IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.004

Stefan Arnau, Nathalie Liegel, Edmund Wascher

Cognitive performance largely depends on how much effort is invested during task-execution. This also means that we rarely perform as good as we could. Cognitive effort is adjusted to the expected outcome of performance, meaning that it is driven by motivation. The results from recent studies suggest that the expenditure of cognitive control is particularly prone to being affected by modulations of cognitive effort. Although recent EEG studies investigated the neural underpinnings of the interaction of effort and control, reports on how cognitive effort is reflected by oscillatory activity of the EEG are quite sparse. It is the goal of the present study to bridge this gap by performing an exploratory analysis of high-density EEG data from a switching-task using manipulations of monetary incentives. A beamformer approach is used to localize the sensor-level effects in source-space. The results indicate that the manipulation of cognitive effort was successful. The participants reported significantly higher motivation and cognitive effort in high versus low reward trials. Performance was also significantly increased. The analysis of the EEG data revealed that the increase of cognitive effort was reflected by an increased mid-frontal theta activity during the cue-target interval, suggesting an increased use of proactive control. This interpretation is supported by the result from a regression analysis performed on single-trial data, showing higher mid-frontal theta power prior to target-onset being associated with faster responses. Alpha-desynchronization throughout the trial was also more pronounced in high reward trials, signaling a bias of attention towards the processing of external stimuli. Source reconstruction suggests that these effects are located in areas related to cognitive control, and visual processing.

认知表现在很大程度上取决于任务执行过程中投入了多少精力。这也意味着，我们的表现很少会尽如人意。认知努力是根据绩效的预期结果进行调整的，这意味着认知努力是由动机驱动的。最近的研究结果表明，认知控制的支出特别容易受到认知努力调节的影响。虽然最近的脑电图研究调查了努力和控制相互作用的神经基础，但有关认知努力如何通过脑电图振荡活动反映出来的报告却非常少。本研究的目的就是通过对使用货币激励的切换任务中的高密度脑电图数据进行探索性分析，弥补这一空白。本研究采用波束成形器方法对源空间中的传感器级效应进行定位。结果表明，对认知努力的操纵是成功的。在高奖励与低奖励的试验中，参与者的动机和认知努力都明显增加。成绩也明显提高。对脑电图数据的分析表明，认知努力的增加反映在提示-目标间隔期间中额叶θ活动的增加，这表明主动控制的使用增加了。对单次试验数据进行回归分析的结果也支持这一解释，该结果显示，在目标开始前，中额θ功率越高，反应速度越快。在高奖励试验中，整个试验过程中的α不同步现象也更为明显，这表明注意力偏向于处理外部刺激。源重建表明，这些效应位于与认知控制和视觉处理相关的区域。

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引用次数: 0

Difficulties in perceptual–motor coordination of reaching behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder 自闭症谱系障碍儿童伸手行为的感知与运动协调困难

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.005

Ken Kikuchi , Manami Honda , Yusuke Baba , Yosuke Kita , Takahiro Higuchi

Increased risk of injury from collisions with objects is an important issue in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether impaired perceptual–motor coordination may underlie the high frequency of collisions. Specifically, we hypothesized that collisions are likely to occur frequently in children with ASD due to their difficulty with body-related spatial perception and their inadequate motor planning, due to their detail-focused processing style, i.e., a tendency to focus attention on specific details rather than on the overall context. To evaluate impairment of perceptual–motor coordination in children with ASD, an original action selection task was developed to assess (a) body-related spatial perception and (b) predictive attentional properties for planning the subsequent movements based on the measures of hand movement and gaze behavior. Twenty-six children (13 diagnosed as ASD and 13 with typical development [TD]) completed the task, and their parents completed a questionnaire regarding their child's susceptibility to injury. Results showed that children with ASD displayed inaccurate body-related spatial perception and inadequate motor planning under conditions that induced their detail-focused processing style. In addition, analyses of gaze behavior reflected the characteristics of a detail-focused processing in children with ASD. This was correlated with the severity of ASD and the measure of motor planning. The present findings suggest that difficulty with perceptual–motor coordination, resulting in part from the detail-focused processing style, might contribute to susceptibility to injury in children with ASD. We consider that our evaluation of the difficulty with perceptual–motor of individuals with ASD provides a framework for understanding their high rate of collision-related injuries and could inform strategies for preventing these injuries.

