IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.004

Daria Kostanian , Tatiana Logvinenko , Olga Sysoeva

To examine the processes contributing to reading, we investigated neurophysiological letter coding in typically developing children (3.6–9.3 years) using an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation and a 32-channel electroencephalogram. Non-native (Georgian) letters appeared every fifth item in a stream of native (Russian) letters, presented at a frequency of 6 Hz. This contrast (foreign condition, n = 46) elicited significant discrimination responses at the frequency of non-native letters presentation – 1.2 Hz – and its harmonics, even in children who did not yet acquire reading skills. We also investigated native letter orientation sensitivity using 180-degree-rotated Russian letters in a stream of upright Russian letters (inverted condition, n = 42, overlap with foreign condition n = 37). Discrimination responses increased with age in both conditions but followed different trajectories. In the foreign condition, it significantly increased in the subgroup of pre-reading children and plateaued in older children. In the inverted condition, discrimination response emerged only in reading children and showed significant correlation with age in this subgroup. The results support two systems of tuning for letters: a coarse tuning system that differentiates native from foreign letters and develops in pre-reading age through environmental exposure, and an orientation tuning system that develops with reading acquisition.

为了研究有助于阅读的过程，我们使用古怪的快速周期性视觉刺激和32通道脑电图研究了正常发育儿童（3.6-9.3岁）的神经生理字母编码。非母语（格鲁吉亚语）字母以6赫兹的频率出现在母语（俄语）字母流中的每五个项目中。这种对比（外国条件，n = 46）引起了对非母语字母呈现频率（1.2 Hz）及其谐波的显著歧视反应，即使在尚未获得阅读技能的儿童中也是如此。我们还研究了母语字母方向的敏感性，使用180度旋转的俄语字母在直立俄语字母流中（倒置条件，n = 42，与外国条件n = 37重叠）。在两种情况下，歧视反应随年龄增长而增加，但遵循不同的轨迹。在国外条件下，在学前儿童亚组中显著增加，在大一点的儿童中趋于稳定。在反向条件下，歧视反应仅在阅读儿童中出现，且在该亚组中与年龄显著相关。研究结果支持两种字母调音系统：一种是通过环境暴露在阅读前形成的区分母语和外文字母的粗调音系统，另一种是随着阅读习得而形成的定向调音系统。

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引用次数: 0

The neural dynamics of current and past self-face perception: Challenging the privilege access hypothesis 当前和过去自我面孔感知的神经动力学：挑战特权获取假说

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.006

Gyula Kovács , Lisa Göschel , Sophie Magdalena Pawlik , Antonella Tramacere

Setting apart the neural properties of familiarity for both self and others' faces helps deepen our understanding of the cognitive, developmental, and theoretical dimensions of social dynamics and human identity. Motivated by this goal, we conducted a multivariate cross-classification EEG experiment where we tested whether individuals represent their own face as similar to other highly familiar faces or code self-faces through different familiarity processes. We compare the representational dynamics for self and other faces in both their current and past versions. Participants were presented highly variable faces of four familiarity categories (self, parent, close-friend and unknown) in two versions across lifespan: current and past images, which were taken 10 years ago. Linear discriminant classifiers were trained and tested on EEG patterns to discriminate familiar and unfamiliar faces. Time-resolved classification revealed that the neural representations of familiarity emerge before 200 msec post-stimulus onset and remains significant until 600 msec, independently of familiarity level and age. Further, our findings show that the temporal dynamics of familiarity is similar for self-faces and other highly familiar faces. Our study provides new insights into how the brain represents self-identity and suggest that important aspects of self-recognition, such as the familiarity of self-face, is supported by learning processes rather than privilege introspective mechanisms.

将熟悉自己和他人面孔的神经特性分开，有助于加深我们对社会动态和人类身份的认知、发展和理论维度的理解。在这个目标的激励下，我们进行了一个多变量交叉分类脑电图实验，我们测试了个体是将自己的脸表示为与其他高度熟悉的脸相似，还是通过不同的熟悉过程编码自己的脸。我们比较了当前和过去版本中自我和他人面孔的表征动态。研究人员向参与者展示了四种熟悉类别（自我、父母、亲密朋友和未知）的高度可变的面孔，这些面孔在整个生命周期中分为两种版本：现在和过去的照片，这些照片拍摄于10年前。对线性判别分类器进行训练和脑电模式测试，以区分熟悉和不熟悉的面孔。时间分辨分类表明，熟悉度的神经表征在刺激后200毫秒前出现，并在600毫秒前保持显著，与熟悉程度和年龄无关。此外，我们的研究结果表明，熟悉度的时间动态对于自我面孔和其他高度熟悉的面孔是相似的。我们的研究为大脑如何表现自我认同提供了新的见解，并表明自我认同的重要方面，如对自我面孔的熟悉程度，是由学习过程而不是特权内省机制支持的。

