IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.018

Zachary A. Miller , Leighton B.N. Hinkley , Valentina Borghesani , Ezra Mauer , Wendy Shwe , Danielle Mizuiri , Rian Bogley , Maria Luisa Mandelli , Jessica de Leon , Christa Watson Pereira , Isabel Allen , John Houde , Joel Kramer , Bruce L. Miller , Srikantan S. Nagarajan , Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini

Based on historic observations that children with reading disabilities were disproportionately both male and non-right-handed, and that early life insults of the left hemisphere were more frequent in boys and non-right-handed children, it was proposed that early focal neuronal injury disrupts typical patterns of motor hand and language dominance and in the process produces developmental dyslexia. To date, these theories remain controversial. We revisited these earliest theories in a contemporary manner, investigating demographics associated with reading disability, and in a subgroup with and without reading disability, compared structural imaging as well as patterns of activity during tasks of verb generation and non-word repetition using magnetoencephalography source imaging. In a large group of healthy aging adults (n = 282; average age 72.3), we assessed reading ability via the Adult Reading History Questionnaire and found that non-right-handedness and male sex significantly predicted endorsed reading disability. In a subset of participants from the larger cohort who endorsed reading disability (n = 14) and a group who denied reading disability (n = 22), we compared structural and functional imaging data. We failed to detect structural differences in volumetric brain morphometry analyses, however we observed decreased neural activity on magnetoencephalography within the reading disability group. The detected differences were largely restricted to left hemisphere ventral occipito-temporal and posterior-lateral temporal cortices, the visual word form area and middle temporal gyrus, regions implicated in developmental dyslexia. Moreover, these observed disruptions occurred in a focal, network-specific manner, preferentially disturbing the ventral/sight reading recognition pathway, resulting in a pattern of regional anomalous lateralization of function that distinguished the reading disability cohort from normal readers. Collectively, the results presented here align with old theories regarding the etiology of developmental dyslexia and highlight how results from investigating neurodevelopmental differences in healthy aging individuals can powerfully contribute towards our overall understanding of neurodevelopment and neurodiversity.

根据历史上的观察，阅读障碍儿童在男性和非右撇子中不成比例，并且早期生活中左半球的损伤在男孩和非右撇子中更为常见，因此提出早期局灶性神经元损伤破坏了运动手和语言优势的典型模式，并在此过程中产生了发展性阅读障碍。迄今为止，这些理论仍然存在争议。我们以现代的方式重新审视了这些最早的理论，调查了与阅读障碍相关的人口统计学，并在有阅读障碍和没有阅读障碍的亚组中，使用脑磁成像源成像比较了结构成像以及动词生成和非单词重复任务期间的活动模式。在一大群健康老年人中(n = 282；平均年龄72.3岁)，我们通过成人阅读史问卷评估阅读能力，发现非右利手和男性性别显著预测认可的阅读障碍。在更大的队列中，一组承认有阅读障碍的参与者（n = 14）和一组否认有阅读障碍的参与者（n = 22）中，我们比较了结构和功能成像数据。我们在脑容量形态分析中没有发现结构上的差异，但是我们在脑磁图上观察到阅读障碍组的神经活动减少。所检测到的差异主要局限于左半球枕颞腹侧和颞后外侧皮层、视觉词形成区和颞中回，这些区域与发展性阅读障碍有关。此外，这些观察到的干扰以一种聚焦的、网络特异性的方式发生，优先干扰腹侧/视读识别通路，导致区域功能异常偏侧化模式，将阅读障碍群体与正常读者区分开来。总的来说，这里提出的结果与关于发展性阅读障碍病因的旧理论一致，并强调了健康老年人神经发育差异的研究结果如何有助于我们对神经发育和神经多样性的全面理解。

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引用次数: 0

Imagery and perception in acquired prosopagnosia: Functional variants and their relation to structure 获得性面孔失认症的意象和知觉：功能变异及其与结构的关系。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.011

Jason J.S. Barton , Brad Duchaine , Andrea Albonico

Current models of face perception and the face-processing network suggest that acquired prosopagnosia may not be a single disorder but rather a family of variants differing in mechanism. It has been proposed that tests of face perception and face imagery can probe component processes to support apperceptive, associative, and amnestic distinctions. However, validating this proposal is hampered by the rarity of this condition. Here we report observations gathered over two-and-a-half decades on the perception of facial shape and the imagery for famous faces of twenty-three patients.

