Existing deep learning techniques for tomato leaf disease recognition face several challenges, including external environmental interference, limited dataset size, imbalanced sample distribution, and overlapping characteristics among different diseases, which complicate accurate disease identification. Furthermore, complex models with a high number of parameters are often difficult to deploy on resource-constrained embedded devices. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel tomato leaf disease recognition method based on DGP-SNNet. Initially, to mitigate issues related to imbalanced samples and overfitting, we introduce a two-stage transfer learning technique alongside a partial convolution module (PConv) to decrease data dependency and enhance model stability. Subsequently, we propose a Global Grouped Location Attention (GGLA) mechanism that dynamically adapts to capture fine-grained disease information, thereby addressing the similarities between disease categories. Finally, we employ a joint compression method utilizing Network Slimming and Neuron Selectivity Transfer, which significantly reduces model size with minimal loss in accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate a classification accuracy of 99.55%, with FLOPs of 1011.88 MB and a parameter count of 4.93 MB. Compared to the baseline model, accuracy improved by 2.23%, FLOPs decreased by 63.39%, and the parameter count was reduced by 75.13%. Additionally, we achieved optimal performance through comparative analyses with other classical and state-of-the-art models, generalization experiments, and module effectiveness tests. In conclusion, the proposed method effectively recognizes various diseases in tomato leaves and offers a practical solution for the integration of deep learning into agricultural production processes.
{"title":"Identification of tomato leaf diseases based on DGP-SNNet","authors":"Tiancan Jian , Haixia Qi , Riyao Chen , Jinzhuo Jiang , Guangsheng Liang , Xiwen Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing deep learning techniques for tomato leaf disease recognition face several challenges, including external environmental interference, limited dataset size, imbalanced sample distribution, and overlapping characteristics among different diseases, which complicate accurate disease identification. Furthermore, complex models with a high number of parameters are often difficult to deploy on resource-constrained embedded devices. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel tomato leaf disease recognition method based on DGP-SNNet. Initially, to mitigate issues related to imbalanced samples and overfitting, we introduce a two-stage transfer learning technique alongside a partial convolution module (PConv) to decrease data dependency and enhance model stability. Subsequently, we propose a Global Grouped Location Attention (GGLA) mechanism that dynamically adapts to capture fine-grained disease information, thereby addressing the similarities between disease categories. Finally, we employ a joint compression method utilizing Network Slimming and Neuron Selectivity Transfer, which significantly reduces model size with minimal loss in accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate a classification accuracy of 99.55%, with FLOPs of 1011.88 MB and a parameter count of 4.93 MB. Compared to the baseline model, accuracy improved by 2.23%, FLOPs decreased by 63.39%, and the parameter count was reduced by 75.13%. Additionally, we achieved optimal performance through comparative analyses with other classical and state-of-the-art models, generalization experiments, and module effectiveness tests. In conclusion, the proposed method effectively recognizes various diseases in tomato leaves and offers a practical solution for the integration of deep learning into agricultural production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106975"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106971
Tielong Xu , Cao Zhou
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a commonly used insecticide for controlling agricultural and forest pests. To facilitate its rational use in integrated pest management (IPM), the sublethal effects of EMB on the development and reproduction of Scleroderma guani were evaluated. Sublethal doses of EMB (LD10 and LD30) significantly reduced the longevity and fecundity of F0 females. In the F1 generation, sublethal doses significantly reduced larval development duration and male longevity but significantly extended female longevity. Additionally, the LD30 treatment significantly decreased the number of laid eggs in F1 females by 20.72% compared with the control group. The net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly declined by the LD30 treatment compared with the control group (CK). Furthermore, the mean generation time (T) was significantly extended in both LD10 and LD30 treatment groups. Compared to the control group, the expression of SgVg and SgVgR genes in the LD10 and LD30 groups was significantly lower, which may be a crucial factor for the reduced fecundity of the females. These results indicate that sublethal doses of EMB significantly reduced adult longevity and fecundity of S. guani. The findings are practical for developing IPM strategies for forestry pests using S. guani and EMB.
