Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.027
M. D. S. Castilho, H. Yamanaka, M. F. D. Oliveira, M. Zanoni, N. Stradiotto
In this work, an electrode chemically modified with polypyrrole (PCME) was employed for determination of sulfate in ethanol fuel using a FIA system. The PCME was prepared by polymerization of pyrrole at a glassy carbon electrode by means of cyclic voltammetry technique. An analytical curve from 1.0 x 10−5 to 8.0 x 10−5 mol L−1 was obtained in flow injection system based on the PCME. An amperometric sensibility of 2.3 x 10−3 A mol−1 L and a detection limit of 2.5 x 10−6 mol L−1 were achieved. The proposed method was employed for determination of sulfate ions in commercial samples of ethanol fuel. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by the ionic chromatographic method.
{"title":"Determination of Sulfate in Ethanol Fuel using an Electrode Chemically Modified with Polypyrrole by Flow Injection Analysis","authors":"M. D. S. Castilho, H. Yamanaka, M. F. D. Oliveira, M. Zanoni, N. Stradiotto","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.027","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, an electrode chemically modified with polypyrrole (PCME) was employed for determination of sulfate in ethanol fuel using a FIA system. The PCME was prepared by polymerization of pyrrole at a glassy carbon electrode by means of cyclic voltammetry technique. An analytical curve from 1.0 x 10−5 to 8.0 x 10−5 mol L−1 was obtained in flow injection system based on the PCME. An amperometric sensibility of 2.3 x 10−3 A mol−1 L and a detection limit of 2.5 x 10−6 mol L−1 were achieved. The proposed method was employed for determination of sulfate ions in commercial samples of ethanol fuel. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by the ionic chromatographic method.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121582106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.021
Vijay Makwana, Purna R Shukla, P. Robin
Jatropha curcas L. has been accepted world wide as a plant with tremendous commercial importance as a source for biodiesel. It is a monoecious plant with staminate and pistillate flowers on same inflorescence. The number of staminate flowers is higher than pistillate ones resulting in very low fruit yield. Altering the sex ratio, to increase number of female flowers would lead to better yield. Phytohormones are one of the most important factors known to alter sex ratio in plants. The mechanism by which phytohormones alter sex ratio differs in different plant species. Earlier studies from our laboratory have shown effect of exogenous application of GA and 2, 4-D on flowering patterns in Jatropha. Here we report a comparative study of the effect of exogenous application of GA and 2, 4-D (50 and 100 ppm) on flower sex modification in Jatropha curcas. There was considerable increase in total number of flowers and female: male flower ratio by application of GA and 2, 4-D. However, at higher concentration of GA a negative result as far as fruit yield is considered was seen. The reasons for this are reported here. 2, 4-D on the other hand increased the ratio of female flowers in a concentration dependent fashion. Of the four treatments reported here, we have observed that 2, 4-D (100 ppm) shows better results than GA and untreated plants. The reasons for this are discussed.
{"title":"Comparing potential of GA and 2, 4-D in increasing fruit yield from Jatropha curcas","authors":"Vijay Makwana, Purna R Shukla, P. Robin","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.021","url":null,"abstract":"Jatropha curcas L. has been accepted world wide as a plant with tremendous commercial importance as a source for biodiesel. It is a monoecious plant with staminate and pistillate flowers on same inflorescence. The number of staminate flowers is higher than pistillate ones resulting in very low fruit yield. Altering the sex ratio, to increase number of female flowers would lead to better yield. Phytohormones are one of the most important factors known to alter sex ratio in plants. The mechanism by which phytohormones alter sex ratio differs in different plant species. Earlier studies from our laboratory have shown effect of exogenous application of GA and 2, 4-D on flowering patterns in Jatropha. Here we report a comparative study of the effect of exogenous application of GA and 2, 4-D (50 and 100 ppm) on flower sex modification in Jatropha curcas. There was considerable increase in total number of flowers and female: male flower ratio by application of GA and 2, 4-D. However, at higher concentration of GA a negative result as far as fruit yield is considered was seen. The reasons for this are reported here. 2, 4-D on the other hand increased the ratio of female flowers in a concentration dependent fashion. Of the four treatments reported here, we have observed that 2, 4-D (100 ppm) shows better results than GA and untreated plants. The reasons for this are discussed.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125367418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00002.1
A. Goswami, G. A. Usmani
Microalgae are appeared to be one of the important sources of renewable biodiesel. The microalgae are obtained from nearest ponds. The algal oil extracted from microalgae by the Soxhlet apparatus using hexane as solvent. The sufficient yield of algal oil was extracted by repeating the number of cycles. The algal methylester known as algal biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process using an alkali catalyst. The petroleum properties like flash point, aniline point, pour point, cloud point, cetane number, kinematic viscosity and density of methylester of microalgae determined and the properties were compared with the standard values of commercial diesel fuel. Variations were found in properties like kinematic viscosity, aniline point and diesel index. Algal biodiesel was blended in different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% and 80% with diesel fuel and similar petroleum analysis was carried out and the blend suitable with respect to all properties was studied which will be the proper alternative fuel to save the diesel and reduce some percentage of the exhaust gas to be useful to keep the environment neat and clean.