Patients with lesions limited to the occipitotemporal lobes had an apperceptive profile, with impaired perception of facial shape but no or mild deficits for face imagery. The apperceptive defect affected not just configuration but also feature size and external contour, especially in the upper face, and was more severe when subjects attended to multiple aspects of the face. An amnestic profile, with severely impaired imagery and minimally affected perception, was seen in two patients, one with right and one with bilateral anterior temporal damage. Four patients had an apperceptive/amnestic combination, all with bilateral occipitotemporal and right anterior temporal damage. Right anterior temporal damage alone often caused only mild imagery deficits: along with their relatively intact face perception, these subjects came closest to meeting proposed exclusionary criteria for an associative variant, i.e., relative preservation of both imagery and perception.

These results confirm a link between apperceptive prosopagnosia and occipitotemporal lesions. Damage to the right anterior temporal lobe was common to all with a severe amnestic deficit, but often requiring additional damage.

目前的面部感知和面部处理网络模型表明，获得性面孔失认症可能不是一种单一的疾病，而是一个在机制上不同的变体家族。有人提出，面部知觉和面部意象的测试可以探测组成过程，以支持统觉，联想和遗忘的区别。然而，由于这种情况的罕见性，验证这一建议受到阻碍。在这里，我们报告了25年来对23名患者的面部形状感知和名人面孔图像的观察结果。局限于枕颞叶的患者具有统觉性，对面部形状的感知受损，但对面部图像没有或轻度缺陷。统觉缺陷不仅影响形态，而且影响特征大小和外部轮廓，特别是在上脸，当受试者关注面部的多个方面时，这种缺陷更为严重。在两例患者中，一例右侧和一例双侧颞叶前部损伤，出现了严重的图像受损和最小程度的感知影响的遗忘。4例患者有统觉/遗忘合并，均伴有双侧枕颞和右侧颞前部损伤。单独的右侧颞叶前部损伤通常只会导致轻微的图像缺陷：随着他们相对完整的面部感知，这些受试者最接近于满足联想变异的排除标准，即图像和感知的相对保存。这些结果证实了觉性面孔失认症与枕颞损伤之间的联系。右前颞叶损伤是所有严重失忆症患者常见的，但通常需要额外的损伤。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of occlusion on the visual working memory pointer-system

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.018

Shani Friedman , Roberto Dell’Acqua , Paola Sessa , Roy Luria

To access its online representations, visual working memory (VWM) relies on a pointer-system that creates correspondence between objects in the environment with their memory representations. This pointer-system allows VWM to modify its representations using a process called updating. When the pointer is invalidated, however, VWM triggers a process called resetting in which the no longer relevant representation and pointer are replaced. Past studies used the contralateral delay activity (CDA) to differentiate between updating and resetting and found that resetting is followed by a drop in the CDA amplitude. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of occlusion on VWM representations and the resetting process across four experiments. Experiment 1 examined whether resetting occurs with occluded changes and compared the CDA of occluded versus visible objects. The results indicated a decline in CDA amplitude during occlusion, but it was unclear if resetting occurred when the change was occluded due to the lack of time-locked changes. To better isolate the resetting process, Experiment 2 used a brief occluder appearances (100 ms) and observed a CDA drop likely due to an ERP response to the sudden stimulus appearance. This drop occurred earlier than the resetting CDA drop and appeared even in conditions that did not trigger resetting, which indicates that it might be an ERP response to the short and sudden appearance of a stimulus. Experiment 3 further isolated this ERP response, confirming the early CDA drop as a reaction to the occluder's onset and offset. Experiment 4, which included occluders that did not flash to avoid ERP responses, found a CDA drop indicating that resetting can occur with inferred changes. These findings suggest that VWM maintains representations of occluded objects, and can update or reset these representations based on inferred changes, with brief stimuli eliciting ERP responses that affect CDA amplitude.