{"title":"Sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on biological characteristics and the expression of vitellogenin (SgVg) and its receptor in Sclerodermus guani","authors":"Tielong Xu , Cao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a commonly used insecticide for controlling agricultural and forest pests. To facilitate its rational use in integrated pest management (IPM), the sublethal effects of EMB on the development and reproduction of <em>Scleroderma guani</em> were evaluated. Sublethal doses of EMB (LD<sub>10</sub> and LD<sub>30</sub>) significantly reduced the longevity and fecundity of F<sub>0</sub> females. In the F<sub>1</sub> generation, sublethal doses significantly reduced larval development duration and male longevity but significantly extended female longevity. Additionally, the LD<sub>30</sub> treatment significantly decreased the number of laid eggs in F<sub>1</sub> females by 20.72% compared with the control group. The net reproductive rate (<em>R</em><sub>0</sub>) was significantly declined by the LD<sub>30</sub> treatment compared with the control group (CK). Furthermore, the mean generation time (<em>T</em>) was significantly extended in both LD<sub>10</sub> and LD<sub>30</sub> treatment groups. Compared to the control group, the expression of <em>SgVg</em> and <em>SgVgR</em> genes in the LD<sub>10</sub> and LD<sub>30</sub> groups was significantly lower, which may be a crucial factor for the reduced fecundity of the females. These results indicate that sublethal doses of EMB significantly reduced adult longevity and fecundity of <em>S. guani</em>. The findings are practical for developing IPM strategies for forestry pests using <em>S</em>. <em>guani</em> and EMB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106970
Li Yang , Jamin Ali , Bilal Ahmad , Susu Yang , Jingxuan Huang , Jianye Zhao , Aleena Alam , Khalid Ali Khan , Hamed A. Ghramh , Nadeemur Rahman , Adil Tonğa , Ri Zhao Chen
Companion planting, the practice of growing different plant species together, can be a sustainable pest management strategy. However, the specific role of garlic as a companion plant for Brassica in aphid suppression, particularly against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is not well understood. This study investigated the potential of planting garlic (Allium sativum L., Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae) with Brassica rapa L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) to reduce M. persicae infestations and explores its impact on the biocontrol agent Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We hypothesized that the combination of A. sativum and B. rapa would synergistically reduce aphid infestations compared to Brassica monocultures. To test this, M. persicae performance was evaluated on Brassica plants under three conditions: a single Brassica plant (B), two Brassica plants (BB), and a Brassica plant with garlic (BG). Parameters such as aphid survival, fecundity, developmental time, and population increase were measured. Additionally, Y-olfactometer bioassays assessed the behavioral responses of M. persicae and H. axyridis. The results showed that the BG combination significantly reduced aphid survival, fecundity, and population growth while delaying developmental time compared to B and BB. M. persicae preferred volatiles from B and BB plants, while H. axyridis was more attracted to BG volatiles, indicating garlic's potential to enhance biocontrol agent recruitment. This study highlights the potential of garlic as a companion plant to improve Brassica crop protection against M. persicae and enhance the effectiveness of biocontrol agents.
伴生种植是将不同植物物种种植在一起的做法，是一种可持续的害虫管理策略。然而，大蒜作为芸苔属植物的伴生植物在抑制蚜虫，特别是抑制蚜蝇（Myzus persicae (Sulzer)）（半翅目：蚜科）方面的具体作用还不十分清楚。本研究调查了大蒜（Allium sativum L.，Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae）与芸苔属植物 Brassica rapa L.（Brassicales: Brassicaceae）搭配种植以减少柿蚜虫害的潜力，并探讨了其对生物控制剂 Harmonia axyridis Pallas（鞘翅目：蚜科）的影响。我们假设，与单一栽培芸苔属植物相比，A. sativum 和 B. rapa 的组合将协同减少蚜虫的侵扰。为了验证这一假设，我们在三种条件下评估了 M. persicae 在芸苔属植物上的表现：单一芸苔属植物 (B)、两种芸苔属植物 (BB) 和一种芸苔属植物与大蒜 (BG) 的组合。对蚜虫的存活率、繁殖力、发育时间和种群数量增加等参数进行了测量。此外，Y-olfactometer 生物测定评估了 M. persicae 和 H. axyridis 的行为反应。结果表明，与 B 和 BB 相比，BG 组合能显著降低蚜虫的存活率、繁殖率和种群增长，同时延缓发育时间。M.persicae更喜欢B和BB植物的挥发物，而H. axyridis则更喜欢BG的挥发物，这表明大蒜具有增强生物控制剂招募的潜力。这项研究强调了大蒜作为一种伴生植物的潜力，它可以改善芸苔属作物对M. persicae的保护，并提高生物防治剂的效果。