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童与物体碰撞受伤的风险增加是一个重要问题。本研究的目的是探讨感知-运动协调能力受损是否是导致碰撞事故频发的原因。具体来说，我们假设，由于自闭症谱系障碍儿童注重细节的处理方式，即倾向于将注意力集中在具体细节而非整体环境上，因此他们在与身体相关的空间感知方面存在困难，并且运动规划不足，从而导致碰撞事故频发。为了评估 ASD 儿童在感知-运动协调方面的障碍，我们开发了一项原创的动作选择任务，以评估（a）与身体相关的空间感知和（b）基于手部运动和注视行为测量的规划后续动作的预测注意特性。26 名儿童（13 名被诊断为 ASD，13 名为典型发育[TD]）完成了这项任务，他们的父母则填写了一份关于孩子易受伤程度的调查问卷。结果表明，在诱导ASD儿童注重细节的处理方式的条件下，他们表现出与身体相关的空间感知不准确和运动规划不足。此外，对注视行为的分析也反映出 ASD 儿童注重细节的处理方式的特点。这与自闭症的严重程度和运动规划的测量结果相关。目前的研究结果表明，知觉与运动协调方面的困难，部分源于注重细节的处理方式，可能会导致 ASD 儿童容易受伤。我们认为，我们对 ASD 患儿在感知-运动协调方面的困难所做的评估为理解他们与碰撞相关的高受伤率提供了一个框架，并可为预防这些伤害的策略提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Tracing volitional recovery in post-stroke akinetic mutism using longitudinal microstructure imaging: Insights from a single case study 利用纵向微结构成像追踪脑卒中后运动性缄默症的意志恢复：单例研究的启示。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.004

Jie Zhang , Yingqiao Wang , Zhenyu Shu , Yao Ouyang , Xingru Zhang , Huiqi Wang , Li Zhang , Shan Fang , Xiangming Ye , Juebao Li

Lesions in the frontal-subcortical circuitry can lead to akinetic mutism (AM) characterized by diminished volition. However, the microstructural changes in the damaged network underlying its recovery remain unknown. Clinical examination and neuropsychological assessment were performed on a patient with post-stroke AM. Multimodal MRI scans were performed at baseline and follow-ups. We used diffusion MRI and biophysical models, specifically utilizing neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging for assessing gray matter microstructure, and fixel-based analysis for the evaluation of white matter. Longitudinal comparisons were performed between the patient and healthy controls. Pronounced recovery of volition was observed after dopamine agonist therapy combined with physical therapy. In addition to infarcts in the bilateral medial cortex, microstructure imaging detected reduced neurite density in extensive areas, specifically in temporal areas and subcortical nuclei, and decreased fiber density of white matter tracts (TFCE-corrected p < .05). Microstructural degeneration in the anterior cingulate cortex and cingulum was relatively persistent (Bonferroni-corrected p < .05). However, most tracts within the frontal-subcortical circuitry showed increased fiber density during the recovery stage. Microstructure of an extensive network may contribute to the disruption and recovery of volition. Fiber density within the frontal-subcortical circuitry could be a promising biomarker indicating volitional recovery.