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引用次数: 0

Increasing visual uncertainty modulates multisensory decision-making 增加视觉不确定性调节多感官决策。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.005

Xiangfu Yang , Weiping Yang , Yinghua Yu , Yoshimichi Ejima , Jiajia Yang

The brain integrates and transforms information from multiple senses to make optimal decisions, a process that is critical for navigating complex environments with perceptual uncertainty. Despite a growing consensus that individuals adapt flexibly to uncertain sensory input, whether increasing visual uncertainty influences the decision process itself or other, non-decision sensory processes during multisensory decision-making are unclear. Here, an audiovisual categorization task was used to examine the responses of human participants (N = 30) to visual and audiovisual stimuli under low-, medium-, and high-uncertainty conditions. Modeling the behavioral data using a drift‒diffusion model indicated that increased visual uncertainty in the audiovisual context decreased the evidence accumulation rate but had no effect on non-decision processes. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed and expanded upon these results: increased visual uncertainty in the audiovisual context reduced the amplitude during the late decision-making stage (300–380 msec) but had no effect on the amplitude during the early sensory encoding stage (140–220 msec). More importantly, electroencephalography analyses revealed that audiovisual integration in the early sensory encoding stage occurred robustly across all visual uncertainty conditions, whereas audiovisual integration in the late stage occurred only under medium and high visual uncertainty conditions. This study demonstrated that increased visual uncertainty modulates the decision process itself rather than early sensory encoding during multisensory decision-making. Moreover, multisensory integration strategies dynamically adapt to increasing visual uncertainty by engaging different mechanisms to maintain effective decision-making.

大脑整合和转换来自多种感官的信息以做出最佳决策，这一过程对于导航具有感知不确定性的复杂环境至关重要。尽管越来越多的人认为个体可以灵活地适应不确定的感官输入，但在多感官决策过程中，视觉不确定性的增加是否会影响决策过程本身或其他非决策感觉过程尚不清楚。在这里，视听分类任务被用来检查人类参与者（N = 30）在低、中、高不确定性条件下对视觉和视听刺激的反应。使用漂移-扩散模型对行为数据建模表明，视听环境下视觉不确定性的增加降低了证据积累速率，但对非决策过程没有影响。电生理记录证实并扩展了这些结果：视听环境中视觉不确定性的增加降低了决策后期（300-380毫秒）的振幅，但对早期感觉编码阶段（140-220毫秒）的振幅没有影响。更重要的是，脑电图分析显示，在所有视觉不确定性条件下，早期感觉编码阶段的视听整合都出现了，而后期的视听整合只在中度和高度视觉不确定性条件下出现。本研究表明，在多感官决策过程中，增加的视觉不确定性调节决策过程本身，而不是早期的感觉编码。此外，多感觉整合策略通过参与不同的机制来动态适应不断增加的视觉不确定性，以保持有效的决策。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping meaning in the brain's language 绘制大脑语言的含义

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.012

Harm Brouwer

Recent advances in neuroscience and artificial intelligence have pushed the state-of-the-art from being able to decode the meaning of individual words from non-invasive brain recordings, to the reconstruction of the meaning of continuous language. Beyond game changing practical implications of such “mind reading” mapping models, e.g., brain-computer interfaces that restore lost ability to speak, they also hold the promise to be instrumental in addressing a fundamental question in the cognitive sciences: How does the human brain represent the meaning of concepts, phrases, and sentences? In order to fulfil this promise, however, important methodological and theoretical challenges need to be overcome: (1) extant mapping results are inconsistent and difficult to reconcile with neurocognitive theory, (2) extant neural meaning representations do not model the compositional semantics capturing the meaning of multi-word utterances, and (3) extant mapping models fail to take into account the spatiotemporal dynamics of lexical and compositional semantic representation and computation. I argue that in order to overcome these challenges, we should ground mapping models in linguistic and neurocognitive theory, and develop neurocomputational models that explicate the spatiotemporal dynamics of meaning in the brain's language.