{"title":"Garlic as a companion plant for suppressing Myzus persicae infestation in Brassica rapa","authors":"Li Yang , Jamin Ali , Bilal Ahmad , Susu Yang , Jingxuan Huang , Jianye Zhao , Aleena Alam , Khalid Ali Khan , Hamed A. Ghramh , Nadeemur Rahman , Adil Tonğa , Ri Zhao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Companion planting, the practice of growing different plant species together, can be a sustainable pest management strategy. However, the specific role of garlic as a companion plant for <em>Brassica</em> in aphid suppression, particularly against <em>Myzus persicae</em> (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is not well understood. This study investigated the potential of planting garlic (<em>Allium sativum</em> L., Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae) with <em>Brassica rapa</em> L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) to reduce <em>M. persicae</em> infestations and explores its impact on the biocontrol agent <em>Harmonia axyridis</em> Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We hypothesized that the combination of <em>A. sativum</em> and <em>B. rapa</em> would synergistically reduce aphid infestations compared to Brassica monocultures. To test this, <em>M. persicae</em> performance was evaluated on Brassica plants under three conditions: a single <em>Brassica</em> plant (B), two <em>Brassica</em> plants (BB), and a <em>Brassica</em> plant with garlic (BG). Parameters such as aphid survival, fecundity, developmental time, and population increase were measured. Additionally, Y-olfactometer bioassays assessed the behavioral responses of <em>M. persicae</em> and <em>H. axyridis</em>. The results showed that the BG combination significantly reduced aphid survival, fecundity, and population growth while delaying developmental time compared to B and BB. <em>M. persicae</em> preferred volatiles from B and BB plants, while <em>H. axyridis</em> was more attracted to BG volatiles, indicating garlic's potential to enhance biocontrol agent recruitment. This study highlights the potential of garlic as a companion plant to improve <em>Brassica</em> crop protection against <em>M. persicae</em> and enhance the effectiveness of biocontrol agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) practices can lead to the dominance of perennial weeds including purple nutsedge (<em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L.) in different agroecologies over time. Without effective management of this weed, successful adoption of CA in smallholder farming systems is rather unlikely. Therefore, we aimed to develop an integrated strategy for managing <em>C. rotundus</em> in CA-based crop rotations. This study encompassed a two-year (during 2020–21 and 2021–22) field experimentation at Kanpur, India with a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments included purple nutsedge management practices in main plot and crop rotations in sub-plot under CA platform (no-tilled with added crop residues). Six management options were adopted in the summer season (during April to June) as main plots that were super-imposed with two crop rotations such as pigeonpea (<em>Cajanus cajan</em> (L.) Huth) – wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) and pearlmillet (<em>Pennisetum glaucum</em> (L.) R.Br) – chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) as sub-plot. Growing of cover crop Sesbania (<em>Sesbania aculeata</em> (Willd.) Pers.) during the summer season for 45 days followed by knockdown with 2,4-D 500 g a.i. Ha<sup>−1</sup> (cultural management; Sesbania+2,4-D) and/or summer irrigation followed by application of halosulfuron-methyl 70 g a.i. Ha<sup>−1</sup> at 20 days after irrigation (chemical management; halosulfuron-methyl) reduced the <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus</em> density by 37–42% and 23–64% over years, respectively, than conventional practice (ploughing during summer followed by irrigation and glyphosate 1.5 kg a.e. Ha<sup>−1</sup> application). Besides, these practices could decrease 25–27% total weed density (p < 0.05) than conventional practice (mean of years) in summer season. Importantly, these management practices had a carry-over effect on reduction in density of <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus</em> and total weeds of rainy and winter season crops. For instance, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 35% and 15% density of <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus,</em> respectively, during rainy season than conventional practice. Irrespective of crop rotations, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 30–40% density of <em>C. rotundus</em> (mean of years) in winter season than conventional practice (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in dry weight of <em>C. rotundus</em> was recorded under Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl in summer season by 13–23%, rainy season by 23–29%, and winter season by 55–72% than conventional practice. Pearlmillet-chickpea rotation had a 10–35% lower infestation of <em>C. rotundus</em> than pigeonpea-wheat (p < 0.05). Management practices such as Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl had higher system productivity by 15–19% in 2020–21 (p < 0.05), 5–7% in 2021–22 (p > 0.05), and 10–12% in average (p > 0.05) than conventional practice. Summer mungbean cultivation
