IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.010

Marcelo Malbec, Anita Harrewijn, Ingmar H.A. Franken, Matthias J. Wieser

Reward processing is a neurocognitive process involving the evaluation of and response to rewarding stimuli, which is critical for learning and motivated behavior. This cognitive mechanism is also influenced by mental health. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a dispositional tendency to perceive uncertainty as distressing and respond negatively to uncertain situations. Proposed as a transdiagnostic factor for internalizing disorders, IU may help explain shared features across these conditions. This study investigated the influence of IU on electrocortical responses to reward (feedback-related ERP) using the Doors Task, which incorporated varying levels of uncertainty (i.e., risk) regarding rewards. In 203 participants, we found that risk levels significantly influenced ERPs, particularly following reward feedback, with high-risk trials eliciting larger (i.e. more positive) ERPs compared to ambiguous or low-risk trials. While total IU did not correlate with feedback-related brain activity, its subfactors showed distinct effects after reward and no-reward feedback: higher prospective IU scores were associated with increased brain activity, whereas higher inhibitory IU scores were linked to decreased activity. These effects persisted after accounting for related internalizing traits, including worry, depression, and trait anxiety. Additionally, depressive symptoms were associated with blunted feedback-related ERPs, particularly following no-reward feedback. Taken together, the findings suggest a more nuanced and complex role of IU and its subfactors in reward processing and demonstrate the impact of risk on electrocortical responses to reward outcomes.

奖励加工是一种涉及对奖励刺激的评价和反应的神经认知过程，它对学习和动机行为至关重要。这种认知机制也受到心理健康的影响。不确定性不耐受（IU）是一种倾向，认为不确定性是痛苦的，并对不确定的情况作出消极反应。作为内化障碍的一种跨诊断因素，IU可能有助于解释这些疾病的共同特征。本研究利用Doors任务考察了IU对奖励电皮层反应（反馈相关ERP）的影响，该任务包含了不同程度的奖励不确定性（即风险）。在203名参与者中，我们发现风险水平显著影响erp，特别是在奖励反馈之后，与模糊或低风险试验相比，高风险试验引发了更大（即更积极）的erp。虽然总IU与反馈相关的大脑活动没有相关性，但其子因子在奖励和无奖励反馈后表现出明显的影响：较高的前瞻性IU评分与大脑活动增加有关，而较高的抑制性IU评分与活动减少有关。在考虑了相关的内化特征（包括担忧、抑郁和特质焦虑）后，这些影响仍然存在。此外，抑郁症状与反馈相关的erp迟钝有关，特别是在无奖励反馈之后。综上所述，这些研究结果表明，IU及其子因子在奖励处理中的作用更为微妙和复杂，并证明了风险对奖励结果的皮层电反应的影响。

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引用次数: 0

The relationship between individual alpha frequency and time perception: Testing the internal clock versus the sampling rate hypothesis 个体α频率与时间感知之间的关系：测试内部时钟与采样率假设。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.008

Matteo Frisoni , Luca Tarasi , Sara Borgomaneri , Vincenzo Romei

Perceiving the duration of events is a fundamental ability for everyday life. Traditional research has focused on the role of alpha oscillations as an endogenous pacemaker for the human internal clock, yet there is limited evidence supporting this idea. An alternative hypothesis proposes that alpha oscillations may underlie a sampling mechanism, where higher alpha frequencies correspond to increased information sampling, resulting in more accurate temporal judgments. In this study, we tested the internal clock versus sampling rate hypothesis by examining the relationship between Individual Alpha Frequency (IAF) and fine-grained time perception. Using resting Electroencephalography (EEG) and Signal Detection Theory (SDT), fifty healthy volunteers performed a time-discrimination task with 100 and 500 msec standard durations. Our results demonstrate that temporal sensitivity (d’) but not temporal bias (c) is influenced by IAF, with higher IAF leading to more accurate time estimates (higher d’). The correlations were observed over frontocentral topographies consistent with previous reports of neural networks involved in time processing and were most pronounced at 100 msec relative to 500 msec, likely due to fluctuations in IAF across multiple cycles. In conclusion, our findings support the relationship between IAF and temporal sensitivity. These results challenge the pacemaker hypothesis and instead suggest a distributed mechanism where alpha oscillations enhance the precision of temporal sampling. Our study adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting the role of IAF in sensory sampling as a generative mechanism for temporal sensitivity as opposed to subjective time perception.