{"title":"Study of Microalgae-based Methylester as an Alternative Fuel for Petro-Diesel","authors":"A. Goswami, G. A. Usmani","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00002.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00002.1","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae are appeared to be one of the important sources of renewable biodiesel. The microalgae are obtained from nearest ponds. The algal oil extracted from microalgae by the Soxhlet apparatus using hexane as solvent. The sufficient yield of algal oil was extracted by repeating the number of cycles. The algal methylester known as algal biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process using an alkali catalyst. The petroleum properties like flash point, aniline point, pour point, cloud point, cetane number, kinematic viscosity and density of methylester of microalgae determined and the properties were compared with the standard values of commercial diesel fuel. Variations were found in properties like kinematic viscosity, aniline point and diesel index. Algal biodiesel was blended in different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% and 80% with diesel fuel and similar petroleum analysis was carried out and the blend suitable with respect to all properties was studied which will be the proper alternative fuel to save the diesel and reduce some percentage of the exhaust gas to be useful to keep the environment neat and clean.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126034646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00004.0
A. E. Eseyin, P. Steele, C. Pittman, K. Ekpenyong, B. Soni
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed at 5, 10, 20 and 30°C min–1 heating rates on cedar wood to determine its weight-loss kinetics. The weight percentage of C in the torrefied samples increased significantly with increase in torrefaction temperature while that of O and H decreased. There was a slight increase in the nitrogen content as the torrefaction temperature increased. Four weight-loss phases were identified on the TGA curve. Percentage weight loss of cedar wood as well as higher heating value HHV increased with increase in temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR analysis indicated the elimination of water and evolution of gases such as CO and CO2. The Friedman's method was used to obtain kinetic parameters. A plot of ln(dα/dt) versus 1/Tshowed a linear relationship with the slope, describing the activation energy values.
{"title":"TGA Torrefaction Kinetics of Cedar Wood","authors":"A. E. Eseyin, P. Steele, C. Pittman, K. Ekpenyong, B. Soni","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00004.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00004.0","url":null,"abstract":"Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed at 5, 10, 20 and 30°C min–1 heating rates on cedar wood to determine its weight-loss kinetics. The weight percentage of C in the torrefied samples increased significantly with increase in torrefaction temperature while that of O and H decreased. There was a slight increase in the nitrogen content as the torrefaction temperature increased. Four weight-loss phases were identified on the TGA curve. Percentage weight loss of cedar wood as well as higher heating value HHV increased with increase in temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR analysis indicated the elimination of water and evolution of gases such as CO and CO2. The Friedman's method was used to obtain kinetic parameters. A plot of ln(dα/dt) versus 1/Tshowed a linear relationship with the slope, describing the activation energy values.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129450100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00003.9
Amit Kumar, H. S. Pali, Manoj Kumar
{"title":"Possible Utilisation of Waste Tyre as Potential Energy Source: A Short Review","authors":"Amit Kumar, H. S. Pali, Manoj Kumar","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00003.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00003.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"76 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128072979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2020.00006.9
D. Sarmah, D. Deka
{"title":"High Quality Biodiesel from Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) Seed Oil and Study of Fuel Properties of YOEE and Petrodiesel Blends","authors":"D. Sarmah, D. Deka","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2020.00006.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2020.00006.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124350233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00005.3
S. E. Egga, A. F. Onyeke, F. A. Olatoyinbo, J. J. Azila, M. S. Ayuba, D. Marti
Dichrostachys cinerea was used in this work for removing Pb (II) ions from an aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were carried out under varying temperature, pH, initial ion concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage. Adsorbent dosage of 0.5g showed an optimum adsorption capacity of 99.98% and 99.99% for contact time of 30 min and an initial concentration of 60 mg/l, respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to model the equilibrium sorption experimental data. Langmuir isotherm yielded the best fit to the experimental equilibrium adsorption data with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 under the effect of varying pH. The thermodynamic parameter, Gibbs free energy (ΔGo), was evaluated, and it was found that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic. Therefore, this experiment showed that Dichrostachys cinerea could effectively be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) ions from an aqueous solution.
{"title":"Adsorption Study of Lead(II) Ions onto Dichrostachys cinerea","authors":"S. E. Egga, A. F. Onyeke, F. A. Olatoyinbo, J. J. Azila, M. S. Ayuba, D. Marti","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00005.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00005.3","url":null,"abstract":"Dichrostachys cinerea was used in this work for removing Pb (II) ions from an aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were carried out under varying temperature, pH, initial ion concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage. Adsorbent dosage of 0.5g showed an optimum adsorption capacity of 99.98% and 99.99% for contact time of 30 min and an initial concentration of 60 mg/l, respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to model the equilibrium sorption experimental data. Langmuir isotherm yielded the best fit to the experimental equilibrium adsorption data with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 under the effect of varying pH. The thermodynamic parameter, Gibbs free energy (ΔGo), was evaluated, and it was found that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic. Therefore, this experiment showed that Dichrostachys cinerea could effectively be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) ions from an aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133855408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00014.3
A. D. Olugbemide, L. Lajide, A. Adebayo, B. Owolabi
{"title":"Kinetic Study of Biogas Production from Raw and Solid-State Organosolv Pretreated Rice Husk","authors":"A. D. Olugbemide, L. Lajide, A. Adebayo, B. Owolabi","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00014.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00014.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00014.4
C. S. Singh, D. Goel, Anshu Singh, V. Singh, Varun Kumar Jha
The energy demand is increasing constantly, it is important to have enough energy resources, so that it would be available to each people. But poor quality energy may trouble the environment, so it is equally important to acquire the good quality of energy. One unit of high-quality energy can be more useful than three units of lower-quality energy. Regularly using these poor quality energies may promote global warming, which may affect the environment badly. Biogas may act as an alternative for the energy calamity and it can be produced by digesting the waste an aerobically, that is in the absence of oxygen and it will produce the mixture of gases with methane in the highest amount of about 60%. Anaerobic digestion not only produces methane in the good amount but also produces liquid residuum that can be used as a fertilizer in the agricultural department. Instead of presuming waste as a waste and using it in a reasonable manner may fill the gaps in the energy crisis.
{"title":"Biogas Generation from Domestic Bio-waste: A Way to Fill Energy Gap","authors":"C. S. Singh, D. Goel, Anshu Singh, V. Singh, Varun Kumar Jha","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00014.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00014.4","url":null,"abstract":"The energy demand is increasing constantly, it is important to have enough energy resources, so that it would be available to each people. But poor quality energy may trouble the environment, so it is equally important to acquire the good quality of energy. One unit of high-quality energy can be more useful than three units of lower-quality energy. Regularly using these poor quality energies may promote global warming, which may affect the environment badly. Biogas may act as an alternative for the energy calamity and it can be produced by digesting the waste an aerobically, that is in the absence of oxygen and it will produce the mixture of gases with methane in the highest amount of about 60%. Anaerobic digestion not only produces methane in the good amount but also produces liquid residuum that can be used as a fertilizer in the agricultural department. Instead of presuming waste as a waste and using it in a reasonable manner may fill the gaps in the energy crisis.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124014276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00005.2
Akram A. Khan, R. Usmani
Fossil fuels have a dominant share in current energy supply and their share is likely to be maintained in future. Among the fossil fuels, gasoline a product of crude oil is the most important fuel for transport sector, but on the basis of reserve to production ratio, it is sufficient for only 55 years. The quantitative restrictions because of limited crude oil reserves create a need for an alternative fuel which can be used in place of gasoline. The search for an alternative leads to ethanol. Presently, conventional ethanol produced from food crops has negative effects on food security. But lignocellulosic ethanol (lc-ethanol) is free from these drawbacks. It is produced from the lignocellulosic biomass, which is waste and residual material and do not cause any threat to food security. It offers 70–90% benefit in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and even more than 100% in some cases. However, lc-ethanol technology is currently not commercialised but expectations for its commercialisation are high. Sincere efforts of the government of USA like adoption of new renewable fuel standard, a flow of public funding and tax incentives can pave the way for a breakthrough in near future.
{"title":"Lignocellulosic Ethanol: A Review of Status and Potential","authors":"Akram A. Khan, R. Usmani","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00005.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00005.2","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil fuels have a dominant share in current energy supply and their share is likely to be maintained in future. Among the fossil fuels, gasoline a product of crude oil is the most important fuel for transport sector, but on the basis of reserve to production ratio, it is sufficient for only 55 years. The quantitative restrictions because of limited crude oil reserves create a need for an alternative fuel which can be used in place of gasoline. The search for an alternative leads to ethanol. Presently, conventional ethanol produced from food crops has negative effects on food security. But lignocellulosic ethanol (lc-ethanol) is free from these drawbacks. It is produced from the lignocellulosic biomass, which is waste and residual material and do not cause any threat to food security. It offers 70–90% benefit in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and even more than 100% in some cases. However, lc-ethanol technology is currently not commercialised but expectations for its commercialisation are high. Sincere efforts of the government of USA like adoption of new renewable fuel standard, a flow of public funding and tax incentives can pave the way for a breakthrough in near future.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124198740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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