{"title":"Cover crop and herbicides can control purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and increase crop yields in conservation agriculture-based crop rotations","authors":"C.P. Nath , Narendra Kumar , Asik Dutta , K.K. Hazra , C.S. Praharaj , Deepak Kumar , G.P. Dixit","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) practices can lead to the dominance of perennial weeds including purple nutsedge (<em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L.) in different agroecologies over time. Without effective management of this weed, successful adoption of CA in smallholder farming systems is rather unlikely. Therefore, we aimed to develop an integrated strategy for managing <em>C. rotundus</em> in CA-based crop rotations. This study encompassed a two-year (during 2020–21 and 2021–22) field experimentation at Kanpur, India with a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments included purple nutsedge management practices in main plot and crop rotations in sub-plot under CA platform (no-tilled with added crop residues). Six management options were adopted in the summer season (during April to June) as main plots that were super-imposed with two crop rotations such as pigeonpea (<em>Cajanus cajan</em> (L.) Huth) – wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) and pearlmillet (<em>Pennisetum glaucum</em> (L.) R.Br) – chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) as sub-plot. Growing of cover crop Sesbania (<em>Sesbania aculeata</em> (Willd.) Pers.) during the summer season for 45 days followed by knockdown with 2,4-D 500 g a.i. Ha<sup>−1</sup> (cultural management; Sesbania+2,4-D) and/or summer irrigation followed by application of halosulfuron-methyl 70 g a.i. Ha<sup>−1</sup> at 20 days after irrigation (chemical management; halosulfuron-methyl) reduced the <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus</em> density by 37–42% and 23–64% over years, respectively, than conventional practice (ploughing during summer followed by irrigation and glyphosate 1.5 kg a.e. Ha<sup>−1</sup> application). Besides, these practices could decrease 25–27% total weed density (p < 0.05) than conventional practice (mean of years) in summer season. Importantly, these management practices had a carry-over effect on reduction in density of <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus</em> and total weeds of rainy and winter season crops. For instance, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 35% and 15% density of <em>C</em>. <em>rotundus,</em> respectively, during rainy season than conventional practice. Irrespective of crop rotations, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 30–40% density of <em>C. rotundus</em> (mean of years) in winter season than conventional practice (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in dry weight of <em>C. rotundus</em> was recorded under Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl in summer season by 13–23%, rainy season by 23–29%, and winter season by 55–72% than conventional practice. Pearlmillet-chickpea rotation had a 10–35% lower infestation of <em>C. rotundus</em> than pigeonpea-wheat (p < 0.05). Management practices such as Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl had higher system productivity by 15–19% in 2020–21 (p < 0.05), 5–7% in 2021–22 (p > 0.05), and 10–12% in average (p > 0.05) than conventional practice. Summer mungbean cultivation","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106969
Moataz A.M. Moustafa , Nourhan A. El-Said , Fatma S. Ahmed , Alia Amer , Mona Awad , Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid
Control methods have faced challenges in effectively managing the spread and damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, across various crops worldwide, highlighting the need for more sustainable and integrated approaches. This study explored the insecticidal effect of the essential oil (EO) of lavender (LV) (Lavandula multifida L.), cyantraniliprole (CY), and emamectin benzoate (EM) insecticides on FAW larvae. Toxicity, biological, and biochemical assays were employed to elucidate the impact of the two insecticides individually or combined with LV EO. Additionally, in silico molecular docking investigations were performed for eucalyptol (the major component of LV EO) and for CY against the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzyme (PDB ID: 6xyu) and cytochrome P450 (PDB ID: 2q6n). EM was the most toxic compound to FAW larvae with an LC50 of 0.0073 mg L−1, followed by CY and LV EO. The chi-square (χ2) test confirmed the synergistic effect of the LV EO/CY combination and the antagonistic effect LV EO/EM combination on FAW larvae. Biological development studies revealed that both LV EO/CY and LV EO/EM combinations impacted the larval and pupal durations. The biochemical assays indicated that the P450-specific activity was activated by LV EO (at LC25), CY (at LC25 & LC50), and their binary combination (at LC25:LC25). In addition, the LV EO/CY combination significantly activated the AChE and GST-specific activity, and the LV EO/CY combination and CY (at LC50) significantly activated α-esterase- specific activity. Molecular docking investigations revealed energy scores (S) of −6.7729 and −7.7644 kcal/mol for eucalyptol and CY, compared to −7.0993 kcal/mol for PDB ID: 6xyu ligand. The current results can serve as baseline data for utilizing the LV EO/CY combination in the integrated pest management (IPM) of FAW.