感知事件的持续时间是日常生活的基本能力。传统的研究集中在α振荡作为人类内部时钟的内源性起搏器的作用上，但支持这一观点的证据有限。另一种假设提出，α振荡可能是采样机制的基础，其中较高的α频率对应于增加的信息采样，从而导致更准确的时间判断。在本研究中，我们通过检查个体α频率（IAF）和细粒度时间感知之间的关系来检验内部时钟与采样率假设。采用静息脑电图（EEG）和信号检测理论（SDT）对50名健康志愿者进行了100和500毫秒标准持续时间的时间分辨任务。我们的研究结果表明，时间敏感性（d‘）而不是时间偏差(c)受到IAF的影响，IAF越高，时间估计越准确（d’）。在前中央地形上观察到的相关性与之前关于涉及时间处理的神经网络的报告一致，并且在100毫秒相对于500毫秒时最为明显，可能是由于IAF在多个周期中的波动。总之，我们的研究结果支持IAF与时间敏感性之间的关系。这些结果挑战了起搏器假说，而是提出了一种分布式机制，其中α振荡提高了时间采样的精度。我们的研究增加了越来越多的证据，突出了IAF在感觉采样中的作用，作为时间敏感性的生成机制，而不是主观时间感知。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the mental imagery debate: New evidence from aphantasia and neuroimaging 重新审视心理意象之争：来自幻觉和神经成像的新证据。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.011

Florent Lebon

In this viewpoint letter, I critically examine the longstanding debate regarding the nature of mental imagery—specifically the tension between depictive and propositional theories—through the lens of recent neuroscientific findings. While early studies using neuroimaging were interpreted as supporting a depictive, perception-like model of visual imagery, emerging data from individuals with aphantasia present compelling counterevidence. These individuals, who report an absence of conscious visual imagery, nonetheless display decodable activity in early visual cortices during imagery-related tasks, prompting a reevaluation of the assumptions linking neural activation in V1 to subjective imagery. I suggest alternatives that support for a single- or a dual-process account of mental representation in the human brain.

在这封观点信中，我通过最近神经科学发现的镜头，批判性地审视了长期以来关于心理意象本质的争论——特别是描绘理论和命题理论之间的紧张关系。虽然早期的神经成像研究被解释为支持一种描述的、类似感知的视觉图像模型，但来自失视症患者的新数据提出了令人信服的反证。这些报告缺乏有意识视觉意象的人，在与意象相关的任务中，在早期视觉皮层显示出可解码的活动，促使人们重新评估将V1的神经激活与主观意象联系起来的假设。我提出了支持人脑中心理表征的单一或双重过程的替代方案。

引用次数: 0

Foundations of prosopagnosia: The three classic Austro-German reports 面孔失认症的基础：三份经典的奥德报告

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.006

Jason J.S. Barton , Moritz Feil

The term prosopagnosia was coined 78 years ago, in 1947. At that time few reports of a specific disorder of face recognition existed, the three most detailed being those of Wilbrand (1892), Hoff and Pötzl (1937), and Bodamer (1947). These laid the basis for much of our current thought about the manifestations of prosopagnosia, its associations, its structural basis, and theories about its functional mechanisms. However, since they were written in German and few current researchers are fluent in that language, these early works are relatively neglected today. In this review we discuss their highly detailed case descriptions, the prescient inductions they made from their clinical material, as well as their less successful speculations, with full translations provided as appendices. Familiarity with these older studies provides a perspective on the ongoing work in prosopagnosia.