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引用次数: 0

Registered report withdrawn registration notice

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.016

引用次数: 0

Does the stop-signal P3 reflect inhibitory control? 停止信号P3是否反映抑制控制？

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.005

Mario Hervault , Cheol Soh , Jan R. Wessel

The ability to stop already-initiated actions is paramount to adaptive behavior. In psychology and neuroscience alike, action-stopping is a popular model behavior to probe inhibitory control – the underlying cognitive control process that is purportedly vital to regulating thoughts and actions. Starting with seminal work in the 1990s, the frontocentral stop-signal P3 – an event-related potential derived from scalp EEG – has been proposed as a neurophysiological index of inhibitory control during action-stopping. However, this association has been challenged repeatedly over recent years. Here, we perform a critical review of both the evidence in support of the association between this P3 index and inhibitory control, as well as its documented criticisms. We first comprehensively review literature from the past three decades that suggested a link between stop-signal P3 and inhibitory control. Second, we then replicate the key empirical patterns reported in that body of literature in a uniquely large stop-signal task EEG dataset (N = 255). Third, we then examine the criticisms raised against the view of P3 as an index of inhibitory control and evaluate the evidence supporting these arguments. Finally, we present an updated view of the process(es) reflected in the stop-signal P3. Specifically, we propose that the stop-signal P3 indexes a specific, selective inhibitory control process that critically contributes to action-stopping. This view is motivated by recent two-stage models of inhibitory control and emerging empirical data. Together, we hope to clarify the process(es) reflected in the stop-signal P3 and resolve the ongoing debates regarding its utility as an index of inhibitory control during action-stopping.

停止已经开始的行为的能力对于适应性行为是至关重要的。在心理学和神经科学中，行为停止是一种流行的模式行为，用于探索抑制控制——据称对调节思想和行为至关重要的潜在认知控制过程。从20世纪90年代的开创性工作开始，前额中央停止信号P3 -一种来自头皮脑电图的事件相关电位-被提出作为动作停止期间抑制控制的神经生理学指标。然而，这种联系近年来不断受到挑战。在这里，我们对支持P3指数与抑制控制之间关联的证据以及文献批评进行了批判性回顾。我们首先全面回顾了过去三十年来提出停止信号P3与抑制控制之间存在联系的文献。其次，我们在一个独特的大型停止信号任务脑电图数据集（N = 255）中复制了该文献中报告的关键经验模式。第三，我们研究了对P3作为抑制控制指标的观点提出的批评，并评估了支持这些论点的证据。最后，我们提出了在停止信号P3中反映的过程的更新视图。具体来说，我们认为停止信号P3是一个特定的、选择性的抑制控制过程，它对动作停止起着至关重要的作用。这种观点是由最近的抑制控制的两阶段模型和新兴的经验数据驱动的。总之，我们希望澄清在停止信号P3中反映的过程，并解决正在进行的关于其作为动作停止期间抑制控制指标的效用的争论。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating changes in connected speech in nonfluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia following script training 研究非流利/语法性原发性进行性失语症患者在文字训练后连接言语的变化。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.019

Stephanie M. Grasso , Karinne Berstis , Kristin Schaffer Mendez , Willa R. Keegan-Rodewald , Lisa D. Wauters , Eduardo Europa , H. Isabel Hubbard , Heather R. Dial , J. Gregory Hixon , Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini , Adam Vogel , Maya L. Henry

Script training is a speech-language intervention designed to promote fluent connected speech via repeated rehearsal of functional content. This type of treatment has proven beneficial for individuals with aphasia and apraxia of speech caused by stroke and, more recently, for individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). In the largest study to-date evaluating the efficacy of script training in individuals with nonfluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA; Henry et al., 2018), robust treatment effects were observed, with maintenance of gains up to one year post-treatment. However, outcomes were constrained to measures of script accuracy, intelligibility, and grammaticality, providing a limited view of potential treatment benefit to connected speech. The current study evaluated the utility of a broader set of connected speech measures for characterizing script training outcomes in 20 individuals with nfvPPA who were administered Video-Implemented Script Training for Aphasia (VISTA). Probes of trained and untrained script topics from pre- and post-treatment were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using Computerized Language ANalysis (CLAN, MacWhinney, 2000) to extract measures of fluency, grammar, and informativeness. Speech timing measures (e.g., articulation rate, mean pause duration) were derived from audio files. Participants demonstrated significant changes for trained topics from pre-to post-treatment in words per minute, fluency disruptions per hundred words, mean length of utterance in morphemes, grammatical complexity, and proportion of open to closed class words. Reductions were observed in mean and variability of syllable duration and mean pause duration, and speech to pause ratio increased. These findings lend additional support for script training as a means to promote fluency of connected speech in individuals with nfvPPA and illustrate the utility of automated and semi-automated measures for characterizing treatment effects following intervention.