额叶-皮层下回路的损伤可导致以意志减退为特征的动觉缄默症（AM）。然而，其恢复所依赖的受损网络的微观结构变化仍然未知。我们对一名卒中后缄默症患者进行了临床检查和神经心理学评估。在基线和随访期间进行了多模态磁共振成像扫描。我们使用了弥散核磁共振成像和生物物理模型，特别是利用神经元取向弥散和密度成像评估灰质微观结构，并利用基于固定颗粒的分析评估白质。对患者和健康对照组进行了纵向比较。经过多巴胺激动剂治疗和物理治疗后，患者的意志力明显恢复。除了双侧内侧皮层的梗死外，微结构成像还检测到广泛区域的神经元密度降低，特别是颞区和皮层下核，以及白质束纤维密度降低（TFCE校正后的p＜0.05）。

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引用次数: 0

Face naming and recollection represent key memory deficits in developmental prosopagnosia 脸部命名和回忆是发育性前脸失认症的主要记忆缺陷。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.003

Tanvi Palsamudram , Alison Campbell , Regan Fry , Bar Yosef , Leah Kirsch , Nicole D. Anderson , Mieke Verfaellie , Joseph DeGutis

Previous studies have found that face perception deficits do not fully account for the severity of face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP). Researchers have begun identifying deficient memory mechanisms such as impaired face recollection, but these findings require replication, and further characterization of additional memory deficits is necessary. Our goals were to replicate prior findings of face recollection impairment in DP and extend these findings to assess different types of face associative memory. We had 69 DPs and 99 controls perform a face perception battery as well as three face memory tasks: 1) Old/New task with confidence ratings to calculate recollection and familiarity using ROC analysis, 2) Face/Scene task to examine remember-know judgments and contextual memory for faces, and 3) Face-Name/Occupation task to assess the ability to learn semantic associations with faces. Compared to controls, DPs showed poorer recollection and familiarity across both Old/New and Face/Scene tasks as well as reduced scene accuracy for correct faces. Of these differences, only Old/New recollection remained significant after controlling for group differences in face perception abilities. In the Face-Name/Occupation task, after controlling for face perception, DPs showed poorer recall of names than controls but performed similarly in recalling occupations. Finally, we found that DPs with major, mild, and no face perception deficits showed consistent impairments in Old/New recollection and face-naming, and larger perceptual deficits were associated with larger memory deficits. Together, these results provide several mechanistic insights into the nature of memory deficits in DPs and have diagnostic and treatment implications.

以往的研究发现，发展性面容失认症（DP）的面容识别障碍的严重程度并不能完全归因于面容感知障碍。研究人员已经开始发现记忆机制的缺陷，如面孔再认能力受损，但这些发现需要复制，而且有必要进一步确定其他记忆缺陷的特征。我们的目标是复制之前发现的 DP 人脸再认障碍，并将这些发现扩展到评估不同类型的人脸联想记忆。我们让 69 名民主党患者和 99 名对照组患者完成了一项面孔感知训练和三项面孔记忆任务：1）带有置信度评级的 "旧/新 "任务，利用 ROC 分析计算回忆和熟悉程度；2）"脸/场景 "任务，检查对脸的 "记得-知道 "判断和上下文记忆；3）"脸-名字/职业 "任务，评估学习与脸的语义关联的能力。与对照组相比，民主党人在 "旧/新 "和 "脸/场景 "任务中的记忆和熟悉程度都较差，而且对正确面孔的场景记忆准确率也较低。在这些差异中，只有 "旧/新 "回忆在控制了人脸感知能力的群体差异后仍然显著。在 "面孔-姓名-职业 "任务中，在控制了面孔感知能力后，民主党人对姓名的回忆能力比对照组差，但在回忆职业方面表现相似。最后，我们发现有严重、轻度和无面孔感知缺陷的民主党人在旧/新回忆和面孔命名方面表现出一致的障碍，而且较大的感知缺陷与较大的记忆缺陷相关。总之，这些结果从机制上揭示了民主双语症患者记忆缺陷的本质，对诊断和治疗具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Did H.M. exhibit accelerated long-term forgetting? Measuring forgetting in amnesia H.M. 是否表现出加速的长期遗忘？测量遗忘症患者的遗忘