面孔失认症这个词是在78年前的1947年创造的。当时很少有关于特定面部识别障碍的报道，最详细的三个是Wilbrand (1892)， Hoff和Pötzl（1937）以及Bodamer（1947）。这些奠定了我们目前对面孔失认症的表现形式、关联、结构基础和功能机制理论的许多思考的基础。然而，由于它们是用德语写的，现在很少有研究人员能流利地使用这种语言，这些早期的作品在今天相对被忽视了。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了他们非常详细的病例描述，他们从临床材料中做出的先见之明的归纳，以及他们不太成功的推测，并在附录中提供了完整的翻译。熟悉这些较早的研究为正在进行的面孔失认症研究提供了一个视角。

引用次数: 0

Failure to replicate enhancement of speech adaptation using tDCS over motor cortex and cerebellum 在运动皮层和小脑上使用tDCS无法复制言语适应的增强

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.007

Qiming Yuan , Daniel R. Lametti , Izara Williams , Hui Zhu , Kate E. Watkins

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability and when applied in combination with a cognitive task has potential to enhance performance. In the speech domain, previous work indicated that anodal tDCS over left motor cortex and right cerebellum increased the magnitude of speech adaptation during sensorimotor learning. Here, we aimed to replicate these findings in a pre-registered, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study of a large sample (three groups of N = 30). Participants read words out loud. Speech was recorded and fed back to them either normally or with a 110-Mel increase in the frequency of the first vowel formant. Participants responded to altered feedback by changing their speech production (adaptation). Participants were randomly allocated to receive 2-mA anodal tDCS over either left speech motor cortex, or right cerebellum, or sham stimulation. We tested for differences in speech adaptation among the three groups using one-way analyses of variance. We also explored the relationship between speech adaptation and measures of speech perception. All groups showed significant adaptation while receiving altered auditory feedback. Contrary to the previous study, we found no impact of anodal tDCS on the magnitude of the speech adaptation. In conclusion, speech adaptation was unaffected by anodal tDCS over speech motor cortex or cerebellum. This study is another example of the inconsistent effects of tDCS on task performance particularly when participants are young and healthy. Even larger samples may be needed to detect small effects and to avoid spurious results arising from individual differences in task performance.

经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）调节皮质兴奋性，当与认知任务结合使用时，有可能提高表现。在语言领域，先前的研究表明，在感觉运动学习过程中，左侧运动皮层和右侧小脑的阳极tDCS增加了语言适应的幅度。在这里，我们的目标是在一项预先注册、双盲、随机、假对照的大样本研究（三组N = 30）中重复这些发现。参与者大声朗读单词。语音被记录下来并反馈给他们，要么是正常的，要么是第一个元音形成频率增加110-Mel。参与者通过改变他们的语言产出（适应）来回应改变的反馈。参与者被随机分配在左言语运动皮层、右小脑或假刺激上接受2 ma的淋巴结tDCS。我们使用单向方差分析测试了三组之间的语言适应差异。我们还探讨了语言适应与语言感知测量之间的关系。所有小组在接受改变的听觉反馈时都表现出显著的适应性。与以往的研究相反，我们没有发现阳极tDCS对语音适应的大小有影响。综上所述，言语运动皮层和小脑的淋巴结tDCS对言语适应没有影响。这项研究是tDCS对任务表现影响不一致的另一个例子，特别是当参与者年轻健康时。可能需要更大的样本来检测小的影响，并避免由于任务表现的个体差异而产生的虚假结果。

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引用次数: 0

Bekhterev’s case: Amnesia due to bi-hippocampal damage 50 years before HM 别赫捷列夫案例：双海马损伤导致健忘症，比HM早50年。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.004

Sergio Della Sala , Marco Catani , Luciano Mecacci

The association between the hippocampus and memory has been largely shaped by the landmark case of patient HM in the mid-20th century. However, this manuscript revisits an overlooked and historically significant case reported by Russian neurologist Vladimir M. Bekhterev in 1899, predating HM by five decades. Bekhterev documented a patient with profound amnesia and bilateral hippocampal damage, which he presented in Russian and German abstracts and later summarized in his 1907 work. Despite the anatomical specificity and clinical relevance of the case, highlighting the involvement of the hippocampus in memory and possibly the amygdala in apathy, its theoretical implications remained underappreciated due to contextual, theoretical, and political factors. Bekhterev's reluctance to endorse strict localization of cognitive functions, the dominance of associationist theories in Russian neuroscience, and his politically motivated erasure during Stalin's regime contributed to the case's historical neglect. This paper reconstructs Bekhterev's original reports, revaluates their relevance, and situates them in the broader context of early hippocampal research.