脚本训练是一种语言干预，旨在通过重复排练功能内容来促进流利的连接语言。这种类型的治疗已被证明对中风引起的失语症和言语失用症患者有益，最近也对原发性进行性失语症（PPA）患者有益。迄今为止规模最大的一项研究评估了文字训练对非流利/语法性原发性进行性失语症(nfvPPA；Henry等人，2018)，观察到稳健的治疗效果，并在治疗后一年内保持收益。然而，结果仅限于对脚本准确性、可理解性和语法性的测量，因此对连接语音的潜在治疗益处提供了有限的看法。目前的研究评估了一套更广泛的连接语音测量的效用，以表征20名nfvPPA患者的文字训练结果，他们接受了失语症视频实施的文字训练（VISTA）。对经过训练和未经过训练的脚本主题进行转录、编码，并使用计算机语言分析（CLAN, MacWhinney, 2000）进行分析，以提取流畅性、语法和信息量的度量。语音计时测量（例如，发音率，平均停顿时间）来自音频文件。在每分钟的字数、每百字的流畅性中断、语素的平均话语长度、语法复杂性和开放类词汇与封闭类词汇的比例方面，参与者在训练主题上表现出了显著的变化。音节持续时间和平均停顿时间的平均数和变异性均有所减少，语音停顿比有所增加。这些发现进一步支持了脚本训练作为促进nfvPPA患者连接言语流畅性的一种手段，并说明了自动化和半自动化措施在干预后表征治疗效果的效用。

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引用次数: 0

Oral applause sign in progressive supranuclear palsy 进行性核上性麻痹的口腔鼓掌征。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.021

Kazuto Katsuse , Kazuo Kakinuma , Nobuko Kawakami , Shoko Ota , Ai Kawamura , Nanayo Ogawa , Chifumi Iseki , Masashi Hamada , Tatsushi Toda , Shigenori Kanno , Minoru Matsuda , Kyoko Suzuki

The applause sign (AS) is a recognized phenomenon observed in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and other neurological conditions where individuals produce over three claps following a request to clap only thrice after a demonstration. In this study, we introduced a novel linguistic phenomenon termed the oral applause sign (OAS) associated with the AS. The OAS is characterized by increased repetition counts of Japanese repetitive onomatopoeic words, such as uttering “pata-pata-pata” instead of the expected “pata-pata.” We identified this phenomenon in a patient with PSP exhibiting the AS and mild apraxia of speech. In addition, we developed the three-“pata” test, instructing the patient to say “pata” only thrice after demonstration without any semantic context, and reproduced the phenomenon of the additional increase of “pata” verbalization. The core feature of OAS is an inability to limit the count when repeating a small number of syllables continuously, similar to the inability to stop clapping. The shared features between the OAS and AS suggest potential overlapping mechanisms involving the dysfunction of the frontal lobe and subcortical structures and possibly, apraxia of speech. Considering that the OAS is triggered purely by repetition and unlikely to be affected by semantic content, it might be observable in Japanese and other languages. Longitudinal studies with larger cohorts across various neurodegenerative diseases and languages may elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the OAS and confirm its specificity to PSP, thus improving the generalizability and clinical relevance of the findings.

鼓掌手势（AS）是在进行性核上性麻痹（PSP）和其他神经系统疾病中观察到的一种公认的现象，在示范后要求鼓掌三次后，个体会产生超过三次鼓掌。在本研究中，我们引入了一种新的语言现象，称为口头鼓掌手势（OAS）。OAS的特点是日语重复拟声词的重复次数增加，比如说“pata-pata-pata”而不是预期的“pata-pata”。我们在一位表现出AS和轻度言语失用的PSP患者身上发现了这种现象。此外，我们开发了三“pata”测试，在没有任何语义语境的情况下，指导患者在示范后只说三次“pata”，重现了“pata”言语化额外增加的现象。OAS的核心特征是在连续重复少量音节时无法限制计数，类似于无法停止鼓掌。OAS和AS之间的共同特征表明，潜在的重叠机制涉及额叶和皮层下结构的功能障碍，并可能导致言语失用。考虑到OAS纯粹是由重复触发的，不太可能受到语义内容的影响，因此在日语和其他语言中可能可以观察到它。跨多种神经退行性疾病和语言的大队列纵向研究可能阐明OAS的潜在机制，并证实其对PSP的特异性，从而提高研究结果的普遍性和临床相关性。

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引用次数: 0

A minor role for hemispheric specialization in determining pseudoneglect: A pre-registered replication-extension study 半球专门化在决定伪忽视中的次要作用：一项预先登记的复制扩展研究。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.016