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.003

Nan Peng, Umberto Noè, Sergio Della Sala

The early investigations of patient H.M. inaugurated the modern era of memory research. During the 1970s and 1980s, a key debate over whether H.M. with bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions exhibited accelerated long-term forgetting attracted an increasing interest in forgetting research among amnestic patients. Huppert and Piercy (1979) examined H.M.’s performance in visual recognition at 10-minute, 1-day, and 7-day intervals and suggested that H.M. was subjected to rapid forgetting compared with Korsakoff patients and healthy participants reported in Huppert and Piercy (1978). In contrast, Freed et al. (1987) employed the same experimental paradigm and concluded that forgetting rates in H.M. did not differ from those in healthy controls. These incompatible findings highlighted a methodological challenge in measuring forgetting in the cross-group comparison design, where closely equalising the initial performance between patient and control groups is usually suggested. The re-analysis in this viewpoint, using both linear- and nonlinear-based modelling, reconciled the discrepancy between the aforementioned studies. Our results indicated that the rate of forgetting in H.M. did not differ from that in healthy controls, regardless of whether the initial performance was closely matched. Here, we suggest that the cross-group comparisons in forgetting studies do not necessarily seek a perfect match in initial performance unless the risks of confounding encoding and retrieval processes can be effectively controlled.

对患者H.M.的早期研究开创了现代记忆研究的先河。20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代，关于双侧内侧颞叶病变的 H.M. 是否表现出加速的长期遗忘的争论引起了人们对失忆症患者遗忘研究的兴趣。Huppert 和 Piercy（1979 年）研究了 H.M.在 10 分钟、1 天和 7 天时间间隔内的视觉识别表现，认为与 Huppert 和 Piercy（1978 年）报告的 Korsakoff 患者和健康参与者相比，H.M.的遗忘速度更快。与此相反，Freed 等人（1987 年）采用了相同的实验范式，并得出结论认为，H.M.患者的遗忘率与健康对照组的遗忘率没有差异。这些互不相容的研究结果凸显了在跨组比较设计中测量遗忘的方法学挑战，在这种设计中，通常建议患者组和对照组之间的初始表现密切相等。本研究采用线性和非线性建模方法重新分析了上述研究之间的差异。我们的结果表明，无论初始成绩是否完全匹配，H.M.患者的遗忘率与健康对照组的遗忘率并无差异。在此，我们建议，遗忘研究中的跨组比较不一定要寻求初始表现的完全匹配，除非编码和检索过程的混淆风险能得到有效控制。

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引用次数: 0

Is semantic dementia an outdated entity? 语义痴呆是否已经过时？

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.002

Serge Belliard , Catherine Merck

Does it still make clinical sense to talk about semantic dementia? For more than 10 years, some researchers and clinicians have highlighted the need for new diagnostic criteria, arguing for this entity either to be redefined or, more recently, to be divided into two partially distinct entities, each with its own supposed characteristics, namely the semantic variant primary progressive aphasia and the semantic behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Why such a shift? Is it no longer appropriate to talk about semantic dementia? Is it really useful to divide the concept of semantic dementia into verbal and socioemotional semantic subcomponents? Does this proposal have any clinical merit or does it solely reflect theoretical considerations? To shed light on these questions, the purpose of the present review was to explore theoretical considerations on the nature of the knowledge that is disturbed in this disease which might justify such terminological changes.