海马体和记忆之间的联系在很大程度上是由20世纪中期具有里程碑意义的HM患者病例形成的。然而，这份手稿回顾了1899年俄罗斯神经学家Vladimir M. Bekhterev报告的一个被忽视的历史上重要的病例，比HM早了50年。别赫捷列夫记录了一位患有严重健忘症和双侧海马体损伤的病人，他在俄语和德语中提出了这一情况，后来在他1907年的著作中进行了总结。尽管该病例具有解剖学特异性和临床相关性，强调海马参与记忆，杏仁核可能参与冷漠，但由于环境、理论和政治因素，其理论意义仍未得到充分重视。别赫捷列夫不愿支持认知功能的严格定位，联想主义理论在俄罗斯神经科学中的主导地位，以及他在斯大林政权期间出于政治动机的抹去，这些都导致了这个案例的历史忽视。本文重构了Bekhterev的原始报告，重新评估了它们的相关性，并将它们置于早期海马研究的更广泛背景中。

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引用次数: 0

Atypical cortical regional homogeneity observed in graphene-colour synaesthesia and its subtypes 在石墨烯色联觉及其亚型中观察到非典型皮质区域均匀性

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.003

Bryan Bin Yuan Yeo , Junhong Yu

Graphene-colour synaesthesia is a phenomenon where individuals associate specific graphemes with particular colours, with two common subtypes: projector and associator. This study investigates the association between resting-state regional homogeneity (ReHo) and projector- and associator-type synaesthesia, and the behavioural significance of these ReHo abnormalities. 75 synaesthetes with varying projector and associator scores completed a diverse range of psychological measures and underwent resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) scans. Cortical ReHo images were extracted from preprocessed rsfMRI scans and analysed using the VertexWiseR R package. Vertex-wise ReHo analysis revealed that ReHo scores of the left caudal middle frontal negatively associated with associator-type synaesthesia scores, while ReHo scores of the left superior parietal, left superior frontal, left pars orbitalis and right precuneus negatively associated with projector scores. These ReHo clusters correlated with domains of emotional and tactile imagery (Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire) across both subtypes. Projector-score associated clusters were associated with auditory, gustatory, and visual imagery, as well as heightened avoidance behaviours. Meta-analytical image decoding analyses suggested that the clusters associated with both projector- and associator scores were associated with memory and executive function. Overall, our analyses revealed that projector and associator synaesthesia are supported by distinct yet overlapping patterns of ReHo within higher-order cognitive and perceptual brain regions.

石墨烯-颜色联觉是一种现象，个体将特定的石墨素与特定的颜色联系在一起，有两种常见的亚型：投射者和联想者。本研究探讨了静息状态区域同质性（ReHo）与投射型和联想型联觉之间的关系，以及这些ReHo异常的行为意义。75名具有不同投射和联想分数的联觉者完成了一系列不同的心理测量，并进行了静息状态功能MRI （rsfMRI）扫描。从预处理的rsfMRI扫描中提取皮质ReHo图像，并使用VertexWiseR R软件包进行分析。ReHo点分析显示，左侧尾侧中额叶的ReHo评分与联想型联觉评分呈负相关，而左侧顶叶上、左侧额叶上、左侧眶部和右侧楔前叶的ReHo评分与投影仪评分呈负相关。这些ReHo集群与两种亚型的情感和触觉意象域（普利茅斯感觉意象问卷）相关。投影仪评分相关的群集与听觉、味觉和视觉意象以及高度回避行为有关。元分析图像解码分析表明，与投射者和联想者得分相关的群集与记忆和执行功能相关。总的来说，我们的分析表明，投影和联想联觉是由高阶认知和感知脑区中不同但重叠的ReHo模式支持的。

