau PET负荷，并能根据AT分类区分不同的生物标志物特征：从两个队列中提取了 490 名参与者（平均年龄 = 68.8 ± 7.2）的数据，并将其合并为一个样本。以内侧皮层（EC）、海马旁皮层（PHC）和海马（H）的区域体积控制tau（18F-MK-6240）PET SUVR为结果，以Rey听觉言语学习测试的横断面记忆得分（总分和延迟回忆以及序列位置得分）和控制变量为预测因素，进行线性回归分析，对每个结果和预测因素分别进行分析。然后根据生物标志物特征对样本进行分层，并以回归分析中的最强得分、AT 组作为固定因子和辅助变量进行方差分析：从横截面上看，在EC、PHC和H组中，较高的延迟首要性可明显预测较低的tau PET。回忆总分越高，EC 的 tau PET 越低，但从 AICs 来看，延迟 primacy 的模型拟合度最高。方差分析结果表明，在校正多重比较后，AVLT 指标对 A-T- 和 A+T+ 没有显著的区分作用：结论：单词表回忆的序列位置分析，尤其是延时 primacy 分析，可能是识别认知功能未受损个体体内 tau 病理学的重要工具。

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引用次数: 0

Outside the box: A celebration of Sergio Della Sala’s contribution to neuropsychology and science dissemination 跳出框框：庆祝塞尔吉奥·德拉·萨拉对神经心理学和科学传播的贡献。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.003

Robert D. McIntosh , Sarah E. MacPherson , Stefano Cappa

引用次数: 0

Definition: Aphantasia 象皮病

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.019

Adam Zeman , Merlin Monzel , Joel Pearson , Christian O. Scholz , Julia Simner

引用次数: 0

The fickleness of forgetting: When, why, and how do patient groups differ (or not)? 遗忘的善变：患者群体何时、为何以及如何存在差异（或不存在差异）？

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.002

Michael D. Kopelman

This commentary will review recent findings regarding forgetting rates in patient groups, including observations from some older, less cited studies. It will draw attention to studies (and reviews) indicating faster forgetting of recalled or recollected memories, relative to recognition or familiarity-based memory. Secondly, it will focus upon the variability of findings in forgetting rate studies, including variability of performance between individuals within groups, inconsistency by individuals across test sessions and/or when tested many years apart, and discordance between equivalent or near-equivalent studies. Thirdly, it will consider the distinction between studies finding early forgetting or progressive/quantitative memory loss and those suggesting a later, ‘qualitative’ change in forgetting rate. The latter pattern, most commonly seen in epilepsy cases, may be relatively infrequent when appropriate account has been taken of variation in controls' performance, and effect sizes can be low. There is also a need for an adequate neurobiological account of this delayed (or ‘later’) forgetting. Fourthly, the major contributions of Sergio Della Sala, Alan Baddeley, and their colleagues will be reviewed, drawing our attention to important factors in experimental design, such as the presence or absence of repeated practice, recall of gist versus peripheral detail, and parallel forgetting curves from different levels of initial learning. The paper concludes with a summary of the major findings in (i) healthy participants (including studies of normal ageing), (ii) memory-disordered patients arising from focal lesions, (iii) Alzheimer and MCI patients, and (iv) epilepsy patients.

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引用次数: 0

The effect of covert visual attention on pupil size during perceptual fading 知觉消退时隐蔽视觉注意力对瞳孔大小的影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.008

Ana Vilotijević, Sebastiaan Mathôt

Pupil size is modulated by various cognitive factors such as attention, working memory, mental imagery, and subjective perception. Previous studies examining cognitive effects on pupil size mainly focused on inducing or enhancing a subjective experience of brightness or darkness (for example by asking participants to attend to/memorize a bright or dark stimulus), and then showing that this affects pupil size. Surprisingly, the inverse has never been done; that is, it is still unknown what happens when a subjective experience of brightness or darkness is eliminated or strongly reduced even though bright or dark stimuli are physically present. Here, we aim to answer this question by using perceptual fading, a phenomenon where a visual stimulus gradually fades from visual awareness despite its continuous presentation. The study contains two blocks: Fading and Non-Fading. In the Fading block, participants were presented with black and white patches with a fuzzy outline that were presented at the same location throughout the block, thus inducing strong perceptual fading. In contrast, in the Non-Fading block, the patches switched sides on each trial, thus preventing perceptual fading. Participants covertly attended to one of the two patches, indicated by a cue, and reported the offset of one of a set of circles that are displayed on top. We hypothesized that pupil size will be modulated by covert visual attention in the Non-Fading block, but that this effect will not (or to a lesser extent) arise in the Fading block. We found that covert visual attention to bright/dark does modulate pupil size even during perceptual fading (Fading block), but to a lesser extent than when the perceptual experience of brightness/darkness is preserved (Non-Fading block). This implies that pupil size is always modulated by covert attention, but that the effect decreases as subjective experience of brightness or darkness decreases. In broader terms, this suggests that cognitive modulations of pupil size reflect a mixture of high-level and lower-level visual processing.