谈论语义痴呆是否仍有临床意义？十多年来，一些研究人员和临床医生一直强调需要新的诊断标准，主张要么重新定义这一实体，要么最近将其分为两个部分不同的实体，即语义变异型原发性进行性失语症和语义行为变异型额颞叶痴呆症，每个实体都有自己的假定特征。为什么会有这样的转变？谈论语义痴呆是否不再合适？将语义痴呆的概念分为言语和社会情感语义两个子部分真的有用吗？这一提议是否具有临床价值，还是仅仅反映了理论上的考虑？为了阐明这些问题，本综述的目的是探讨关于这种疾病中受到干扰的知识的性质的理论考虑，这可能证明这种术语变化是合理的。

引用次数: 0

Adynamic spoken language in corpus callosum dysgenesis 胼胝体发育不良的非能动口语

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.021

Megan S. Barker , Jacquelyn L. Knight , Ryan J. Dean , Linda J. Richards , Gail A. Robinson

Corpus callosum dysgenesis (CCD) is a congenital brain malformation that occurs when the development of the corpus callosum is disrupted, either partially or completely. The cognitive outcomes in individuals with CCD vary greatly, but generally the neuropsychological profile is characterised by slow processing speed, poor transfer of interhemispheric sensory-motor information, and impaired complex problem solving. Core language skills are often preserved in CCD, but there is some evidence that complex language may be impaired. Thus, the current study sought to examine whether spontaneous speech output was reduced in a cohort of individuals with CCD compared to age-matched controls. We further explored a series of factors that may be contributing to poor spontaneous speech in CCD, such as difficulties generating, selecting, and sequencing ideas for expression, as well as apathy and slowed processing speed. A cohort of 25 individuals with CCD and 39 neurotypical controls were enrolled in this study. Participants completed a picture description task to measure spontaneous speech output, alongside a series of cognitive and language baseline tests. Verbal and nonverbal fluency tasks gauged idea generation and sequencing, and sentence-level selection tasks measured idea selection. We found that, despite having largely intact core language skills, individuals with CCD produced significantly less spontaneous speech on the picture description task than controls. This language profile may be described as “adynamic”. Further, we found that poor spontaneous speech output in CCD was related to problems generating ideas for expression, as individuals with CCD performed below controls on the verbal and nonverbal fluency tasks. Exploratory analyses revealed that apathy and slowed processing speed may be contributing factors. Adynamia in CCD is a novel finding that may be an intervention target for improving communication skills in this population.

胼胝体发育不良（CCD）是一种先天性脑畸形，是指胼胝体的发育部分或完全中断。CCD 患者的认知结果差异很大，但一般来说，其神经心理学特征是处理速度缓慢、半球间感觉运动信息传递不畅以及复杂问题解决能力受损。CCD 患者的核心语言能力通常得以保留，但有证据表明复杂语言能力可能会受损。因此，本研究试图探讨与年龄匹配的对照组相比，CCD 患者的自发言语输出是否会减少。我们还进一步探讨了一系列可能导致 CCD 患者自发言语能力低下的因素，如产生、选择和排序表达想法的困难，以及冷漠和处理速度减慢等。本研究共招募了 25 名 CCD 患者和 39 名神经典型对照者。参与者在完成一系列认知和语言基线测试的同时，还完成了一项图片描述任务，以测量自发言语输出。言语和非言语流畅性任务测量想法的产生和排序，句子级选择任务测量想法的选择。我们发现，尽管 CCD 患者的核心语言技能基本完好，但他们在图片描述任务中的自发言语能力明显低于对照组。这种语言特征可被称为 "非动态"。此外，我们还发现，CCD 患者的自发言语能力差与产生表达想法的问题有关，因为 CCD 患者在言语和非言语流畅性任务中的表现低于对照组。探索性分析表明，冷漠和处理速度减慢可能是诱因。CCD 中的 "失语症 "是一项新发现，可作为改善该人群交流技能的干预目标。

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引用次数: 0

The fickleness of forgetting: When, why, and how do patient groups differ (or not)? 遗忘的善变：患者群体何时、为何以及如何存在差异（或不存在差异）？

IF 3.6 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.002

Michael D. Kopelman

引用次数: 0

Baseline multimodal imaging to predict longitudinal clinical decline in atypical Alzheimer's disease 预测非典型阿尔茨海默病纵向临床衰退的基线多模态成像。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.020

Ryan P. Coburn , Jonathan Graff-Radford , Mary M. Machulda , Christopher G. Schwarz , Val J. Lowe , David T. Jones , Clifford R. Jack Jr. , Keith A. Josephs , Jennifer L. Whitwell , Hugo Botha

There are recognized neuroimaging regions of interest in typical Alzheimer's disease which have been used to track disease progression and aid prognostication. However, there is a need for validated baseline imaging markers to predict clinical decline in atypical Alzheimer's Disease. We aimed to address this need by producing models from baseline imaging features using penalized regression and evaluating their predictive performance on various clinical measures.

