Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2014.00001.4
H. H. Migap, C. Whong, I. Abdullahi
Bacillus cereus that was previously isolated from the soil and screened for alpha-amylase production was used for hydrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris starch content. The Dinitrosalicylic acid method was used to determine the amount of reducing sugar produced. Maximum reducing sugar yield of 2.10 mg/ml was obtained for pre-treated C. vulgaris biomass, 2.06 mg/ml for untreated biomass and 2.56 mg/ml for corn starch (control) after 24 hours incubation. When the production parameters where optimized, maximum reducing sugar yield was obtained at a pH of 6.5, temperature of 35°C, incubation time of 24 hours and 4% inoculums concentration for pretreated C. vulgaris biomass. Also, a 1.3 fold reducing sugar yield was enhanced when compared with non-optimized conditions indicating the usefulness of optimization on biochemical processes. The maximum reducing sugar obtained for hydrolysis of pretreated C. vulgaris biomass is similar to the reducing sugar yield of corn starch. Also, the carbohydrate content of C. vulgaris hydrolysis was 66% which is comparable to the carbohydrate content of corn (about 73%). This indicates the potential of C. vulgaris as an alternative substrate for fermentable sugar production.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS AS A SOURCE OF FERMENTABLE SUGAR USING AMYLASE PRODUCING BACILLUS CEREUS","authors":"H. H. Migap, C. Whong, I. Abdullahi","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2014.00001.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2014.00001.4","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus cereus that was previously isolated from the soil and screened for alpha-amylase production was used for hydrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris starch content. The Dinitrosalicylic acid method was used to determine the amount of reducing sugar produced. Maximum reducing sugar yield of 2.10 mg/ml was obtained for pre-treated C. vulgaris biomass, 2.06 mg/ml for untreated biomass and 2.56 mg/ml for corn starch (control) after 24 hours incubation. When the production parameters where optimized, maximum reducing sugar yield was obtained at a pH of 6.5, temperature of 35°C, incubation time of 24 hours and 4% inoculums concentration for pretreated C. vulgaris biomass. Also, a 1.3 fold reducing sugar yield was enhanced when compared with non-optimized conditions indicating the usefulness of optimization on biochemical processes. The maximum reducing sugar obtained for hydrolysis of pretreated C. vulgaris biomass is similar to the reducing sugar yield of corn starch. Also, the carbohydrate content of C. vulgaris hydrolysis was 66% which is comparable to the carbohydrate content of corn (about 73%). This indicates the potential of C. vulgaris as an alternative substrate for fermentable sugar production.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"274 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120881382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00012.X
Vikas Kumar, A. Tripathi, Pooja Tak, S. Chouhan
An attempt was made to update on review available literature on unique and potential herb of Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) for augmenting renewable energy source, genetic improvement and production of biodiesel from seed oil. Jatropha. curcas has spread beyond its original distribution because of its low moisture demands, pure hardiness, easy propagation, drought endurance, high oil content, low seed cost, short gestation period, rapid growth, adoption to wide agro-climatic condition, bushy/shrubby nature, tangible and intangible benefits of ecology and environment and it also used as a multifunctional plant for traditional medicine, bio-pesticide, land erosion control, live hedge, oil for lighting and soap making as well as alternative energy sources because it is non-toxic and biodegradable. Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossilfuels, considerableattention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. Indeed, various important roles of Jatropha such as its application, extension, agroforestry systems, carbon sequestration, medicinal properties, agro-industrial solid waste, bio-fuels and by products, income and risks, which needs to be exploited well for its beneficial role in tropical environment. These issues are dealt herewith to observe its future scope to mitigate energy crisis, environmental management and sustainable productions.
