Crop Protection最新文献

{"title":"Phosphonate balances cost and eco-safety, matching conventional fungicide efficacy in potato late blight management, but with agroecology-specific response","authors":"K. Sharma ,&nbsp;E. Atieno ,&nbsp;S. Nyawade ,&nbsp;A. Kumar ,&nbsp;E. Schulte-Geldermann","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Potato late blight caused by <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> imposes persistent yield and income losses in sub-Saharan Africa, requiring fungicide strategies tailored to agroecological and varietal contexts. This study assessed the efficacy, profitability, and environmental toxicity of three fungicides—metalaxyl-M + mancozeb (Ridomil Gold MZ®), mono- and di-potassium phosphite (phosphonate), and ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Orvego®). Metalaxyl-M + mancozeb (Metalaxyl-M + mancozeb) served as the commercial standard, with a no-spray control included as a baseline. Trials were conducted in Kenyan highland (&gt;2100 m a.s.l.) and midland (1800–2000 m a.s.l.) zones, using 19 potato cultivars classified by susceptibility as Susceptible, Moderate, or Resistant. Fungicides were applied every 7 days, averaging 11 and 9 sprays per season at the highland and midland sites, respectively. Disease was quantified using the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC), environmental toxicity using the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), and profitability through net returns and benefit–cost ratios (BCRs). Ametoctradin + dimethomorph achieved the greatest rAUDPC reduction over no spray (−0.738), followed by metalaxyl-M + mancozeb (−0.598) and phosphonate (−0.491). Compared to metalaxyl-M + mancozeb, ametoctradin + dimethomorph was more effective (−0.140), while phosphonate showed near-identical efficacy (+0.001). Yield gains over no spray were +24.4 t/ha with ametoctradin + dimethomorph, +20.7 t/ha with phosphonate, and +17.8 t/ha with metalaxyl-M + mancozeb. Against commercial standard, ametoctradin + dimethomorph yielded a significant +7.1 t/ha gain, but a non-significant yield loss (−1.1 t/ha) with phosphonate. Net returns ranged from USD 7950–9500/ha (ametoctradin + dimethomorph), 6100–8600/ha (phosphonate), and 5500–8000/ha (metalaxyl-M + mancozeb), with BCRs of 19.8–20.8, 12.7–13.7, and 9.2–10.2. Phosphonate had the lowest environmental impact (150–183 EIQ/ha), cutting toxicity by 253–310 units relative to metalaxyl-M + mancozeb and 156–127 compared to ametoctradin + dimethomorph. Phosphonate showed a zone-specific response relative to metalaxyl-M + mancozeb, with reduced efficacy in the Highland (−14.76 %, p = 0.0071) and increased efficacy in the Midland (+12.91 %, p = 0.0282). These findings position phosphonate as a cost-effective, eco-safer option and ametoctradin + dimethomorph as more effective but costlier, with a moderate environmental impact. The zone-specific performance of phosphonate highlights trade-offs in its effectiveness and suitability across locations, shaping both farmer and policy decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of integrated pest management practices in high tunnel specialty crop production","authors":"Eleanor L. Meys ,&nbsp;Samantha A. Willden ,&nbsp;Laura L. Ingwell ,&nbsp;Garima Kohli ,&nbsp;Kacie J. Athey","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High tunnels are a unique hybrid system of open field and greenhouse agriculture. As a result, pest dynamics and appropriate control methods differ from non-high tunnel environments. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current peer-reviewed research regarding arthropod pests and pest management techniques in high tunnels. We examine how pest populations compare between high tunnels and other forms of crop production and discuss how high tunnel conditions, such as seasonality and tunnel material, affect arthropod behavior. We look at the current knowledge of integrated pest management (IPM) practices in high tunnels, including monitoring methods, economic thresholds, cultural control, biological control, and chemical control. Research on monitoring methods and economic thresholds in high tunnels is limited. Current cultural control methods primarily include using banker plants and companion plants to attract natural enemies and insect exclusion netting to prevent the entrance of insect pests. Companion planting of cut flowers and wildflowers encourage natural enemy residence, but the efficacy of banker plants and exclusion netting is mixed. Biological control in high tunnels can be successful in managing common pests, such as <em>Tetranychus urticae, Frankliniella occidentalis,</em> and <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>; however, extreme temperatures in high tunnels can limit the efficacy of natural enemies. Chemical control research shows that pesticides are often needed in high tunnels due to high pest pressure and have a slower degradation rate in high tunnels than in open field agriculture. Ultimately, considerably more research is needed on potential IPM for arthropod control that would fit