瞳孔大小受注意力、工作记忆、心理想象和主观感知等多种认知因素的调节。以往有关认知对瞳孔大小影响的研究主要集中在诱导或增强对亮度或暗度的主观体验（例如，要求参与者注意/记忆亮或暗的刺激物），然后证明这会影响瞳孔大小。令人惊讶的是，我们从未做过相反的研究；也就是说，即使亮或暗的刺激实际存在，但如果消除或强烈减少了对亮或暗的主观体验，会发生什么情况，我们仍然不得而知。在这里，我们希望通过知觉消退来回答这个问题。知觉消退是指视觉刺激物在持续呈现的情况下逐渐从视觉意识中消失的现象。研究包含两个区块：褪色和非褪色。在褪色区块中，参与者看到的是轮廓模糊的黑白斑块，这些斑块在整个区块中都出现在相同的位置，从而引起强烈的知觉消退。与此相反，在 "非消退 "区块中，补丁在每次试验中都会换边，从而避免了知觉消退。受试者暗中注意两个光斑中的一个，并根据提示报告上面显示的一组圆圈中的一个的偏移量。我们假设，在 "非消退 "区块中，瞳孔大小会受到隐蔽视觉注意的调节，但在 "消退 "区块中，这种效应不会出现（或程度较小）。我们发现，即使在知觉褪色时（褪色区块），对亮/暗的隐蔽视觉注意也会调节瞳孔大小，但调节程度要小于保留亮/暗知觉体验时（非褪色区块）。这意味着，瞳孔大小总是受到隐蔽注意力的调节，但这种影响会随着对亮度或暗度的主观体验的减少而减弱。从广义上讲，这表明认知对瞳孔大小的调节反映了高级和低级视觉处理的混合。

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引用次数: 0

Controversies, strategies, and collaboration in cognitive neuropsychology 认知神经心理学中的争议、策略与合作。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.007

Robert H. Logie

The synergy between cognitive theory and neuropsychology is a hallmark of Sergio Della Sala’s research, of his 25 years as editor of Cortex, and of over 40 years of a Della Sala-Logie research collaboration. This short article highlights some of that completed and ongoing collaborative research focused on the cognition of memory in the healthy, ageing, and impaired brain.

认知理论和神经心理学之间的协同作用是塞尔吉奥·德拉·萨拉（Sergio Della Sala）研究的标志，是他担任《皮质》杂志编辑25年的标志，也是德拉·萨拉与逻辑学合作研究40多年的标志。这篇短文重点介绍了一些已经完成的和正在进行的合作研究，这些研究集中在健康、衰老和受损大脑的记忆认知方面。

引用次数: 0

Spatial working memory predicts re-cancellation behaviour in neglect 空间工作记忆预测忽视中的再取消行为。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.006

Robert D. McIntosh , Stephanie Rossit , Nicoletta Beschin

The lateralised bias of spatial neglect can be modulated by concurrent non-lateralised impairments. For instance, people with left neglect may have spatial working memory deficits that prevent them from keeping track of locations visited in visual search tasks such as target cancellation. Not only do they omit targets in some parts of the array but they may revisit and re-cancel targets in other parts, and this re-cancellation behaviour increases dramatically in ‘invisible’ conditions, in which touching a target leaves no visible trace. It has been proposed that spatial memory deficits are the main reason for the rise of re-cancellation errors in invisible cancellation conditions. This idea predicts that spatial memory abilities should correlate with re-cancellation behaviour; but this expected relationship has never been demonstrated. The present study takes an exploratory approach to describing the behaviour of 18 people with left visual neglect, following right hemisphere stroke, on touchscreen tests of spatial working memory and target cancellation. We show that people with neglect who are less able to remember locations in a spatial memory task tend to make more re-cancellation errors in invisible cancellation conditions. We also describe an apparent trade-off, in which some people with neglect make many more re-cancellation errors, whilst others make many more target omissions. We suggest that the influence of spatial memory deficits on invisible cancellation tasks can be more fully captured by considering both types of errors, rather than re-cancellations only.

空间忽视的侧偏性可以通过并发的非侧偏性损伤来调节。例如，患有左忽视的人可能有空间工作记忆缺陷，这使他们无法在视觉搜索任务（如目标取消）中跟踪所访问的位置。它们不仅会忽略阵列中某些部分的目标，还可能重新访问并重新取消其他部分的目标，并且这种重新取消行为在“不可见”条件下急剧增加，在这种情况下，接触目标不会留下可见的痕迹。有研究认为，空间记忆缺陷是隐性消去条件下重消错误增加的主要原因。这一观点预测空间记忆能力应该与再取消行为相关；但这种预期的关系从未得到证实。本研究采用一种探索性的方法来描述18名右半球中风后左视觉忽视患者在空间工作记忆和目标取消的触摸屏测试中的行为。我们发现，在空间记忆任务中，被忽视的人在记忆位置的能力较差，在看不见的取消条件下，他们往往会犯更多的再取消错误。我们还描述了一种明显的权衡，在这种权衡中，一些被忽视的人会犯更多的重消错误，而另一些人则会犯更多的目标遗漏。我们建议空间记忆缺陷对无形取消任务的影响可以通过考虑两种类型的错误而不是仅仅重新取消任务来更充分地捕捉。

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引用次数: 0

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