{"title":"Tree or Shrub Jatropha curcas L.: Biofuel and Potential Herb","authors":"Vikas Kumar, A. Tripathi, Pooja Tak, S. Chouhan","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00012.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00012.X","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt was made to update on review available literature on unique and potential herb of Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) for augmenting renewable energy source, genetic improvement and production of biodiesel from seed oil. Jatropha. curcas has spread beyond its original distribution because of its low moisture demands, pure hardiness, easy propagation, drought endurance, high oil content, low seed cost, short gestation period, rapid growth, adoption to wide agro-climatic condition, bushy/shrubby nature, tangible and intangible benefits of ecology and environment and it also used as a multifunctional plant for traditional medicine, bio-pesticide, land erosion control, live hedge, oil for lighting and soap making as well as alternative energy sources because it is non-toxic and biodegradable. Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossilfuels, considerableattention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. Indeed, various important roles of Jatropha such as its application, extension, agroforestry systems, carbon sequestration, medicinal properties, agro-industrial solid waste, bio-fuels and by products, income and risks, which needs to be exploited well for its beneficial role in tropical environment. These issues are dealt herewith to observe its future scope to mitigate energy crisis, environmental management and sustainable productions.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124828191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-4763.4.1.001
K. Balamurugan, A. Tamilvanan, M. Anbarasu, S. A. Mohamed, S. Srihari
Biodiesel usage in automotive engines is restricted due to its high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission and low performance. Soya bean biodiesel (B10) with nano-copper particle as fuel additive was tested for performance and exhaust emission properties in a diesel engine. Nano-copper particles were synthesised using electrolysis method, and the characterisation (x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope) studies confirmed the particle sizes to be around 40 and 50 nm. Nano-copper particles were added to soya bean methyl ester through span 80 surfactant and further mixed with diesel as B10 blend. Various formulations (diesel, soya bean B10, soya bean B10+1.5% 30 nm Cu, soya bean B10+1.5% 42 nm Cu) were tested in a single-cylinder, water-cooled diesel engine and found that B10 with nano-copper particles show better engine performance and reduced NOx emission and smoke compared with other formulations.
{"title":"Nano-Copper Additive for Reducing NOx Emission in Soya Bean Biodiesel-Fuelled CI Engine","authors":"K. Balamurugan, A. Tamilvanan, M. Anbarasu, S. A. Mohamed, S. Srihari","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-4763.4.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-4763.4.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel usage in automotive engines is restricted due to its high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission and low performance. Soya bean biodiesel (B10) with nano-copper particle as fuel additive was tested for performance and exhaust emission properties in a diesel engine. Nano-copper particles were synthesised using electrolysis method, and the characterisation (x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope) studies confirmed the particle sizes to be around 40 and 50 nm. Nano-copper particles were added to soya bean methyl ester through span 80 surfactant and further mixed with diesel as B10 blend. Various formulations (diesel, soya bean B10, soya bean B10+1.5% 30 nm Cu, soya bean B10+1.5% 42 nm Cu) were tested in a single-cylinder, water-cooled diesel engine and found that B10 with nano-copper particles show better engine performance and reduced NOx emission and smoke compared with other formulations.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.020
H. Zaidi, K. Pant
A series of CuO over HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation technique followed by dealumination using oxalic acid. The loading of CuO over HZSM-5 was kept between 0 and 9 wt% and treated with oxalic acid. XRD, Surface area analyzer, metal trace analyzer and SEM techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. The higher yield of gasoline range hydrocarbons were obtained with the increase in weight % of CuO over HZSM5.Effect of run time on the hydrocarbon yields and methanol conversion was investigated. The activity of the catalyst decreased progressively with time on stream. Relatively lower coke deposition over HZSM-5 catalysts was observed compared to CuO impregnated HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of run time was studied to investigate the effect oxalic acid treatment on catalyst stability.
{"title":"Catalytic Applications of oxalic acid treated CuO/HZSM-5 in Methanol Conversion to Hydrocarbons","authors":"H. Zaidi, K. Pant","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.020","url":null,"abstract":"A series of CuO over HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation technique followed by dealumination using oxalic acid. The loading of CuO over HZSM-5 was kept between 0 and 9 wt% and treated with oxalic acid. XRD, Surface area analyzer, metal trace analyzer and SEM techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. The higher yield of gasoline range hydrocarbons were obtained with the increase in weight % of CuO over HZSM5.Effect of run time on the hydrocarbon yields and methanol conversion was investigated. The activity of the catalyst decreased progressively with time on stream. Relatively lower coke deposition over HZSM-5 catalysts was observed compared to CuO impregnated HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of run time was studied to investigate the effect oxalic acid treatment on catalyst stability.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116729763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00006.4
Sangeeta Kanakraj, S. Dixit, A. Rehman
{"title":"Fabrication of Biodiesel Batch Reactor Experimental Setup","authors":"Sangeeta Kanakraj, S. Dixit, A. Rehman","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00006.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2021.00006.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00011.8
Naveen Kumar Kudure Jayanna, Thippeswamy Basaiah, K. Madappa
Sustainable development is the underpinning principle in the panacea for almost every environmental concern. Generation of energy from the biomass can solve the purpose of environmentalist. Bioethanol and biodiesel that comprises biofuel is one such form of green energy. The major drivers for bioethanol production in India are energy security, slower potential for global warming and converting waste to energy. For bioethanol lignocellulosic, biomass is the most abundant renewable resource that can serve as substrate for its production. Bioconversion offers a cheap and safe method of not only disposing the agricultural residues, but also it has the potential to convert lignocellulosic wastes into usable forms, such as reducing sugars that could be used for ethanol production. This paper reports a preliminary study on the microbial pretreatment and fermentation of the areca nut husk. A combination of Aspergillus terreus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM 1197 (AT + PC) obtained from screening was used for pretreatment and, yeasts and bacterium Zymomonas mobilis NCIM 2915 were used for carrying out fermentation. Z. mobilis NCIM 2915 was showed maximum ethanol production after fermentation from areca nut husk as followed by Pichia stipitis NCIM 3498, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3095 and Candida shehatae NCIM 3500. Hence, fungal pretreatment by cellulolytic fungi was more effective for ethanol production. Areca nut husk was revealed as a suitable substrate for ethanol production.
{"title":"Effect of Fungal Biotreatment Method for Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production from Areca Nut (Areca catechu L.) Husk Using Yeasts and Zymomonas mobilis NCIM 2915","authors":"Naveen Kumar Kudure Jayanna, Thippeswamy Basaiah, K. Madappa","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00011.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2016.00011.8","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development is the underpinning principle in the panacea for almost every environmental concern. Generation of energy from the biomass can solve the purpose of environmentalist. Bioethanol and biodiesel that comprises biofuel is one such form of green energy. The major drivers for bioethanol production in India are energy security, slower potential for global warming and converting waste to energy. For bioethanol lignocellulosic, biomass is the most abundant renewable resource that can serve as substrate for its production. Bioconversion offers a cheap and safe method of not only disposing the agricultural residues, but also it has the potential to convert lignocellulosic wastes into usable forms, such as reducing sugars that could be used for ethanol production. This paper reports a preliminary study on the microbial pretreatment and fermentation of the areca nut husk. A combination of Aspergillus terreus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM 1197 (AT + PC) obtained from screening was used for pretreatment and, yeasts and bacterium Zymomonas mobilis NCIM 2915 were used for carrying out fermentation. Z. mobilis NCIM 2915 was showed maximum ethanol production after fermentation from areca nut husk as followed by Pichia stipitis NCIM 3498, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3095 and Candida shehatae NCIM 3500. Hence, fungal pretreatment by cellulolytic fungi was more effective for ethanol production. Areca nut husk was revealed as a suitable substrate for ethanol production.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121495350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.003
Aditi Banerji, M. Balakrishnan, V. Kishore
With world reserves of petroleum fast depleting and growing environmental degradation concerns, ethanol has emerged as an important alternative transportation fuel. Lignocellulosic biomass is a readily available resource that can be used for ethanol production after breaking the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions into their component monosaccharides. In this study, we investigated the release of reducing sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse using a two – stage chemical pretreatment (dilute acid hydrolysis followed by alkaline-peroxide delignification) and steam pretreatment; the solid residue obtained in both cases were further subjected to enzymatic saccharification. The results show that steam pretreatment followed by enzymatic saccharification is more promising. It released 75.7% of the total sugars originally present in the bagasse, compared to 66.1% obtained with twostage chemical pretreatment-enzymatic saccharification.
{"title":"Comparison and Evaluation of Two Pretreatment Processes for Enhancing Enzymatic Saccharification of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse","authors":"Aditi Banerji, M. Balakrishnan, V. Kishore","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"With world reserves of petroleum fast depleting and growing environmental degradation concerns, ethanol has emerged as an important alternative transportation fuel. Lignocellulosic biomass is a readily available resource that can be used for ethanol production after breaking the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions into their component monosaccharides. In this study, we investigated the release of reducing sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse using a two – stage chemical pretreatment (dilute acid hydrolysis followed by alkaline-peroxide delignification) and steam pretreatment; the solid residue obtained in both cases were further subjected to enzymatic saccharification. The results show that steam pretreatment followed by enzymatic saccharification is more promising. It released 75.7% of the total sugars originally present in the bagasse, compared to 66.1% obtained with twostage chemical pretreatment-enzymatic saccharification.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128025909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.022
T. Altenburg
Production of biodiesel from tree-borne oilseeds is often praised as a solution to many problems of rural development in India: employment generation on wastelands; afforestation of eroded land; soil conservation; a new source of energy, etc. Whether and to what extent these goals are achieved depends on the selected oilseed species, and, more importantly, the mode of production. We found many different ways of organising the biodiesel value chain that have emerged on the basis of varying local conditions and power relations among interest groups in five Indian states. Each mode has different socio-economic and environmental impacts, and there are manifold trade-offs. The article highlights the pros and cons of different modes of value chain organisation. It also discusses policies to improve their development effects. To choose the right policy-mix, policymakers need to be clear about their objectives and potential trade-offs. The article further emphasizes the need for better research before poor farmers are encouraged to plant oilseeds; and it discusses a number of supply and demand-side policies to accelerate the use of oilseeds for biodiesel in India.
{"title":"Biodiesel Policies for India: Achieving Optimal Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact","authors":"T. Altenburg","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.1.022","url":null,"abstract":"Production of biodiesel from tree-borne oilseeds is often praised as a solution to many problems of rural development in India: employment generation on wastelands; afforestation of eroded land; soil conservation; a new source of energy, etc. Whether and to what extent these goals are achieved depends on the selected oilseed species, and, more importantly, the mode of production. We found many different ways of organising the biodiesel value chain that have emerged on the basis of varying local conditions and power relations among interest groups in five Indian states. Each mode has different socio-economic and environmental impacts, and there are manifold trade-offs. The article highlights the pros and cons of different modes of value chain organisation. It also discusses policies to improve their development effects. To choose the right policy-mix, policymakers need to be clear about their objectives and potential trade-offs. The article further emphasizes the need for better research before poor farmers are encouraged to plant oilseeds; and it discusses a number of supply and demand-side policies to accelerate the use of oilseeds for biodiesel in India.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128123159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.026
Mahesh Saini, N. Garg, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Tyagi, U. Niyogi, R. K. Khandal
Ethanol produced from renewable resources is being considered globally as the most prominent and possible substitute for fossil fuel. It is being produced by fermentation of raw materials obtained from various renewable resources like Sugarcane, Corn and Sweet Sorghum all over the world. Ethanol is mainly blended with gasoline in different ratios and commonly known as ‘Gasohol’. This special use has escalated the global production of ethanol by 85% in 2006 from 2002. Oil embargo of 1973 forced Brazil to initiate and implement the Bio-ethanol for mandatory use in automotive fuel upto the extent of 100%. For this to happen, the flexi-fuel vehicles were also introduced that can run both on petrol and E100 (Bio-ethanol). Other countries like US, Europe and India followed this successful model to achieve the objectives of self reliance in fuel. At present in India ethanol is blended @ 5% in petrol. Ethanol in fuel increases its oxygen content and has replaced the use of MTBE and ETBE. Various studies conducted all over the world have revealed that ethanol blending in petrol at different ratios has remarkably reduced the emission of GHG from vehicles. Ethanol has also been used along with diesel, but comparatively ethanol blended petrol is more acceptable than with diesel because later requires the admixture of surfactants to keep the blend stable, which increases the cost of the fuel. Even, having so much benefits of ethanol blending, its use is limited by various technical factors like, degradation of non-metallic components of engine, decrease in fuel lubricity, viscosity and calorific value of the fuel, etc. The other Non-technical factors also plays major role, which are elaborately discussed in this paper. Government of India in the year 2002 issued the first national Biofuel policy, in order to use bio-ethanol and bio-diesel as a fuel for transport. However, certain factors hindered the successful execution of ethanol use as a transport fuel. This paper present the studies conducted to find out the reasons for limited success of especially ethanol blended fuel in India. The outcome of this study would serve as the base reference for the policy makers to devise strategies to achieve the indicative target of recent Biofuel Policy released on September 11, 2008 mandating 20 % blending of biofuels by 2017.
{"title":"Ethanol Blended Fuel in India: An Overview","authors":"Mahesh Saini, N. Garg, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Tyagi, U. Niyogi, R. K. Khandal","doi":"10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/J.0976-3015.1.2.026","url":null,"abstract":"Ethanol produced from renewable resources is being considered globally as the most prominent and possible substitute for fossil fuel. It is being produced by fermentation of raw materials obtained from various renewable resources like Sugarcane, Corn and Sweet Sorghum all over the world. Ethanol is mainly blended with gasoline in different ratios and commonly known as ‘Gasohol’. This special use has escalated the global production of ethanol by 85% in 2006 from 2002. Oil embargo of 1973 forced Brazil to initiate and implement the Bio-ethanol for mandatory use in automotive fuel upto the extent of 100%. For this to happen, the flexi-fuel vehicles were also introduced that can run both on petrol and E100 (Bio-ethanol). Other countries like US, Europe and India followed this successful model to achieve the objectives of self reliance in fuel. At present in India ethanol is blended @ 5% in petrol. Ethanol in fuel increases its oxygen content and has replaced the use of MTBE and ETBE. Various studies conducted all over the world have revealed that ethanol blending in petrol at different ratios has remarkably reduced the emission of GHG from vehicles. Ethanol has also been used along with diesel, but comparatively ethanol blended petrol is more acceptable than with diesel because later requires the admixture of surfactants to keep the blend stable, which increases the cost of the fuel. Even, having so much benefits of ethanol blending, its use is limited by various technical factors like, degradation of non-metallic components of engine, decrease in fuel lubricity, viscosity and calorific value of the fuel, etc. The other Non-technical factors also plays major role, which are elaborately discussed in this paper. Government of India in the year 2002 issued the first national Biofuel policy, in order to use bio-ethanol and bio-diesel as a fuel for transport. However, certain factors hindered the successful execution of ethanol use as a transport fuel. This paper present the studies conducted to find out the reasons for limited success of especially ethanol blended fuel in India. The outcome of this study would serve as the base reference for the policy makers to devise strategies to achieve the indicative target of recent Biofuel Policy released on September 11, 2008 mandating 20 % blending of biofuels by 2017.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130435491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00005.7
H. V. Srikanth, J. Venkatesh, G. Sharanappa
The present research work proposes to study the transesterification process of milk dairy waste scum oil and its suitability as a fuel for CI engine by conducting performance and emission tests. This study was carried out in two steps, production of milk dairy waste scum biodiesel followed by performance and emission tests on a single cylinder, four-stroke CI engine with water cooled system at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm and at different load conditions. The impact of milk dairy waste scum oil biodiesel and its blends as a fuel on brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific energy consumption and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. From the experimental results it is concluded that the performance and emission characteristics of B20 are satisfactory compared to all other blends. Hence, blend B20 can be used as an alternative fuel source in CI engine without any modifications in engine hardware.
{"title":"Experimental Investigations on Performance and Emissions of a C.I. Engine Fuelled With Milk Dairy Waste Scum Oil Biodiesel","authors":"H. V. Srikanth, J. Venkatesh, G. Sharanappa","doi":"10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00005.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00005.7","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work proposes to study the transesterification process of milk dairy waste scum oil and its suitability as a fuel for CI engine by conducting performance and emission tests. This study was carried out in two steps, production of milk dairy waste scum biodiesel followed by performance and emission tests on a single cylinder, four-stroke CI engine with water cooled system at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm and at different load conditions. The impact of milk dairy waste scum oil biodiesel and its blends as a fuel on brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific energy consumption and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. From the experimental results it is concluded that the performance and emission characteristics of B20 are satisfactory compared to all other blends. Hence, blend B20 can be used as an alternative fuel source in CI engine without any modifications in engine hardware.","PeriodicalId":107641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biofuels","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131534131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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