growers' needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145813927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colletotrichum gigasporum causes postharvest fruit anthracnose on litchi in China","authors":"Min Li ,&nbsp;Jinhua Sun ,&nbsp;Gengxin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhengke Zhang ,&nbsp;Yajun Ran ,&nbsp;Meijiao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Litchi (<em>Litchi chinensis</em> Sonn.) is an economically important fruit crop in southern China. In May 2024, litchi fruits harvested from Haikou City, China, exhibited anthracnose-like symptoms, with a disease incidence (DI) of 7.6 % at 7 days of storage at 25 °C. Fungal colonies with consistent morphology were isolated from the margins of typical symptomatic pericarp tissues. The pathogen was identified as <em>Colletotrichum gigasporum</em> based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis utilizing sequences of the ITS region, <em>GAPDH</em>, <em>ACT</em>, <em>TUB2</em> and <em>CAL</em> genes Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>C. gigasporum</em> causing postharvest anthracnose on litchi fruit in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-evolved resistance of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to insecticides in Brazil","authors":"Fernando Semmelroth de Assunção e Amaral ,&nbsp;Giovana Moraes de Souza ,&nbsp;Rafael Brandão Garcia ,&nbsp;Marcelo Pedreira de Miranda ,&nbsp;Celso Omoto","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Brazil, control of the Asian citrus psyllid, <em>Diaphorina citri</em>, primarily relies on insecticides. Recently, field failures in controlling <em>D. citri</em> with some insecticides have been reported. This study investigates the susceptibility of five field populations of <em>D. citri</em> from key citrus-producing areas in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, to the three most used insecticides (bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion). Subsequently, to characterize resistance under laboratory conditions, resistant strains were selected from one of the least susceptible field populations of <em>D. citri</em> located in Tabatinga, São Paulo. To provide evidence of field-evolved resistance, the effectiveness of imidacloprid was tested through foliar spray and soil drench applications. Leaf-dip bioassays characterized susceptibility of <em>D. citri</em> to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion. Resistance ratios among field populations of <em>D. citri</em> ranged from 39.6- to 192.7-fold for bifenthrin, 22.2- to 271.2-fold for imidacloprid, and 6.6- to 37.1-fold for malathion, compared to a susceptible reference strain. Following six generations of laboratory selection pressure in a field population of <em>D. citri</em>, resistance ratios increased to 1037.3-fold for bifenthrin, 790.6-fold for imidacloprid, and 298.9-fold for malathion. Low efficacy of imidacloprid against field populations of <em>D. citri</em> was observed in both application methods. This is the first report of field-evolved resistance of <em>D. citri</em> to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and malathion insecticides in the citrus belt of São Paulo State, Brazil. Therefore, the evolution of resistance might be one of the reasons for the increased population density of <em>D. citri</em>. This research will help implement Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategies for <em>D. citri</em> in Brazilian citrus groves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Diaporthe drenthii causing leaf spot disease of Hedera canariensis in Guizhou, China","authors":"Yu-Jia Sun ,&nbsp;Chada Norphanphoun ,&nbsp;Shan Wei ,&nbsp;Fatimah Al-Otibi ,&nbsp;Kevin D. Hyde ,&nbsp;Yong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Hedera canariensis</em> is commonly utilized in urban landscaping and greening initiatives due to its robust climbing ability, strong adhesion, and its role in enhancing air quality. This research identified a leaf spot disease affecting <em>H. canariensis</em> in Guizhou Province, China. The pathogen was isolated using the single-spore isolation method and identified based on morphological characteristics, with phylogenetic analysis of combined gene sequence data (ITS, <em>ef1-α</em>, and <em>β-tubulin</em>). The causal agent was identified as <em>Diaporthe drenthii</em>. Pathogenicity was confirmed under greenhouse conditions, satisfying Koch's postulates. This study documents the first instance of <em>D. drenthii</em> as a pathogenic fungus causing leaf spot disease in <em>H. canariensis</em>. The findings underscore a significant threat to the viability of <em>H. canariensis</em> posed by <em>D. drenthii</em>, providing a vital foundation for future research on the epidemiology and development of control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in mathematical modeling of Lobesia botrana growth and voltinism: A comparative review","authors":"Estefania Aguirre-Zapata ,&nbsp;Humberto Morales ,&nbsp;Fernando di Sciascio ,&nbsp;Adriana N. Amicarelli","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mathematical models are essential tools for understanding and