Baseline multimodal imaging data, in combination with clinical testing data at two time points from 46 atypical Alzheimer's Disease patients with a diagnosis of logopenic progressive aphasia (N = 24) or posterior cortical atrophy (N = 22), were used to generate our models. An additional 15 patients (logopenic progressive aphasia = 7, posterior cortical atrophy = 8), whose data were not used in our original analysis, were used to test our models. Patients underwent MRI, FDG-PET and Tau-PET imaging and a full neurologic battery at two time points. The Schaefer functional atlas was used to extract network-based and regional gray matter volume or PET SUVR values from baseline imaging. Penalized regression (Elastic Net) was used to create models to predict scores on testing at Time 2 while controlling for baseline performance, education, age, and sex. In addition, we created models using clinical or Meta Region of Interested (ROI) data to serve as comparisons.

We found the degree of baseline involvement on neuroimaging was predictive of future performance on cognitive testing while controlling for the above measures on all three imaging modalities. In many cases, model predictability improved with the addition of network-based neuroimaging data to clinical data. We also found our network-based models performed superiorly to the comparison models comprised of only clinical or a Meta ROI score.

Creating predictive models from imaging studies at a baseline time point that are agnostic to clinical diagnosis as we have described could prove invaluable in both the clinical and research setting, particularly in the development and implementation of future disease modifying therapies.

在典型的阿尔茨海默病中，有公认的神经影像感兴趣区，这些感兴趣区已被用于跟踪疾病进展和帮助预后。然而，目前还需要经过验证的基线成像标记来预测非典型阿尔茨海默病的临床衰退。为了满足这一需求，我们使用惩罚回归法根据基线成像特征建立模型，并评估其对各种临床指标的预测性能。基线多模态成像数据与两个时间点的临床测试数据相结合，用于生成我们的模型，这些数据来自 46 名诊断为对数开放性进行性失语（24 人）或后皮质萎缩（22 人）的非典型阿尔茨海默病患者。另外 15 例患者（对数开放性进行性失语症 = 7 例，后部皮质萎缩 = 8 例）的数据未用于我们最初的分析，这些数据被用于检验我们的模型。患者在两个时间点接受了 MRI、FDG-PET 和 Tau-PET 成像检查和全面的神经系统检查。Schaefer 功能图谱用于从基线成像中提取基于网络的区域灰质体积或 PET SUVR 值。在控制基线表现、教育程度、年龄和性别的情况下，我们使用惩罚回归（Elastic Net）建立模型来预测第 2 个时间点的测试得分。此外，我们还使用临床或 Meta 感兴趣区域 (ROI) 数据创建了模型，作为比较。我们发现，在控制所有三种成像模式的上述指标的情况下，神经成像的基线受累程度可预测认知测试的未来表现。在许多情况下，将基于网络的神经成像数据添加到临床数据中后，模型的可预测性得到了提高。我们还发现，与仅由临床数据或 Meta ROI 评分组成的对比模型相比，我们基于网络的模型表现更为出色。从基线时间点的成像研究中创建与临床诊断无关的预测模型，就像我们所描述的那样，在临床和研究环境中，尤其是在未来疾病调整疗法的开发和实施中，可能会被证明是非常有价值的。

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引用次数: 0

Cover figure 封面人物

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/S0010-9452(24)00236-3

引用次数: 0

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