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Field-evolved resistance of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to insecticides in Brazil 巴西柑橘木虱田间抗性进化（半翅目：木虱科）

IF 2.5 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Crop Protection

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107535

Fernando Semmelroth de Assunção e Amaral , Giovana Moraes de Souza , Rafael Brandão Garcia , Marcelo Pedreira de Miranda , Celso Omoto

In Brazil, control of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, primarily relies on insecticides. Recently, field failures in controlling D. citri with some insecticides have been reported. This study investigates the susceptibility of five field populations of D. citri from key citrus-producing areas in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, to the three most used insecticides (bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion). Subsequently, to characterize resistance under laboratory conditions, resistant strains were selected from one of the least susceptible field populations of D. citri located in Tabatinga, São Paulo. To provide evidence of field-evolved resistance, the effectiveness of imidacloprid was tested through foliar spray and soil drench applications. Leaf-dip bioassays characterized susceptibility of D. citri to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion. Resistance ratios among field populations of D. citri ranged from 39.6- to 192.7-fold for bifenthrin, 22.2- to 271.2-fold for imidacloprid, and 6.6- to 37.1-fold for malathion, compared to a susceptible reference strain. Following six generations of laboratory selection pressure in a field population of D. citri, resistance ratios increased to 1037.3-fold for bifenthrin, 790.6-fold for imidacloprid, and 298.9-fold for malathion. Low efficacy of imidacloprid against field populations of D. citri was observed in both application methods. This is the first report of field-evolved resistance of D. citri to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion insecticides in the citrus belt of São Paulo State, Brazil. Therefore, the evolution of resistance might be one of the reasons for the increased population density of D. citri. This research will help implement Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategies for D. citri in Brazilian citrus groves.

在巴西，亚洲柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）的防治主要依靠杀虫剂。近年来，一些杀虫剂在田间防治柑橘蚜失败的报道屡见不鲜。本研究调查了巴西圣保罗州主要柑橘产区的五个田间种群对三种最常用杀虫剂（联苯菊酯、吡虫啉和马拉硫磷）的敏感性。随后，为了在实验室条件下表征耐药性，从位于圣保罗州Tabatinga的柑橘D. citri最不敏感的田间种群中选择了抗性菌株。为了提供田间进化抗性的证据，通过叶面喷施和土壤淋施测试了吡虫啉的有效性。叶片浸渍法测定了柑桔对联苯菊酯、吡虫啉和马拉硫磷的敏感性。与敏感对照品系相比，柑橘螟田间种群对联苯菊酯的抗性倍数为39.6 ~ 192.7倍，吡虫啉为22.2 ~ 271.2倍，马拉硫磷为6.6 ~ 37.1倍。经过6代室内选择压力后，柑橘大蠊对联苯菊酯、吡虫啉和马拉硫磷的抗性分别增加到1037.3倍、790.6倍和298.9倍。两种施药方法对柑桔田鼠的杀伤效果均较低。这是巴西圣保罗州柑橘带首次报道柑橘D. citri对联苯菊酯、吡虫啉和马拉硫磷杀虫剂的田间进化抗性。因此，抗性的进化可能是柑桔种群密度增加的原因之一。本研究将有助于在巴西柑橘林中实施柑橘蚜的杀虫剂抗性管理策略。

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Impact of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and chlorantraniliprole on the life table traits and demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) 溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯虫腈对桃蚜（Sulzer, 1776）生命表性状和种群参数的影响（半翅目：蚜科）

IF 2.5 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Crop Protection

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107533

Ali Kayahan , Betül Kayahan

This study examined the effects of three insecticides—Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, and Chlorantraniliprole—at different doses (LC₃₀, LC₄₀, and LC₅₀) on the demographic parameters of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Populations of M. persicae reared on pepper plants (Capsicum sp.) were used in the experiments. The trials were conducted in a climate-controlled chamber (25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5 % RH, 16:8 h L:D photoperiod). Lethal concentrations of each insecticide were determined using probit analysis, and subsequent life table analyses were performed at LC₃₀–LC₅₀ levels using the age–stage, two-sex life table approach. Data were processed with TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart software, and statistical differences among treatments were assessed using the bootstrap method. Results showed that increasing insecticide concentrations significantly affected development, longevity, and fecundity traits of M. persicae. The longest nymphal and pre-adult development periods were observed at the LC₅₀ level of Deltamethrin, while the shortest were recorded at LC₃₀ of Chlorantraniliprole. Higher doses led to significant reductions in adult longevity, total lifespan, and reproductive potential. The lowest values of net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and the finite rate of increase (λ) were found in the Deltamethrin LC₅₀ treatment, while the highest (excluding control) occurred under Chlorantraniliprole LC₃₀. Age–stage survival rate (s_xj) and life expectancy (e_xj) also decreased with insecticide exposure, with marked population reductions observed at higher concentrations. Overall, the results indicate that pyrethroid insecticides—particularly Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin—impede the population growth of M. persicae by prolonging development, reducing fecundity, and shortening lifespan. Considering low lethal effects, Chlorantraniliprole exhibited milder adverse effects at low doses. These findings highlight the importance of considering sublethal effects on population dynamics when designing sustainable and environmentally sound integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

研究了溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯虫腈3种杀虫剂不同剂量（LC30、LC40和LC50）对桃蚜种群参数的影响（半翅目：蚜科）。实验采用在辣椒植株上饲养的桃蚜种群。试验在气候控制室（25±1°C, 60±5% RH， 16:8 h L:D光周期）中进行。采用概率分析法确定每种杀虫剂的致死浓度，随后采用年龄阶段、两性生命表法进行LC30-LC50水平的生命表分析。采用TWOSEX-MSChart和TIMING-MSChart软件对数据进行处理，采用自举法评估处理间的统计学差异。结果表明，增加杀虫剂浓度对桃蚜的发育、寿命和繁殖力性状有显著影响。溴氰菊酯LC50时，若虫和成虫前期发育时间最长，氯虫腈LC30时，若虫和成虫前期发育时间最短。较高的剂量导致成人寿命、总寿命和生殖潜力显著降低。净繁殖率（R0）、内在增长率(r)和有限增长率（λ）均以溴氰菊酯LC50处理最低，氯虫腈LC30处理最高（不含对照）。年龄阶段存活率（sxj）和预期寿命（exj）也随着杀虫剂的暴露而下降，在杀虫剂浓度较高时观察到明显的种群减少。综上所述，拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂（特别是溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯）通过延长桃蚜种群发育、降低繁殖力、缩短寿命等方式抑制桃蚜种群的增长。考虑到低致死效应，氯虫腈在低剂量下表现出较轻的不良反应。这些发现强调了在设计可持续和无害环境的害虫综合治理（IPM）方案时考虑种群动态的亚致死效应的重要性。

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IF 2.5 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Crop Protection

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Crop Protection

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