predicting the development of insect pests under variable environmental conditions. In the case of <em>Lobesia botrana</em>, several modeling approaches have been proposed over the past few decades, ranging from empirical models based on thermal sums to mechanistic formulations (first-principles-based models) that incorporate physiological age, photoperiod, and host phenology. This review examines the primary modeling strategies developed for this species, highlighting conceptual advances, limitations, and areas where further integration is required. This paper examines how these models represent temperature-driven development, mortality, and stage transitions, as well as how they address biological processes such as overlapping generations, environmental plasticity, and developmental thresholds. It also highlights the challenges of transferring models between regions with different climatic and phenological conditions. As a case study, we compare the predictions of four representative models using capture data from a vineyard in the southern hemisphere for the 2020–2021 season. The results show that model performance depends not only on structure or complexity, but on the capacity to integrate biological knowledge in a modular and interpretable way. The importance of flexible easily applicable modeling frameworks that allow for adaptation to local conditions and enable transparent, ecologically and economically meaningful pest predictions is emphasized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth on grains infected with fungi","authors":"Stefanos Pentsidis ,&nbsp;Maria Sakka ,&nbsp;Christos Rumbos ,&nbsp;Ioannis Vagelas ,&nbsp;Christos G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coexistence of fungi and insects in stored grains often results in synergistic effects that accelerate grain deterioration and increase mycotoxin contamination. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is widely used as inert dusts for insect control, but their efficacy on grains already infested by fungi has not yet been evaluated. In this study, the effect of a commercial DE formulation was examined on wheat kernels that were either fungus-free or infected by fungi (mainly <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> with minor proportions of <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium</em>). Bioassays were conducted with the lesser grain borer, <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> (F.), the rice weevil, <em>Sitophilus oryzae</em> (L.), and the granary weevil, <em>Sitophilus granarius</em> (L.), under two DE concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm). Results indicated that DE completely suppressed progeny production of <em>S. oryzae</em> and <em>S. granarius</em> in fungus-free wheat, but the presence of fungi moderated this effect, with even low levels of fungal infestation supporting progeny survival. Conversely, kernels fully infected by fungi (100 %) resulted in complete mortality of both <em>Sitophilus</em> species, suggesting a threshold beyond which fungal development dominates over insect survival. For <em>R. dominica</em>, progeny production was limited regardless of treatment. These findings demonstrate that fungal presence strongly influences DE efficacy, highlighting the complex interactions between fungi, insects, and inert dusts in stored grain ecosystems. Considering that fungi can both reduce and enhance insect survival depending on their prevalence, the integration of DEs in pest management should also take into consideration fungal infestation levels to optimize efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) damage and factors affecting control method choices in Benin, West Africa","authors":"Tamegnon Hospice Tossou ,&nbsp;Jan-Henning Sommer ,&nbsp;Cyriaque Agboton ,&nbsp;Razack Adeoti ,&nbsp;Manuele Tamò ,&nbsp;Florian M.W. Grundler ,&nbsp;Christian Borgemeister","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines farmers' knowledge and perceptions of damage caused by fall armyworm (FAW, <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>), reports their estimated production losses in southern Benin between 2020 and 2022, and investigates the factors that influenced pest management decisions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview 242 farmers across two agroecological zones of southern Benin from September to December 2023. About 93 % of farmers had broad knowledge of FAW, and 95 % believed they had been affected by infestations and considered the pest dangerous. However, 41 % misinterpreted the timing of FAW attacks, believing that the insect emerged and caused damage only at the mature stage of maize. As a result, synthetic insecticides were frequently applied after significant damage had already occurred. Infestation levels varied across zones: farmers in the Guinean zone reported relatively low infestation (20 %), while those in the Sudano-Guinean zone reported higher levels (40 %), especially in 2021. Yield losses were estimated at 20–40 % during this period. In terms of management, 73 % of farmers relied on synthetic insecticides, 2.5 % adopted cultural practices, 