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引用次数: 0

SMA-like syndrome without SMA lesion: Patterns of structural and functional disconnection in a relapsing low grade glioma 无SMA病变的SMA样综合征：复发性低级别胶质瘤的结构和功能断开模式

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.07.016

Eleonora Grande , Marco Ciavarro , Giuseppina Bevacqua , Antonello Baldassarre , Giorgia Committeri , Vincenzo Esposito

Introduction

Supplementary Motor Area syndrome (SMAs), a severe but transient syndrome inducing contralateral akinesia and language deficits, typically arises from lesion involving the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA). Through a functional and structural disconnection approach, we investigated whether lesion-related neuropsychological symptoms could be explained in terms of hodotopical loss of integrity across the whole-brain connectome.

Method

We report a case of a 53-year-old man who underwent resection of the left lateral inferior frontal gyrus, as well as the middle and superior frontal gyri for a low-grade glioma recurrence. Although without SMA lesion, he developed SMA syndrome symptoms, including speech arrest and perseverations, the patient recovered quickly but partially. The resection cavities from the first and second surgery were used as seeds to investigate structurally and functionally disconnected circuits in a Lesion Network Mapping (LNM) analysis. As a control, SMA-complex region was included in LNM analysis.

Results

Structural disconnection analysis revealed common disconnections between second surgery resection cavity and SMA region, at the level of the Cingulate and Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus. Also, functional analysis showed greater second surgery induced disconnection in critical hubs of the Fronto-Parietal and Default Mode Networks, as well as functional disconnection involving the spared SMA complex.

Discussion

Here the SMA syndrome, emerged despite no SMA lesion, appears to results from an alteration of structural and functional brain circuits, according to the hodotopical theory. We can speculate that disruption of interconnected networks may underlie symptom manifestation in SMA syndrome and may offer a potential framework for studying disconnection-related mechanisms.

辅助运动区综合征（SMA）是一种严重但短暂的综合征，可引起对侧运动障碍和语言缺陷，通常由辅助运动区（SMA）病变引起。通过功能和结构断开的方法，我们研究了病变相关的神经心理学症状是否可以用整个脑连接组的局部完整性丧失来解释。方法我们报告了一例53岁的男性患者，他接受了左外侧额下回以及额上回的切除术，以治疗低级别胶质瘤复发。虽然没有SMA病变，但他出现了SMA综合征的症状，包括言语停止和口吃，但患者恢复得很快，但部分恢复。第一次和第二次手术切除的空腔被用作研究病变网络映射（LNM）分析中结构和功能断开的电路的种子。作为对照，在LNM分析中加入SMA-complex区域。结果结构断连分析显示，第二次手术切除腔与SMA区在扣带和上纵束水平有常见的断连。此外，功能分析显示，在额顶叶和默认模式网络的关键枢纽，以及涉及备用SMA复合体的功能断开中，更大的二次手术引起的断开。根据hodo局部理论，尽管没有SMA病变，但SMA综合征似乎是由结构和功能脑回路的改变引起的。我们可以推测，互联网络的破坏可能是SMA综合征症状表现的基础，并可能为研究断开相关机制提供一个潜在的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Do explicit self-reflection traits relate to implicit bodily self-consciousness? Insights from asynchronous stimulation in embodiment illusions 外显自我反思特征与内隐身体自我意识有关吗？体现幻象中异步刺激的洞见。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.001