{"title":"In vitro and Silico Exploration of the Insecticidal Properties of Lavandula multifida L. Essential Oil and its Binary Combinations with Cyantraniliprole and Emamectin benzoate on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"Moataz A.M. Moustafa , Nourhan A. El-Said , Fatma S. Ahmed , Alia Amer , Mona Awad , Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Control methods have faced challenges in effectively managing the spread and damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW), <em>Spodoptera frugiperda,</em> across various crops worldwide, highlighting the need for more sustainable and integrated approaches. This study explored the insecticidal effect of the essential oil (EO) of lavender (LV) (<em>Lavandula multifida</em> L.), cyantraniliprole (CY), and emamectin benzoate (EM) insecticides on FAW larvae. Toxicity, biological, and biochemical assays were employed to elucidate the impact of the two insecticides individually or combined with LV EO. Additionally, in silico molecular docking investigations were performed for eucalyptol (the major component of LV EO) and for CY against the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzyme (PDB ID: <span><span>6xyu</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) and cytochrome P450 (PDB ID: <span><span>2q6n</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). EM was the most toxic compound to FAW larvae with an LC<sub>50</sub> of 0.0073 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, followed by CY and LV EO. The chi-square (χ<sup>2</sup>) test confirmed the synergistic effect of the LV EO/CY combination and the antagonistic effect LV EO/EM combination on FAW larvae. Biological development studies revealed that both LV EO/CY and LV EO/EM combinations impacted the larval and pupal durations. The biochemical assays indicated that the P450-specific activity was activated by LV EO (at LC<sub>25</sub>), CY (at LC<sub>25</sub> & LC<sub>50</sub>), and their binary combination (at LC<sub>25</sub>:LC<sub>25</sub>). In addition, the LV EO/CY combination significantly activated the AChE and GST-specific activity, and the LV EO/CY combination and CY (at LC<sub>50</sub>) significantly activated α-esterase- specific activity. Molecular docking investigations revealed energy scores (S) of −6.7729 and −7.7644 kcal/mol for eucalyptol and CY, compared to −7.0993 kcal/mol for PDB ID: <span><span>6xyu</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> ligand. The current results can serve as baseline data for utilizing the LV EO/CY combination in the integrated pest management (IPM) of FAW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crops and weeds are involved in a continuous competition for equal resources, which may result in a potential decrease in crop yields by up to 31% and an increase in the costs of agricultural inputs by up to 22% of cultivation. Weeds further impact crop production, and their detection is crucial for effective crop management. In this research, we targeted common weeds of cotton field, specifically i) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop, ii) Amaranthus retroflexus L., iii) Acalypha australis, L., iv) Cephalanoplos segetum, and v) Chenopodium album L. Additionally, image processing techniques such as grayscale conversion, binarization, and Gaussian and morphological filters were also utilized. These methods are based on machine vision and facilitate rapid and straightforward weed detection by segmenting, scrutinizing, and comparing input images. The plant height and area were obtained during cotton planting within 32 days and fitted to develop the growth law concerning planting days for achieving the function of distinguishing cotton from weeds. We conducted recognition experiments by dividing images into four quadrants and categorizing weeds as either inter-row or intra-row. Meanwhile, the inter-row planting information was used to identify weeds, and the leaf pixel area and circularity were used as the identification methods for intra-row weeds, which reduced the algorithm's running time and improved real-time performance. The experimental results indicated that the inter-row weed recognition rate was 89.4%, with an average processing time of 102ms. Whereas in the case of intra-row weeds, the recognition rate was measured at 84.6%, and the overall recognition rate for cotton was 85.0%, with a mean time consumption of 437ms. Furthermore, the present research underscores recent advancements such as machine vision and high-resolution imaging, which have significantly improved the accuracy of automated weed identification in cotton fields while acknowledging ongoing challenges and outlining future opportunities. By Integrating state-of-the-art technology with sustainable agricultural practices, implementing an intelligent system offers a viable approach toward efficient and environmentally friendly weed management in modern agriculture.
{"title":"Automatic visual recognition, detection and classification of weeds in cotton fields based on machine vision","authors":"Muhammad Sohail Memon , Shuren Chen , Baoguo Shen , Runzhi Liang , Zhong Tang , Shuai Wang , Weiwei Zhou , Noreena Memon","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crops and weeds are involved in a continuous competition for equal resources, which may result in a potential decrease in crop yields by up to 31% and an increase in the costs of agricultural inputs by up to 22% of cultivation. Weeds further impact crop production, and their detection is crucial for effective crop management. In this research, we targeted common weeds of cotton field, specifically i) <em>Digitaria sanguinalis</em> (L.) Scop, ii) <em>Amaranthus retroflexus</em> L., iii) <em>Acalypha australis</em>, L., iv) <em>Cephalanoplos segetum</em>, and v) <em>Chenopodium album</em> L. Additionally, image processing techniques such as grayscale conversion, binarization, and Gaussian and morphological filters were also utilized. These methods are based on machine vision and facilitate rapid and straightforward weed detection by segmenting, scrutinizing, and comparing input images. The plant height and area were obtained during cotton planting within 32 days and fitted to develop the growth law concerning planting days for achieving the function of distinguishing cotton from weeds. We conducted recognition experiments by dividing images into four quadrants and categorizing weeds as either inter-row or intra-row. Meanwhile, the inter-row planting information was used to identify weeds, and the leaf pixel area and circularity were used as the identification methods for intra-row weeds, which reduced the algorithm's running time and improved real-time performance. The experimental results indicated that the inter-row weed recognition rate was 89.4%, with an average processing time of 102ms. Whereas in the case of intra-row weeds, the recognition rate was measured at 84.6%, and the overall recognition rate for cotton was 85.0%, with a mean time consumption of 437ms. Furthermore, the present research underscores recent advancements such as machine vision and high-resolution imaging, which have significantly improved the accuracy of automated weed identification in cotton fields while acknowledging ongoing challenges and outlining future opportunities. By Integrating state-of-the-art technology with sustainable agricultural practices, implementing an intelligent system offers a viable approach toward efficient and environmentally friendly weed management in modern agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106968
Linda Abenaim , Priscilla Farina , Alessandro Mandoli , Giuseppe Conte , Barbara Conti
Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is one of the most polyphagous xylem-feeding pests. It recently acquired bad fame when it was identified as the main vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome that, within ten years, has affected and led to the death of more than 21 million olive trees in the Southern Italian region Apulia alone. Despite the agricultural practices and synthetic insecticides available, as not sufficiently effective, more strategies to target all the developmental instars of the pest and eco-friendly formulations, especially in organic orchards, are urgently needed. Therefore, the main goals of this work were to test the toxicity of a solution of potassium salts of fatty acids (soft soap) on P. spumarius juveniles and assess the attractiveness exerted by linalool on adults in a planar olfactometer. According to our results, the average neanids/nymphs’ mortality was 82.2 ± 10.4% 24h after spraying the soft soap on them at the labelled dose. Regarding the adults, linalool was significantly attractive to both sexes in a concentrations range between 0.01 and 0.12 μL linalool L−1 air. Our purpose is to potentially suggest a dual, integrated control approach against P. spumarius, with the soft soap as a biopesticide to reduce the immature stages of the pest and attractive, linalool-activated traps to numerically cull the population of the meadow spittlebug as part of a broader management system.