11.6 % used no control methods, and only 1.2 % applied botanical extracts. Further analysis revealed that the choice of FAW control measures was significantly influenced by years of maize farming experience (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.002), financial means (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and to a lesser extent, perceptions of control method effectiveness (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.068). These findings showed that although farmers are aware of FAW, misperceptions about its biology and timing of insecticide application remain problematic. To reduce yield losses, extension programs should prioritize training on the biology of FAW, timing of chemical applications, and consider the aforementioned factors when promoting management practices for FAW control in Benin and similar agroecological contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of droplet deposition effects of pre-wetting application by UAVs in mountain Nanguo pear orchards","authors":"Weixiang Yao ,&nbsp;Hao Yan ,&nbsp;Yu Chang ,&nbsp;Ziqi Yu ,&nbsp;Boli Xing ,&nbsp;Chunling Chen ,&nbsp;Pengchao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a novel pesticide application platform, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) demonstrate a remarkable ability to overcome terrain-related constraints. However, their application effectiveness requires further optimization for improved performance. Based on the evaluation of spraying performance for two typical plant protection UAVs, this study presents, for the first time, a field evaluation of droplet deposition through the pre-wetting application method in mountain Nanguo pear orchards. Compared to conventional centrifugal nozzles, misting centrifugal nozzles exhibit superior performance in terms of droplet coverage and droplet density, with increases of 121.36 % and 393.53 %, respectively. The leaf inclination angle has a certain effect on UAV spraying performance, particularly when the inclination angle is positive, where a significant enhancement in deposition is observed (<em>P</em> = 0.04 &lt; 0.05). Pre-wetting application methods with varying pre-wetting amounts showed considerable differences in enhancing UAV spraying performance. The study found that the most marked enhancement in deposition in the mid-canopy layer occurred at a pre-wetting amount of 600 L/ha, with a 39.4 % improvement. For aerial spraying operations on mountain orchard trees such as Nanguo pear, applying an appropriate pre-wetting volume can enhance UAV droplet deposition effectiveness. Moreover, when conducting UAV spraying experiments in orchards, it is advisable to consider the influence of leaf inclination angles when placing samplers and collecting leaf samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing artificial diet and susceptibility of Mexican corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan & Smith) larvae to Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1 protein","authors":"Dalton C. Ludwick ,&nbsp;David L. Kerns ,&nbsp;Bruce E. Hibbard ,&nbsp;Man P. Huynh","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2026.107544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mexican corn rootworm, <em>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</em> (Krysan &amp; Smith), and western corn rootworm, <em>D. v. virgifera</em> LeConte, are both subspecies of <em>D. virgifera</em>. Knowledge of Mexican corn rootworm is extremely limited and biological and management assumptions for it, including resistance management programs, are based on western corn rootworm. To better understand the degree of similarity to western corn rootworm and potential management options, Mexican corn rootworm from a Texas field population were exposed to different transgenic corn hybrids, reared on an artificial diet designed for western corn rootworm, and tested for their response to varying doses of Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1. The results of the field test revealed corn hybrids that contained a single Cry protein were less protected than hybrids expressing two or more proteins with the most protection provided by a hybrid expressing two Cry toxins and a double-stranded RNA (dvSnf7). Mexican corn rootworm larvae grew normally on the artificial diet, though they ultimately weighed less when compared to western corn rootworm larvae. Lastly, Mexican corn rootworm larvae from this population were significantly less susceptible to Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1 than a susceptible western corn rootworm colony, but the insects responded similarly in terms of weight inhibition. Together, the field and diet toxicity data suggest that the Texas field population of Mexican corn rootworm was tolerant to Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1 and likely the other Cry proteins designed to control corn rootworms. Currently, fields with similar issues to this situation should incorporate a pyramided corn hybrid expressing dsRNA and Bt proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 107544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}