神经科学和人工智能的最新进展推动了最先进的技术，从能够从非侵入性大脑记录中解码单个单词的含义，到重建连续语言的意义。除了这种“读心术”映射模型改变游戏规则的实际意义之外，例如，恢复失去的说话能力的脑机接口，它们还有望在解决认知科学中的一个基本问题方面发挥重要作用：人类大脑如何表示概念、短语和句子的意义？然而，为了实现这一承诺，需要克服重要的方法和理论挑战：(1)现有的映射结果不一致，难以与神经认知理论相协调；(2)现有的神经意义表征不能模拟捕获多词话语意义的组成语义；(3)现有的映射模型未能考虑词汇和组成语义表征和计算的时空动态。我认为，为了克服这些挑战，我们应该在语言和神经认知理论中建立映射模型，并开发神经计算模型来解释大脑语言中意义的时空动态。

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引用次数: 0

Precise tactile localisation of hair stimulation in humans 人类头发刺激的精确触觉定位

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.002

Matthew R. Longo, Cleo Sakka

Hair is a salient feature of the bodies of humans and other mammals, which serves a variety of functions, including sensation. The sensory functions of hairs in humans, however, remain poorly understood. This study measured the ability to perceive the spatial location of stimulation of hairs without associated stimulation of the skin. We tested this ability body on the hand (Experiment 1) and the forearm (Experiment 2). Participants judged locations by clicking on a picture of their own hand/arm. We compared tactile localisation performance following hair stimulation to direct stimulation of the skin. Participants showed highly precise localisation of hair stimulation. The precision of localisation of hair stimulation is similar to that of stimulation of the skin. The results of this study show that human hairs provide rich spatial information which may complement tactile signals from the skin itself.

毛发是人类和其他哺乳动物身体的一个显著特征，它具有多种功能，包括感觉。然而，人类毛发的感觉功能仍然知之甚少。这项研究测量了在没有皮肤相关刺激的情况下感知毛发空间位置的能力。我们在手部（实验1）和前臂（实验2）上测试了这种能力。参与者通过点击自己手/手臂的照片来判断位置。我们比较了头发刺激和皮肤直接刺激后的触觉定位表现。参与者表现出高度精确的头发刺激定位。头发刺激的定位精度与皮肤刺激的定位精度相似。这项研究的结果表明，人类毛发提供了丰富的空间信息，可以补充皮肤本身的触觉信号。

引用次数: 0

Taxonomic semantic relation prevails in object naming: Larger and earlier effects of taxonomic relation compared to thematic relation 分类语义关系在对象命名中占主导地位：分类关系比主题关系的影响更大、更早

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.011

Chen Feng , Mingjun Zhai , Qingqing Qu

Long-term semantic systems are specialized for taxonomic and thematic relations. In the present study, we investigated the influence of taxonomic and thematic relations on object naming. Leveraging the existing dataset (N = 32) and expanding the sample (total N = 48). Using a blocked cyclic naming paradigm, we explored semantic effects within both taxonomic and thematic contexts, using an identical set of stimuli. A set of sixteen objects was categorized into either a taxonomic context or a thematic context. Our results show that both contexts trigger semantic interference, with a more pronounced interference in the taxonomic context than in the thematic context. The taxonomic context modulated event-related potentials (ERPs) within the time windows of 134–456 msec after picture onset, while the thematic context modulated ERPs in 230–362 msec after picture onset. These results reveal larger and earlier effects of taxonomic relations compared to thematic relations, indicating that taxonomic relation prevails in object naming.

长时语义系统专门用于分类和主题关系。在本研究中，我们探讨了分类关系和主题关系对对象命名的影响。利用现有数据集（N = 32）并扩展样本（总N = 48）。使用阻塞循环命名范式，我们使用相同的一组刺激，在分类和主题上下文中探索语义效应。一组16个对象被分为分类上下文或主题上下文。我们的研究结果表明，这两种语境都会引发语义干扰，其中分类学语境中的干扰比主题语境中的干扰更明显。分类学情境对事件相关电位（event- relevant potential, ERPs）的调节时间窗为画面开始后134 ~ 456 msec，而主题情境对事件相关电位的调节时间窗为画面开始后230 ~ 362 msec。这些结果表明，分类关系比主题关系的影响更大、更早，表明分类关系在对象命名中占主导地位。

引用次数: 0

Beta-band modulation reveals the cortical dynamics of auditory statistical learning in children β波段调制揭示了儿童听觉统计学习的皮层动态。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.003

Jarrad A.G. Lum , Christine N. Moreau , Li-Ann Leow , Welber Marinovic , Sarah J. Lum , Marc F. Joanisse , Laura J. Batterink

Children's ability to extract statistical regularities from speech is considered fundamental to lexical, syntactic, and grammatical development. However, the neural oscillatory mechanisms supporting this process in childhood remains poorly understood. While beta-band oscillations have been linked to statistical learning in visual and motor domains, it is unclear whether similar dynamics support auditory statistical learning in children. In this study, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from children aged 8–12 years as they listened to a continuous stream of trisyllabic nonwords (e.g., dapiku), where syllable order within each nonword was fixed (high predictability), but transitions between nonwords were variable (low predictability). Beta power was significantly lower for the more predictable second and third syllables relative to the less predictable first syllable. This effect emerged only after repeated exposure and was localised to left prefrontal electrodes. Beta power also correlated with post-exposure recognition accuracy. Additional learning-related modulations were observed in the theta-alpha and delta-theta bands, suggesting broader oscillatory engagement. These findings indicate that auditory statistical learning in middle childhood engages frequency-specific neural dynamics, with beta power modulations showing parallel effects to those observed in other modalities.

儿童从言语中提取统计规律的能力被认为是词汇、句法和语法发展的基础。然而，在儿童时期支持这一过程的神经振荡机制仍然知之甚少。虽然β频带振荡与视觉和运动领域的统计学习有关，但尚不清楚类似的动态是否支持儿童的听觉统计学习。在这项研究中，我们记录了8-12岁儿童在连续听三音节非词（如dapiku）时的脑电图（EEG），其中每个非词中的音节顺序是固定的（高可预测性），但非词之间的转换是可变的（低可预测性）。相对于第一个音节，第二个和第三个音节更容易预测，贝塔能力明显更低。这种效应只有在反复暴露于左前额叶电极后才会出现。贝塔能力也与曝光后识别的准确性相关。在θ - α和δ - θ波段观察到额外的学习相关调制，表明更广泛的振荡参与。这些发现表明，儿童中期的听觉统计学习涉及特定频率的神经动力学，与在其他模式下观察到的β功率调制显示出平行的效果。

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引用次数: 0

Multiple realization in cognitive neurorehabilitation research 认知神经康复研究中的多重实现

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.001

Morten Storm Overgaard

I argue that cognitive neurorehabilitation is currently faced with important challenges for its progress. Whereas most challenges are already well-known and debated in the field, a relatively overlooked challenge is whether cognitive functions are multiply realized. I argue that this debate is central to progress in cognitive neurorehabilitation. I conclude arguing that progress is possible but requires methodological improvements to determine how and not just if a function is rehabilitated, and methods to decide whether two instances of a cognitive function are identical. The aim of this article is therefore twofold: first, to demonstrate why the question of multiple realization is not an abstract philosophical curiosity but a methodological bottleneck for research in cognitive neurorehabilitation, and–second - to suggest directions for empirical innovation that can help resolve whether observed recovery reflects restoration, compensation, or genuine multiple realization.

我认为认知神经康复目前面临着重要的挑战。尽管大多数挑战在该领域已经众所周知并备受争议，但一个相对被忽视的挑战是认知功能是否被多重实现。我认为这场争论是认知神经康复的核心。我的结论是，进步是可能的，但需要方法上的改进，以确定如何而不仅仅是功能恢复，以及确定两个认知功能实例是否相同的方法。因此，本文的目的是双重的：首先，证明为什么多重实现的问题不是一个抽象的哲学好奇，而是认知神经康复研究的方法论瓶颈；其次，为实证创新提出方向，帮助解决观察到的恢复是否反映了恢复、补偿或真正的多重实现。

引用次数: 0

Neural markers of speech processing during inattentional deafness☆ 无意耳聋患者言语加工的神经标记☆。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.010

Gal R. Chen , Eyal H. McMurray , Ran R. Hassin , Leon Y. Deouell

Cognitive scientists have long debated the capabilities of non-conscious perception, defined as the level of processing of external stimuli that people do not consciously experience. While much is known about non-conscious visual perception, the auditory modality has received less focus. Here, we examine the level of processing for audible and intelligible spoken words that participants did not notice while performing another difficult visual task. Using repeated occurrences of such inattentional deafness and awareness probes, we measure the non-conscious processing of undetected words. In two pre-registered EEG experiments (N = 67), detected words elicited a frontal followed by a parietal scalp positivity, compared to matched pseudowords. Undetected words, however, showed frontal positivity compared to pseudowords, which differed in distribution and latency from the response to detected words. An exploratory analysis revealed a behavioral interference of undetected words with visual task performance. Both markers of non-conscious processing were contingent on relevance, implying that auditory non-conscious processing is automatic yet goal-dependent. Overall, our results support flexible capabilities for non-conscious speech perception, consistent with the ability to integrate acoustic information over time.

长期以来，认知科学家一直在争论无意识感知的能力，即人们对无意识外部刺激的处理水平。虽然人们对无意识视觉感知了解很多，但听觉感知却很少受到关注。在这里，我们研究了参与者在执行另一项困难的视觉任务时没有注意到的可听和可理解的口语单词的处理水平。通过重复出现这种无意耳聋和意识探测，我们测量了未检测到的单词的无意识处理。在两个预先注册的EEG实验中（N = 67），与匹配的假单词相比，检测到的单词引起额叶和顶叶头皮阳性。然而，与假词相比，未被检测到的词在前额叶上表现出积极的反应，其分布和潜伏期与被检测到的词不同。一项探索性分析揭示了未被发现的单词对视觉任务表现的行为干扰。两种无意识加工的标记都取决于相关性，这意味着听觉无意识加工是自动的，但又依赖于目标。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持了无意识语音感知的灵活能力，这与随着时间的推移整合声学信息的能力是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

Lesion-symptom mapping reveals differential relationships between language and precise versus approximate numeracy 病变症状映射揭示了语言与精确与近似计算之间的差异关系。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.008

Erin Duricy , Corrine Durisko , Julie A. Fiez

Numeracy, the foundation of mathematical processing, can be divided into two subcategories: approximate (quantity estimation) and precise numeracy (exact quantity). Loss of numeracy is commonly comorbid with aphasia following stroke, yet little is known about the neural basis of this relationship. We employed a support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (SVR-LSM) analysis with N = 104 left hemisphere chronic stroke survivors to investigate the neural relationship between approximate and precise numeracy with language ability. Our results highlight key differences between how approximate and precise numeracy overlap with language processing regions. Approximate numeracy does not show a significant relationship to aphasia or language related regions, while precise numeracy shares considerable neural overlap with language areas and co-varies significantly with aphasia severity. The results support a priori hypotheses that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is crucially involved in approximation and additionally implicate regions including angular gyrus (AG), precentral gyrus, and anterior fusiform gyrus. In contrast, precise numeracy was linked to damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), AG, and anterior temporal cortex, as well as the caudate nucleus, thalamus, and posterior temporal regions. Overall, we provide evidence of strong lesion-deficit associations demonstrating distinct neural patterns between precise and approximate numeracy impairments. Crucially, we demonstrate that these subcategories have contrasting relationships with language processing.

计算能力是数学处理的基础，它可以分为两个子类：近似（数量估计）和精确计算能力（确切数量）。计算能力丧失通常与中风后失语症共病，但对这种关系的神经基础知之甚少。我们采用支持向量回归损伤-症状映射（SVR-LSM）分析了N = 104左脑慢性中风幸存者，以研究近似和精确计算能力与语言能力之间的神经关系。我们的研究结果突出了近似和精确计算与语言处理区域重叠的关键差异。近似计算能力与失语症或语言相关区域没有显着关系，而精确计算能力与语言区域有相当大的神经重叠，并与失语症严重程度显著共变。结果支持了一个先验假设，即顶叶内沟（IPS）在近似过程中起关键作用，并涉及角回（AG）、中央前回和前梭状回等区域。相比之下，精确计算能力与额下回（IFG）、AG、前颞皮质以及尾状核、丘脑和后颞区受损有关。总的来说，我们提供了强有力的损伤缺陷关联的证据，证明了精确和近似计算障碍之间不同的神经模式。至关重要的是，我们证明了这些子类别与语言处理的对比关系。

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引用次数: 0

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