{"title":"Soft soap and linalool as potential management tools for Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), vector of Xylella fastidiosa","authors":"Linda Abenaim , Priscilla Farina , Alessandro Mandoli , Giuseppe Conte , Barbara Conti","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Philaenus spumarius</em> (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is one of the most polyphagous xylem-feeding pests. It recently acquired bad fame when it was identified as the main vector of the bacterium <em>Xylella fastidiosa</em>, the causal agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome that, within ten years, has affected and led to the death of more than 21 million olive trees in the Southern Italian region Apulia alone. Despite the agricultural practices and synthetic insecticides available, as not sufficiently effective, more strategies to target all the developmental instars of the pest and eco-friendly formulations, especially in organic orchards, are urgently needed. Therefore, the main goals of this work were to test the toxicity of a solution of potassium salts of fatty acids (soft soap) on <em>P. spumarius</em> juveniles and assess the attractiveness exerted by linalool on adults in a planar olfactometer. According to our results, the average neanids/nymphs’ mortality was 82.2 ± 10.4% 24h after spraying the soft soap on them at the labelled dose. Regarding the adults, linalool was significantly attractive to both sexes in a concentrations range between 0.01 and 0.12 μL linalool L<sup>−1</sup> air. Our purpose is to potentially suggest a dual, integrated control approach against <em>P. spumarius</em>, with the soft soap as a biopesticide to reduce the immature stages of the pest and attractive, linalool-activated traps to numerically cull the population of the meadow spittlebug as part of a broader management system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radish, a member of the Brassicaceae family, is a widely cultivated edible root vegetable. Despite its popularity, radish cultivation faces significant challenges due to various pests and diseases, majorly Alternaria leaf blight (ALB) caused by Alternaria brassicicola. To overcome this challenge, an evaluation of eight fungicides consisting of three contact (Chlorothalonil, Propineb, Copper oxychloride), four systemic (Azoxystrobin, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole) and a combination (Metalaxyl-M + Mancozeb), was carried out against ALB under in-vitro and field conditions. The efficacy of eight fungicides at varying concentrations (100, 250, 500 and 750 ppm) in inhibiting mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. brassicicola was evaluated. The results showed Tebuconazole to be the most effective fungicide in inhibiting both mycelial growth (100%) and conidial germination (90.70%) at the highest concentration, followed by Propiconazole, Azoxystrobin and Hexaconazole with EC90 of 89.9, 98.8, 105.6, and 101.2 μg mL−1, respectively. Fungicides such as Tebuconazole, Propiconazole and Azoxystrobin had higher conidial germination inhibition, with lower EC50 of 177.2, 198.2 and 200.7 μg mL−1, respectively. To confirm these findings, field trials were conducted over two growing seasons. The foliar spraying of Tebuconazole at 1 ml/L significantly outperformed other treatments, resulting in the lowest PDI (7.67%) and highest radish root yield (13.62 tons/ha). Propiconazole and Azoxystrobin treatments also showed promising results, while untreated controls exhibited the lowest yields of 8.83 tons/ha. Based on the study and information generated, Tebuconazole at 1 ml/L could be recommended and incorporated as a preventive or curative measure in radish ALB management programs.