Lisa Raoul , Fabrice R. Sarlegna , Cédric Goulon , Marie-Hélène Grosbras

Does the way we explicitly reflect on our bodily, mental, and social self relate to our implicit bodily self-consciousness? To address this question, we investigated how self-reflection traits and sensory characteristics explain inter-individual variability in experiencing ownership, agency, or referral of touch over a rubber hand or virtual full-body in 70 young girls. The reduction of these embodiment feelings by an experimentally induced asynchrony between the participant's and the virtual body's stimulation (tactile or motor) can be seen as indicative of a robust bodily self-consciousness. In the visuo-motor full-body illusion, asynchrony reduced: agency more strongly in participants with a high tendency to reflect about social-self; ownership more in those with positive reflections towards the bodily self; agency and ownership more in participants with lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy. Overall, we highlight the importance of accounting for embodiment variability during asynchronous stimulation and provide novel insights into how explicit reflections about oneself relate to bodily self-consciousness’ components in girls, underscoring the need for further investigation in other populations.

我们对身体、精神和社会自我的明确反思方式是否与我们内在的身体自我意识有关？为了解决这个问题，我们调查了自我反思特征和感官特征如何解释70名年轻女孩在经历所有权、代理或转介触摸时的个体差异，通过橡胶手或虚拟全身。通过实验诱导的参与者和虚拟身体的刺激（触觉或运动）之间的异步，这些体现感的减少可以被视为一种强大的身体自我意识的指示。在视觉-运动全身错觉中，对社会自我反思倾向高的参与者的非同步性减少的能动性更强；对身体自我持积极态度的人更有所有权；代理和所有权在心脏内感受准确性较低的参与者中更多。总的来说，我们强调了在异步刺激中考虑体现变异性的重要性，并提供了关于女孩身体自我意识成分与自我的显式反映之间关系的新见解，强调了在其他人群中进一步研究的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Arithmetic fact retrieval deficits in chronic stroke – A deficit of relearning? 慢性中风的算术事实检索缺陷——是再学习缺陷吗？

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.011

S. Smaczny , S. Jung , K. Willmes , H.-O. Karnath , E. Klein

In acute stroke patients, arithmetic fact retrieval deficits have been observed due to disrupted white matter connections within a left-hemispheric network centered around the angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus (Smaczny et al., 2023). However, it remains unclear which specific structural disconnections also hinder successful remediation in the chronic stage of stroke. In this study, 92 patients were examined to determine which impairments continue to affect multiplication performance even in the chronic phase after a first-time unilateral left-hemispheric stroke. Our results revealed a strong association between impaired multiplication performance and the disconnection of left long-term memory (para)hippocampal areas from left frontal and right parietal regions. Thus, unlike previous findings in the acute stroke phase, our results in the chronic phase emphasize the importance of (para)hippocampal regions for successful multiplication performance. We suggest that the affected areas and connections in chronic patients with persistent multiplication problems not only indicate areas that are crucial for the relearning of arithmetic facts, but also those crucial for the learning of arithmetic facts in general. More generally, we suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic facts depends on structural integrity of a network centered around the left (para)hippocampus, while the retrieval of consolidated arithmetic facts from memory relies on the integrity of a left-hemispheric network involving angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus.

在急性中风患者中，由于以角回和颞中回为中心的左半球网络中的白质连接中断，观察到算术事实检索缺陷（Smaczny et al., 2023）。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些特定的结构断开也阻碍了中风慢性期的成功修复。在这项研究中，对92名患者进行了检查，以确定在首次单侧左半球中风后的慢性期，哪些损伤继续影响乘法表现。我们的研究结果显示，受损的乘法性能和左长期记忆海马区与左额叶和右顶叶区域的断开有很强的联系。因此，与先前在急性中风期的研究结果不同，我们在慢性期的研究结果强调了海马区对成功增殖表现的重要性。我们认为，慢性持续性乘法问题患者的受影响区域和连接不仅表明了对算术事实的重新学习至关重要的区域，而且也表明了对一般算术事实的学习至关重要的区域。更一般地说，我们认为算术事实的获取依赖于以左海马体为中心的网络结构完整性，而从记忆中检索巩固的算术事实依赖于包括角回和中颞回的左半球网络的完整性。

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引用次数: 0

Cortex最新文献

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion