Cortex最新文献_第5页

Mapping meaning in the brain's language 绘制大脑语言的含义

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.012

Harm Brouwer

Recent advances in neuroscience and artificial intelligence have pushed the state-of-the-art from being able to decode the meaning of individual words from non-invasive brain recordings, to the reconstruction of the meaning of continuous language. Beyond game changing practical implications of such “mind reading” mapping models, e.g., brain-computer interfaces that restore lost ability to speak, they also hold the promise to be instrumental in addressing a fundamental question in the cognitive sciences: How does the human brain represent the meaning of concepts, phrases, and sentences? In order to fulfil this promise, however, important methodological and theoretical challenges need to be overcome: (1) extant mapping results are inconsistent and difficult to reconcile with neurocognitive theory, (2) extant neural meaning representations do not model the compositional semantics capturing the meaning of multi-word utterances, and (3) extant mapping models fail to take into account the spatiotemporal dynamics of lexical and compositional semantic representation and computation. I argue that in order to overcome these challenges, we should ground mapping models in linguistic and neurocognitive theory, and develop neurocomputational models that explicate the spatiotemporal dynamics of meaning in the brain's language.

神经科学和人工智能的最新进展推动了最先进的技术，从能够从非侵入性大脑记录中解码单个单词的含义，到重建连续语言的意义。除了这种“读心术”映射模型改变游戏规则的实际意义之外，例如，恢复失去的说话能力的脑机接口，它们还有望在解决认知科学中的一个基本问题方面发挥重要作用：人类大脑如何表示概念、短语和句子的意义？然而，为了实现这一承诺，需要克服重要的方法和理论挑战：(1)现有的映射结果不一致，难以与神经认知理论相协调；(2)现有的神经意义表征不能模拟捕获多词话语意义的组成语义；(3)现有的映射模型未能考虑词汇和组成语义表征和计算的时空动态。我认为，为了克服这些挑战，我们应该在语言和神经认知理论中建立映射模型，并开发神经计算模型来解释大脑语言中意义的时空动态。

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引用次数: 0

Precise tactile localisation of hair stimulation in humans 人类头发刺激的精确触觉定位

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.002

Matthew R. Longo, Cleo Sakka

Hair is a salient feature of the bodies of humans and other mammals, which serves a variety of functions, including sensation. The sensory functions of hairs in humans, however, remain poorly understood. This study measured the ability to perceive the spatial location of stimulation of hairs without associated stimulation of the skin. We tested this ability body on the hand (Experiment 1) and the forearm (Experiment 2). Participants judged locations by clicking on a picture of their own hand/arm. We compared tactile localisation performance following hair stimulation to direct stimulation of the skin. Participants showed highly precise localisation of hair stimulation. The precision of localisation of hair stimulation is similar to that of stimulation of the skin. The results of this study show that human hairs provide rich spatial information which may complement tactile signals from the skin itself.

毛发是人类和其他哺乳动物身体的一个显著特征，它具有多种功能，包括感觉。然而，人类毛发的感觉功能仍然知之甚少。这项研究测量了在没有皮肤相关刺激的情况下感知毛发空间位置的能力。我们在手部（实验1）和前臂（实验2）上测试了这种能力。参与者通过点击自己手/手臂的照片来判断位置。我们比较了头发刺激和皮肤直接刺激后的触觉定位表现。参与者表现出高度精确的头发刺激定位。头发刺激的定位精度与皮肤刺激的定位精度相似。这项研究的结果表明，人类毛发提供了丰富的空间信息，可以补充皮肤本身的触觉信号。

引用次数: 0

Taxonomic semantic relation prevails in object naming: Larger and earlier effects of taxonomic relation compared to thematic relation 分类语义关系在对象命名中占主导地位：分类关系比主题关系的影响更大、更早

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.011

Chen Feng , Mingjun Zhai , Qingqing Qu

Long-term semantic systems are specialized for taxonomic and thematic relations. In the present study, we investigated the influence of taxonomic and thematic relations on object naming. Leveraging the existing dataset (N = 32) and expanding the sample (total N = 48). Using a blocked cyclic naming paradigm, we explored semantic effects within both taxonomic and thematic contexts, using an identical set of stimuli. A set of sixteen objects was categorized into either a taxonomic context or a thematic context. Our results show that both contexts trigger semantic interference, with a more pronounced interference in the taxonomic context than in the thematic context. The taxonomic context modulated event-related potentials (ERPs) within the time windows of 134–456 msec after picture onset, while the thematic context modulated ERPs in 230–362 msec after picture onset. These results reveal larger and earlier effects of taxonomic relations compared to thematic relations, indicating that taxonomic relation prevails in object naming.

长时语义系统专门用于分类和主题关系。在本研究中，我们探讨了分类关系和主题关系对对象命名的影响。利用现有数据集（N = 32）并扩展样本（总N = 48）。使用阻塞循环命名范式，我们使用相同的一组刺激，在分类和主题上下文中探索语义效应。一组16个对象被分为分类上下文或主题上下文。我们的研究结果表明，这两种语境都会引发语义干扰，其中分类学语境中的干扰比主题语境中的干扰更明显。分类学情境对事件相关电位（event- relevant potential, ERPs）的调节时间窗为画面开始后134 ~ 456 msec，而主题情境对事件相关电位的调节时间窗为画面开始后230 ~ 362 msec。这些结果表明，分类关系比主题关系的影响更大、更早，表明分类关系在对象命名中占主导地位。

引用次数: 0

Beta-band modulation reveals the cortical dynamics of auditory statistical learning in children β波段调制揭示了儿童听觉统计学习的皮层动态。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.003

Jarrad A.G. Lum , Christine N. Moreau , Li-Ann Leow , Welber Marinovic , Sarah J. Lum , Marc F. Joanisse , Laura J. Batterink

Children's ability to extract statistical regularities from speech is considered fundamental to lexical, syntactic, and grammatical development. However, the neural oscillatory mechanisms supporting this process in childhood remains poorly understood. While beta-band oscillations have been linked to statistical learning in visual and motor domains, it is unclear whether similar dynamics support auditory statistical learning in children. In this study, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from children aged 8–12 years as they listened to a continuous stream of trisyllabic nonwords (e.g., dapiku), where syllable order within each nonword was fixed (high predictability), but transitions between nonwords were variable (low predictability). Beta power was significantly lower for the more predictable second and third syllables relative to the less predictable first syllable. This effect emerged only after repeated exposure and was localised to left prefrontal electrodes. Beta power also correlated with post-exposure recognition accuracy. Additional learning-related modulations were observed in the theta-alpha and delta-theta bands, suggesting broader oscillatory engagement. These findings indicate that auditory statistical learning in middle childhood engages frequency-specific neural dynamics, with beta power modulations showing parallel effects to those observed in other modalities.

儿童从言语中提取统计规律的能力被认为是词汇、句法和语法发展的基础。然而，在儿童时期支持这一过程的神经振荡机制仍然知之甚少。虽然β频带振荡与视觉和运动领域的统计学习有关，但尚不清楚类似的动态是否支持儿童的听觉统计学习。在这项研究中，我们记录了8-12岁儿童在连续听三音节非词（如dapiku）时的脑电图（EEG），其中每个非词中的音节顺序是固定的（高可预测性），但非词之间的转换是可变的（低可预测性）。相对于第一个音节，第二个和第三个音节更容易预测，贝塔能力明显更低。这种效应只有在反复暴露于左前额叶电极后才会出现。贝塔能力也与曝光后识别的准确性相关。在θ - α和δ - θ波段观察到额外的学习相关调制，表明更广泛的振荡参与。这些发现表明，儿童中期的听觉统计学习涉及特定频率的神经动力学，与在其他模式下观察到的β功率调制显示出平行的效果。

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引用次数: 0

Multiple realization in cognitive neurorehabilitation research 认知神经康复研究中的多重实现

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.001

Morten Storm Overgaard

I argue that cognitive neurorehabilitation is currently faced with important challenges for its progress. Whereas most challenges are already well-known and debated in the field, a relatively overlooked challenge is whether cognitive functions are multiply realized. I argue that this debate is central to progress in cognitive neurorehabilitation. I conclude arguing that progress is possible but requires methodological improvements to determine how and not just if a function is rehabilitated, and methods to decide whether two instances of a cognitive function are identical. The aim of this article is therefore twofold: first, to demonstrate why the question of multiple realization is not an abstract philosophical curiosity but a methodological bottleneck for research in cognitive neurorehabilitation, and–second - to suggest directions for empirical innovation that can help resolve whether observed recovery reflects restoration, compensation, or genuine multiple realization.

我认为认知神经康复目前面临着重要的挑战。尽管大多数挑战在该领域已经众所周知并备受争议，但一个相对被忽视的挑战是认知功能是否被多重实现。我认为这场争论是认知神经康复的核心。我的结论是，进步是可能的，但需要方法上的改进，以确定如何而不仅仅是功能恢复，以及确定两个认知功能实例是否相同的方法。因此，本文的目的是双重的：首先，证明为什么多重实现的问题不是一个抽象的哲学好奇，而是认知神经康复研究的方法论瓶颈；其次，为实证创新提出方向，帮助解决观察到的恢复是否反映了恢复、补偿或真正的多重实现。

引用次数: 0

Neural markers of speech processing during inattentional deafness☆ 无意耳聋患者言语加工的神经标记☆。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.010

Gal R. Chen , Eyal H. McMurray , Ran R. Hassin , Leon Y. Deouell

Cognitive scientists have long debated the capabilities of non-conscious perception, defined as the level of processing of external stimuli that people do not consciously experience. While much is known about non-conscious visual perception, the auditory modality has received less focus. Here, we examine the level of processing for audible and intelligible spoken words that participants did not notice while performing another difficult visual task. Using repeated occurrences of such inattentional deafness and awareness probes, we measure the non-conscious processing of undetected words. In two pre-registered EEG experiments (N = 67), detected words elicited a frontal followed by a parietal scalp positivity, compared to matched pseudowords. Undetected words, however, showed frontal positivity compared to pseudowords, which differed in distribution and latency from the response to detected words. An exploratory analysis revealed a behavioral interference of undetected words with visual task performance. Both markers of non-conscious processing were contingent on relevance, implying that auditory non-conscious processing is automatic yet goal-dependent. Overall, our results support flexible capabilities for non-conscious speech perception, consistent with the ability to integrate acoustic information over time.

长期以来，认知科学家一直在争论无意识感知的能力，即人们对无意识外部刺激的处理水平。虽然人们对无意识视觉感知了解很多，但听觉感知却很少受到关注。在这里，我们研究了参与者在执行另一项困难的视觉任务时没有注意到的可听和可理解的口语单词的处理水平。通过重复出现这种无意耳聋和意识探测，我们测量了未检测到的单词的无意识处理。在两个预先注册的EEG实验中（N = 67），与匹配的假单词相比，检测到的单词引起额叶和顶叶头皮阳性。然而，与假词相比，未被检测到的词在前额叶上表现出积极的反应，其分布和潜伏期与被检测到的词不同。一项探索性分析揭示了未被发现的单词对视觉任务表现的行为干扰。两种无意识加工的标记都取决于相关性，这意味着听觉无意识加工是自动的，但又依赖于目标。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持了无意识语音感知的灵活能力，这与随着时间的推移整合声学信息的能力是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

Lesion-symptom mapping reveals differential relationships between language and precise versus approximate numeracy 病变症状映射揭示了语言与精确与近似计算之间的差异关系。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.008

Erin Duricy , Corrine Durisko , Julie A. Fiez

Numeracy, the foundation of mathematical processing, can be divided into two subcategories: approximate (quantity estimation) and precise numeracy (exact quantity). Loss of numeracy is commonly comorbid with aphasia following stroke, yet little is known about the neural basis of this relationship. We employed a support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (SVR-LSM) analysis with N = 104 left hemisphere chronic stroke survivors to investigate the neural relationship between approximate and precise numeracy with language ability. Our results highlight key differences between how approximate and precise numeracy overlap with language processing regions. Approximate numeracy does not show a significant relationship to aphasia or language related regions, while precise numeracy shares considerable neural overlap with language areas and co-varies significantly with aphasia severity. The results support a priori hypotheses that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is crucially involved in approximation and additionally implicate regions including angular gyrus (AG), precentral gyrus, and anterior fusiform gyrus. In contrast, precise numeracy was linked to damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), AG, and anterior temporal cortex, as well as the caudate nucleus, thalamus, and posterior temporal regions. Overall, we provide evidence of strong lesion-deficit associations demonstrating distinct neural patterns between precise and approximate numeracy impairments. Crucially, we demonstrate that these subcategories have contrasting relationships with language processing.

计算能力是数学处理的基础，它可以分为两个子类：近似（数量估计）和精确计算能力（确切数量）。计算能力丧失通常与中风后失语症共病，但对这种关系的神经基础知之甚少。我们采用支持向量回归损伤-症状映射（SVR-LSM）分析了N = 104左脑慢性中风幸存者，以研究近似和精确计算能力与语言能力之间的神经关系。我们的研究结果突出了近似和精确计算与语言处理区域重叠的关键差异。近似计算能力与失语症或语言相关区域没有显着关系，而精确计算能力与语言区域有相当大的神经重叠，并与失语症严重程度显著共变。结果支持了一个先验假设，即顶叶内沟（IPS）在近似过程中起关键作用，并涉及角回（AG）、中央前回和前梭状回等区域。相比之下，精确计算能力与额下回（IFG）、AG、前颞皮质以及尾状核、丘脑和后颞区受损有关。总的来说，我们提供了强有力的损伤缺陷关联的证据，证明了精确和近似计算障碍之间不同的神经模式。至关重要的是，我们证明了这些子类别与语言处理的对比关系。

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引用次数: 0

Motor preparation during pain observation does not influence event-related Mu and Beta desynchronization 疼痛观察期间的运动准备不影响与事件相关的Mu和β去同步。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.009

Carl Michael Galang , Michael Jenkins , Taryn Sanders , Ruchi Vijh , Sukhvinder S. Obhi

Previous EEG research has shown that observing others in pain increases sensorimotor activity, as indexed by Mu (7–12 Hz) and Beta (13–30 Hz) desynchronization. Such activity is often interpreted as reflecting empathic processing through shared neural representations between the observer and target. In everyday life, observing another in pain can trigger a range of potential action tendencies (e.g., withdrawing, helping, or protecting oneself), but EEG studies typically restrict movement to avoid artifacts. This immobility may produce an artificial scenario that limits our understanding of how motor readiness and empathic processing interact. The present study examined whether engaging the motor system (via a simple key press) modulates these neural responses. Participants observed videos and pictures of a hand being stabbed by a needle or touched by a Q-tip. In half of the blocks, they prepared and executed a speeded key press to a Go signal; in the other half, they remained still. Results revealed Mu and Beta desynchronization during pain observation regardless of movement condition, replicating prior findings. These effects were unrelated to reaction times or empathy traits, suggesting that sensorimotor resonance during pain observation reflects a stable response rather than one contingent on task-specific motor preparation.

先前的脑电图研究表明，观察他人处于疼痛状态会增加感觉运动活动，这是由Mu （7-12 Hz）和Beta （13-30 Hz）失同步所指示的。这种活动通常被解释为通过观察者和目标之间共享的神经表征来反映共情处理。在日常生活中，观察另一个处于痛苦中的人会引发一系列潜在的行为倾向（例如，退缩、帮助或保护自己），但脑电图研究通常会限制运动以避免伪影。这种不动可能会产生一种人为的场景，限制我们对运动准备和移情处理如何相互作用的理解。本研究考察了是否参与运动系统（通过一个简单的按键）调节这些神经反应。参与者观看了手被针刺或被棉签触摸的视频和图片。在一半的区块中，他们准备并执行了一个快速按键来发出Go信号；在另一半，他们保持不动。结果显示，无论运动条件如何，在疼痛观察期间，Mu和Beta都出现了不同步，这与先前的研究结果一致。这些效应与反应时间或共情特征无关，表明疼痛观察期间的感觉运动共振反映了一种稳定的反应，而不是一种特定任务的运动准备。

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引用次数: 0

Social cognition in the nonfluent and logopenic variants of primary progressive aphasia: A review of variant-specific profiles 社会认知在原发性进行性失语症的不流利和语言缺失变体：变体特异性概况的回顾。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.007

Natacha Cordonier , Olivier Piguet

Beyond their predominant language impairments, primary progressive aphasias (PPA) are also marked by non-linguistic cognitive deficits. Among these, social cognition deficits have been understudied, particularly in the non-fluent (nfvPPA) and logopenic (lvPPA) variants. This review synthesizes behavioural and imaging data on emotion recognition, empathy, and theory of mind (ToM) in nfvPPA and lvPPA, and examines their potential contribution to the differential diagnosis. Evidence suggests that both variants exhibit social cognition deficits. Emotion recognition deficits are observed from disease onset in nfvPPA and lvPPA, although performance varies across modalities and tasks. Empathy appears relatively preserved in early stages, with cognitive aspects showing more variability than affective empathy. Theory of mind is consistently impaired in nfvPPA but remains largely unexplored in lvPPA. Limited comparative research and lack of ToM studies in lvPPA constrain our understanding of variant-specific profiles. However, combining emotion recognition with other cognitive measures shows potential to improve classification of these variants. Similarly, a more rapid decline in empathy in nfvPPA could contribute to differential diagnosis as the disease progresses. Finally, hypotheses based on anatomo-clinical correlates suggest distinct ToM deficits between variants. By highlighting variant-specific profiles and gaps in research, this review provides a comprehensive framework to guide future research, improve diagnostic accuracy and inform clinical management of these syndromes.

除了主要的语言障碍外，原发性进行性失语症（PPA）还以非语言认知缺陷为特征。其中，社会认知缺陷尚未得到充分研究，特别是在非流利（nfvPPA）和logopenic （lvPPA）变体中。本综述综合了nfvPPA和lvPPA患者的情绪识别、共情和心理理论（ToM）的行为和影像学数据，并探讨了它们对鉴别诊断的潜在贡献。有证据表明，这两种变体都表现出社会认知缺陷。情绪识别缺陷在nfvPPA和lvPPA的疾病发作时被观察到，尽管表现因模式和任务而异。在早期阶段，共情表现出相对的保留，认知方面比情感共情表现出更多的变异性。心理理论一直在nfvPPA中受损，但在lvPPA中仍未得到充分研究。有限的比较研究和缺乏对lvPPA的ToM研究限制了我们对变异特异性谱的理解。然而，将情绪识别与其他认知测量相结合，显示出改善这些变体分类的潜力。同样，随着疾病的进展，nfvPPA患者的同理心下降速度更快，可能有助于鉴别诊断。最后，基于解剖学和临床相关性的假设表明，变异之间存在明显的ToM缺陷。通过强调研究中的变异特异性特征和差距，本综述为指导未来的研究、提高诊断准确性和为这些综合征的临床管理提供了全面的框架。

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引用次数: 0

The use of discourse particles in oral picture description by individuals with primary progressive aphasia 原发性进行性失语症患者口头图片描述中语篇助词的使用。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.005

Imke Wets , Vitória Piai , Lize Jiskoot , Esther van den Berg , Nikki Janssen , Lotte Hogeweg , Marina B. Ruiter , Helen de Hoop

Discourse production, including the use of discourse particles, is crucial in everyday communication. Discourse particles (e.g., ja ‘yeah’) form a heterogeneous group of words that fulfil different functions such as structuring the discourse or marking the relationship between the hearer and speaker. Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative language condition that causes communication breakdowns. In this study, we examined the production of discourse particles by 58 Dutch-speaking individuals with PPA and 40 neurologically healthy speakers (NHS). We analysed language samples obtained from a picture description task for the use of discourse particles, comprising both discourse particles that require an assessment of the interlocutor's discourse belief (e.g., eigenlijk ‘actually’) as well as discourse particles with a more general discourse-structuring function (e.g., ja ‘yeah’ nee ‘no’, nou ‘well’). We found that individuals with PPA used the discourse particle ja 'yeah' more frequently than NHS (p < .001) relative to eigenlijk. The results also showed that the discourse particles nee ‘no’ and nou ‘well’ were used differently by individuals with PPA versus NHS. These discourse particles were employed by individuals with PPA to signal or manage word-finding difficulties. The findings underline the variety in functions and complexity of discourse markers. Studying and comparing the use of individual particles by speakers with a neurodegenerative language disorder is therefore not only informative to understand these disorders but also provides more insight into the heterogeneity of the class of discourse particles.

语篇生成，包括语篇助词的使用，在日常交际中起着至关重要的作用。语篇助词（如ja 'yeah'）构成了一组异质的词，它们完成了不同的功能，如构建语篇或标记听者和说话者之间的关系。原发性进行性失语症（PPA）是一种导致沟通障碍的神经退行性语言疾病。在这项研究中，我们检测了58名患有PPA的荷兰语个体和40名神经健康的说话者（NHS）的话语粒子的产生。我们分析了从图片描述任务中获得的使用话语粒子的语言样本，包括需要评估对话者话语信念的话语粒子（例如，eigenlijk 'actually‘）以及具有更一般话语结构功能的话语粒子（例如，ja ’yeah' nee 'no', now 'well'）。我们发现，相对于特征likjk， PPA个体使用话语粒子ja“yeah”的频率高于NHS （p < 0.001）。结果还表明，PPA与NHS患者对话语粒子的使用不同，它们需要“no”和现在“well”。PPA患者使用这些话语助词来表示或处理找词困难。研究结果强调了语篇标记语功能的多样性和复杂性。因此，研究和比较患有神经退行性语言障碍的说话者对单个助词的使用不仅有助于了解这些障碍，而且还有助于深入了解语篇助词类别的异质性。

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引用次数: 0