{"title":"In-vitro and field evaluation of foliar fungicides for the management of Alternaria leaf blight in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)","authors":"Diksha Loona , Ranbir Singh , Amoghavarsha Chittaragi , Balanagouda Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radish, a member of the Brassicaceae family, is a widely cultivated edible root vegetable. Despite its popularity, radish cultivation faces significant challenges due to various pests and diseases, majorly Alternaria leaf blight (ALB) caused by <em>Alternaria brassicicola</em>. To overcome this challenge, an evaluation of eight fungicides consisting of three contact (Chlorothalonil, Propineb, Copper oxychloride), four systemic (Azoxystrobin, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole) and a combination (Metalaxyl-M + Mancozeb), was carried out against ALB under <em>in-vitro</em> and field conditions. The efficacy of eight fungicides at varying concentrations (100, 250, 500 and 750 ppm) in inhibiting mycelial growth and conidial germination of <em>A. brassicicola</em> was evaluated. The results showed Tebuconazole to be the most effective fungicide in inhibiting both mycelial growth (100%) and conidial germination (90.70%) at the highest concentration, followed by Propiconazole, Azoxystrobin and Hexaconazole with EC<sub>90</sub> of 89.9, 98.8, 105.6, and 101.2 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Fungicides such as Tebuconazole, Propiconazole and Azoxystrobin had higher conidial germination inhibition, with lower EC<sub>50</sub> of 177.2, 198.2 and 200.7 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. To confirm these findings, field trials were conducted over two growing seasons. The foliar spraying of Tebuconazole at 1 ml/L significantly outperformed other treatments, resulting in the lowest PDI (7.67%) and highest radish root yield (13.62 tons/ha). Propiconazole and Azoxystrobin treatments also showed promising results, while untreated controls exhibited the lowest yields of 8.83 tons/ha. Based on the study and information generated, Tebuconazole at 1 ml/L could be recommended and incorporated as a preventive or curative measure in radish ALB management programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pereskia aculeata (Barbados gooseberry) is a vegetable member of the Cactaceae family. Pereskia aculeata leaves are highly valued for culinary use in some Brazilian regions, mainly in Minas Gerais. In March 2023, severe leaf spot disease affecting P. aculeata plants was observed in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Notably, we found that Curvularia sp. was associated with disease symptoms. However, the fungus Curvularia has not been reported to cause any diseases in P. aculeata. Given the absence of any previous records documenting this fungus as a pathogen for this host, this study aimed to identify Curvularia species associated with leaf spots on P. aculeata and elucidate the etiology of the disease. The fungus was identified as Curvularia soli based on its morphological characteristics and molecular features using glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) for phylogenetic analyses. Healthy P. aculeata plants were inoculated with a representative isolate of C. soli and the same symptoms as observed in the field were reproduced. All steps were performed to fulfill Koch's postulates and confirm the etiology of the disease.
Pereskia aculeata（巴巴多斯醋栗）是仙人掌科植物。在巴西的一些地区，主要是米纳斯吉拉斯州，Pereskia aculeata 的叶子具有很高的烹饪价值。2023 年 3 月，在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的维索萨发现了严重的叶斑病，影响到 P. aculeata 植物。值得注意的是，我们发现 Curvularia sp. 与疾病症状有关。但是，还没有报道过 Curvularia 真菌会导致 P. aculeata 发生任何病害。鉴于以前没有任何记录表明这种真菌是这种寄主的病原体，本研究旨在确定与 P. aculeata 叶斑病相关的 Curvularia 物种，并阐明这种疾病的病因。根据真菌的形态特征和分子特征，利用甘油三酯脱氢酶（GAPDH）和翻译伸长因子 1-α （TEF1-α）进行系统发育分析，确定该真菌为 Curvularia soli。用具有代表性的 C. soli 分离物接种健康的 P. aculeata 植物，再现田间观察到的相同症状。所有步骤均符合科赫假说，并确认了病原学。
{"title":"Curvularia soli causes a new leaf spot disease on Pereskia aculeata","authors":"Simone Albino Paes, Bianca Moreira Barbosa, Fábio Alex Custódio, Olinto Liparini Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pereskia aculeata</em> (Barbados gooseberry) is a vegetable member of the Cactaceae family. <em>Pereskia aculeata</em> leaves are highly valued for culinary use in some Brazilian regions, mainly in Minas Gerais. In March 2023, severe leaf spot disease affecting <em>P. aculeata</em> plants was observed in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Notably, we found that <em>Curvularia</em> sp. was associated with disease symptoms. However, the fungus <em>Curvularia</em> has not been reported to cause any diseases in <em>P. aculeata</em>. Given the absence of any previous records documenting this fungus as a pathogen for this host, this study aimed to identify <em>Curvularia</em> species associated with leaf spots on <em>P. aculeata</em> and elucidate the etiology of the disease. The fungus was identified as <em>Curvularia soli</em> based on its morphological characteristics and molecular features using glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<em>GAPDH</em>) and translation elongation factor 1-α (<em>TEF1-α)</em> for phylogenetic analyses. Healthy <em>P. aculeata</em> plants were inoculated with a representative isolate of <em>C</em>. <em>soli</em> and the same symptoms as observed in the field were reproduced. All steps were performed to fulfill Koch's postulates and confirm the etiology of the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106965"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To protect crops from pest insects, farmers continuously use insecticides, which eventually degrade into residue due to abiotic or biotic factors. These residual effects of pesticides may cause low lethal and/or sublethal impacts on the exposed pest insect populations, leading to the induction of pest resurgence through hormesis and ultimately the development of resistance. Hormesis is a beneficial bi-phasic effect generally characterized by low-dose reproductive stimulation and high-dose inhibition. In the present study, we investigated the impact of low lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20, and LC30) of spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, and thiodicarb on the F0 generation as well as their multigenerational hormesis effects on the F1 and F2 generations of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The study focused on reproductive parameters, fecundity, fertility, and life index parameters such as net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), mean length of generation (Tc), and gross reproductive rate (GRR). Fecundity of S. frugiperda increased by 4.82%, 4.63% and 4.58%, while eggs fertility improved by 7.77%, 6.78% and 6.52% at LC10 of thiodicarb, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, respectively, from the F1 to F2 generation. Further, interaction analysis (Concentration × Insecticidal treatments) revealed that important vital parameters like pre-oviposition period (POP), oviposition period (OP), post-oviposition period (PtOP), R0,rm,λ, Tc and GRR of F0 were negatively impacted by LC30 of all the tested insecticides and LC20 of only spinetoram. However, LC10 of any of the tested insecticides did not affect these parameters when compared with control. Furthermore, interactive analysis in multigenerational exposure experiments (Concentration × Insecticidal treatments × Generation(s)) showed hermetic effects of LC10 of all tested insecticides which is more positive in F2 as compared to F1 generation. These unwanted positive hermetic effects of low lethal concentrations (LC10) of tested insecticides in offspring of exposed parental population of S. frugiperda indicated its resistance and/or resurgence. Furthernore, present study emphasizes the necessity for additional research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects.
{"title":"Multigenerational hormetic effects of different insecticides on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"Fazil Hasan , Kahkashan Perveen , Najat A. Bukhari , Azra Khan , Nija Mani , Aditya Kumar Tanwar , Mukesh Kumar Dhillon , Archana Singh , Ashok Kumar , Kuldeep Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.106962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To protect crops from pest insects, farmers continuously use insecticides, which eventually degrade into residue due to abiotic or biotic factors. These residual effects of pesticides may cause low lethal and/or sublethal impacts on the exposed pest insect populations, leading to the induction of pest resurgence through hormesis and ultimately the development of resistance. Hormesis is a beneficial bi-phasic effect generally characterized by low-dose reproductive stimulation and high-dose inhibition. In the present study, we investigated the impact of low lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC<sub>10</sub>, LC<sub>20</sub>, and LC<sub>30</sub>) of spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, and thiodicarb on the F<sub>0</sub> generation as well as their multigenerational hormesis effects on the F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub> generations of Fall Armyworm (FAW), <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The study focused on reproductive parameters, fecundity, fertility, and life index parameters such as net reproductive rate (<em>R</em><sub><em>0</em></sub>), intrinsic rate of increase (<em>r</em><sub><em>m</em></sub>), finite rate of increase (<em>λ</em>), mean length of generation (<em>T</em><sub><em>c</em></sub>), and gross reproductive rate (<em>GRR</em>). Fecundity of <em>S. frugiperda</em> increased by 4.82%, 4.63% and 4.58%, while eggs fertility improved by 7.77%, 6.78% and 6.52% at LC<sub>10</sub> of thiodicarb, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, respectively, from the F<sub>1</sub> to F<sub>2</sub> generation. Further, interaction analysis (Concentration × Insecticidal treatments) revealed that important vital parameters like pre-oviposition period (POP), oviposition period (OP), post-oviposition period (PtOP), <em>R</em><sub><em>0,</em></sub> <em>r</em><sub><em>m,</em></sub> <em>λ, T</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> and <em>GRR</em> of F<sub>0</sub> were negatively impacted by LC<sub>30</sub> of all the tested insecticides and LC<sub>20</sub> of only spinetoram. However, LC<sub>10</sub> of any of the tested insecticides did not affect these parameters when compared with control. Furthermore, interactive analysis in multigenerational exposure experiments (Concentration × Insecticidal treatments × Generation(s)) showed hermetic effects of LC<sub>10</sub> of all tested insecticides which is more positive in F<sub>2</sub> as compared to F<sub>1</sub> generation. These unwanted positive hermetic effects of low lethal concentrations (LC<sub>10</sub>) of tested insecticides in offspring of exposed parental population of <em>S. frugiperda</em> indicated its resistance and/or resurgence. Furthernore, present study emphasizes the necessity for additional research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106962"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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