Robin Gerrits

Neurologically intact individuals display a mild asymmetry in spatial attention that can be measured during experimental spatial tasks such as line bisection. Although this phenomenon, known as pseudoneglect, is traditionally explained as the consequence of right hemisphere dominance for visuospatial attention, surmounting evidence suggests this is not its sole or even its most important determinant. For instance, a recent fMRI study in left-handers revealed that rare individuals with a reversed, left hemispheric dominance (LHDS, N = 23) also demonstrated left-sided pseudoneglect, although their spatial bias was less marked compared to typically lateralized controls (N = 40). The current study sought to replicate and extend these findings in a broader cohort of right-handers (N = 75) and left-handers (N = 181), while addressing methodological limitations of the original study. Contrary to the predictions of the hemispheric specialization account, pseudoneglect was not reversed in LHDS participants (N = 49). However, the pseudoneglect effect was reduced compared to controls with typical cerebral laterality (N = 207) due to a population-level randomization of pseudoneglect in the LHDS group. These results align with those of the original study, supporting a multifactorial interpretation of pseudoneglect, with hemisphere specialization as one among many determinants rather than being the predominant cause.

神经系统完整的个体在空间注意力上表现出轻微的不对称性，这可以在实验空间任务（如平分线）中测量到。尽管这种被称为“伪忽略”的现象传统上被解释为右半球主导视觉空间注意力的结果，但大量证据表明，这不是唯一的决定因素，甚至不是最重要的决定因素。例如，最近一项针对左撇子的功能磁共振成像研究显示，尽管与典型的偏侧对照（N = 40）相比，他们的空间偏见不那么明显，但具有左半球反向优势的罕见个体（LHDS, N = 23）也表现出左侧假性忽视。目前的研究试图在更广泛的右撇子（N = 75）和左撇子（N = 181）队列中复制和扩展这些发现，同时解决原始研究的方法局限性。与半球专业化解释的预测相反，LHDS参与者的伪忽略并未逆转（N = 49）。然而，与典型脑偏侧的对照组（N = 207）相比，由于LHDS组的伪忽视在人群水平上的随机化，伪忽视效应有所降低。这些结果与原始研究的结果一致，支持伪忽略的多因素解释，半球专业化是许多决定因素之一，而不是主要原因。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between genetic variations in oxytocin pathway genes and hippocampal volume: Insights from the UK Biobank 催产素途径基因的遗传变异与海马体积之间的关系：来自英国生物银行的见解。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.017

Shanshan Xiao , Natalie C. Ebner , Junhua Dang , Gull Rukh , Lars Westberg , Helgi B. Schiöth , Håkan Fischer

The role of oxytocin-related genes in social-cognitive function has been previously established, but structural brain mechanisms underlying this link remain poorly understood. Utilizing a substantial dataset from the UK Biobank (N ≈ 30,000), this research determined associations between variations in ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three oxytocin pathway genes (i.e., the oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropetide gene, the cluster of differentiation 38 glycoprotein gene, the oxytocin receptor gene) and whole-brain gray matter volume. Carriers of the AA or AG genotypes of the oxytocin receptor gene rs237851 SNP exhibited significantly larger hippocampal volume than carriers of the GG genotype. These results support the link between variations in the oxytocin receptor gene and hippocampal structure, with possible impact on social-cognitive function such as social recognition memory.

催产素相关基因在社会认知功能中的作用已经被确立，但是这种联系背后的大脑结构机制仍然知之甚少。利用来自英国生物银行（N≈30,000）的大量数据集，本研究确定了三个催产素途径基因（即催产素/神经physin I前肽基因，分化38糖蛋白簇基因，催产素受体基因）中十个单核苷酸多态性（snp）变异与全脑灰质体积之间的关系。催产素受体基因rs237851 SNP的AA或AG基因型携带者的海马体积明显大于GG基因型携带者。这些结果支持了催产素受体基因变异与海马体结构之间的联系，并可能影响社会认知功能，如社会识别记忆。

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Overlapping but separate number representations in the intraparietal sulcus—Probing format- and modality-independence in sighted Braille readers” [Cortex 162 (May 2023) 65–80] “在有视力的盲文读者的顶叶内沟探测格式和模式独立性中重叠但独立的数字表示”的更正[皮质162（五月2023）65-80]。

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Cortex

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.015

Marcin Szwed

引用次数: 0

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