Panonychus citri, is a destructive pest in citrus orchards. The diversity of pests in citrus orchards leads to the improper pesticides application, and induced resistance may be an alternative mechanism for pest resurgence. In the present study, the acute toxicity of sulfoxaflor against P. citri adult females in leaf-dipping exposure experiment was determined at 24 h. Furthermore, the effects of sublethal (LC30) and lethal (LC50) concentrations of sulfoxaflor by the age-stage, two-sex life table approach were elucidated and these results revealed that the pre-adult period and the longevity of P. citri in the F1 generation were decreased. Additionally, the fecundity, R0 and r was significantly increased in the LC30- treated group, while the fecundity, R0 and λ of LC50- treated group was decreased significantly. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels and activities of vitellogenin (Vg), vitellogenin receptor (VgR), carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450) were significantly different at the sulfoxaflor treatments as compared to the control. Importantly, silencing of the CYP392B6 gene by RNA interference altered adult females of P. citri sensitivity towards sulfoxaflor and resulted in a significant increase in CYP450 content. Therefore, all these results in this study will contribute to a comprehensive risk assessment of sulfoxaflor on P. citri resurgence and will provide a convincing reference for the understanding of the mechanisms of fecundity and metabolic resistance to sulfoxaflor.
{"title":"Reproductive and detoxifying responses of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) to sulfoxaflor stress","authors":"Tianrong Xin, Xinyan Kong, Chenyu Jiang, Zhenzhen Li, Zhiwen Zou, Bin Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107100","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Panonychus citri,</ce:italic> is a destructive pest in citrus orchards. The diversity of pests in citrus orchards leads to the improper pesticides application, and induced resistance may be an alternative mechanism for pest resurgence. In the present study, the acute toxicity of sulfoxaflor against <ce:italic>P. citri</ce:italic> adult females in leaf-dipping exposure experiment was determined at 24 h. Furthermore, the effects of sublethal (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf>) and lethal (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf>) concentrations of sulfoxaflor by the age-stage, two-sex life table approach were elucidated and these results revealed that the pre-adult period and the longevity of <ce:italic>P. citri</ce:italic> in the F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> generation were decreased. Additionally, the fecundity, <ce:italic>R</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>0</ce:italic></ce:inf> and <ce:italic>r</ce:italic> was significantly increased in the LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30-</ce:inf> treated group, while the fecundity, <ce:italic>R</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>0</ce:italic></ce:inf> and <ce:italic>λ</ce:italic> of LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50-</ce:inf> treated group was decreased significantly. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels and activities of vitellogenin (Vg), vitellogenin receptor (VgR), carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450) were significantly different at the sulfoxaflor treatments as compared to the control. Importantly, silencing of the CYP392B6 gene by RNA interference altered adult females of <ce:italic>P. citri</ce:italic> sensitivity towards sulfoxaflor and resulted in a significant increase in CYP450 content. Therefore, all these results in this study will contribute to a comprehensive risk assessment of sulfoxaflor on <ce:italic>P. citri</ce:italic> resurgence and will provide a convincing reference for the understanding of the mechanisms of fecundity and metabolic resistance to sulfoxaflor.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early diagnosis of plant diseases is essential for reducing crop losses and improving agricultural production. Plant diseases markedly diminish output and food supply, highlighting the critical necessity for effective diagnostic instruments. Leaf analysis is an effective technique for evaluating plant health, providing information on diseases and deficiencies. This research underscores the significance of machine learning (ML) in predicting plant diseases, utilising its capacity to analyse characteristics from leaf photos and categorize plants as healthy or ill.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of efficacy of machine learning techniques for disease detection in some economically important crops","authors":"Somya Rakesh Goyal, Vikrant Subhash Kulkarni, Rajpal Choudhary, Rohit Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107093","url":null,"abstract":"Early diagnosis of plant diseases is essential for reducing crop losses and improving agricultural production. Plant diseases markedly diminish output and food supply, highlighting the critical necessity for effective diagnostic instruments. Leaf analysis is an effective technique for evaluating plant health, providing information on diseases and deficiencies. This research underscores the significance of machine learning (ML) in predicting plant diseases, utilising its capacity to analyse characteristics from leaf photos and categorize plants as healthy or ill.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107098
Rui Zhang, Yiyi Feng, Chun Wu, Ke He, Shaming Fu, Cheng Li
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicines owing to its renown antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. During surveys conducted in the Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province in China, prominent yellow-brown spots were observed on the leaves of P. odoratum. These spots eventually led to the death of the entire plant as they expanded, thus affecting the yield and quality of P. odoratum. In this study, infected P. odoratum leaves were collected and, based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) (actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-tubulin, and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA), Colletotrichum camalliae Massee was isolated and identified as the causal agent of the disease. This is the first study to investigate P. odoratum leaf infection by C. camelliae and is therefore, of great significance for this popular and highly valued medicinal plant; furthermore, it provides a sound theoretical basis for targeted control of the leaf spot disease.
{"title":"Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum camelliae, the causal agent of leaf spot of Polygonatum odoratum in China","authors":"Rui Zhang, Yiyi Feng, Chun Wu, Ke He, Shaming Fu, Cheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107098","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Polygonatum odoratum</ce:italic> (Mill.) Druce has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicines owing to its renown antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. During surveys conducted in the Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province in China, prominent yellow-brown spots were observed on the leaves of <ce:italic>P. odoratum</ce:italic>. These spots eventually led to the death of the entire plant as they expanded, thus affecting the yield and quality of <ce:italic>P</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>odoratum</ce:italic>. In this study, infected <ce:italic>P</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>odoratum</ce:italic> leaves were collected and, based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) (actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-tubulin, and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA), <ce:italic>Colletotrichum camalliae</ce:italic> Massee was isolated and identified as the causal agent of the disease. This is the first study to investigate <ce:italic>P</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>odoratum</ce:italic> leaf infection by <ce:italic>C</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>camelliae</ce:italic> and is therefore, of great significance for this popular and highly valued medicinal plant; furthermore, it provides a sound theoretical basis for targeted control of the leaf spot disease.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107096
Rubén Tarifa, Jorge Garrido-Bautista, Manuel Soto-Cárdenas, José A. Hódar, Mariano Paracuellos
Greenhouses are one of the most intensified agricultural production systems and where the impact of insect pests has been studied the most, yet there is little information on bird pests affecting crops grown under plastic. To uncover potential conflicts between birds and farmers in southeast Spain, where the highest concentration of greenhouses in Global North is found, we surveyed local farmers to obtain information about the bird species most affecting their crops, the most common methods used to deter them and the crops most impacted by birds. Farmers identified the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) as the species that most affected their crops, especially pepper. Sealing the greenhouse and the use of (illegal) mist nets were the most common methods displayed to deter birds. We also assessed bird damage to pepper (Capsicum annuum, L. cv. Palermo) crops in 21 greenhouses and estimated the economic losses for farmers. Of the eleven species detected inside greenhouses, the house sparrow caused by far the most damage to pepper crops. Our estimates in sampled greenhouses predict economic losses of 1406.8 €/ha per annual pepper crop due to bird damage. Sealing greenhouses effectively prevented birds from entering greenhouses, in contrast to illegal mist netting. Finally, we revealed for the first time the widespread and illegal use of cats outside greenhouses to try to reduce bird populations. This would have negative consequences for the native wildlife living in and around greenhouses. Our findings underscore the need to invest more resources in control mechanisms that ensure the development of sustainable farming practices with bird communities.
温室是集约化程度最高的农业生产系统之一，也是对害虫影响研究最多的地方，但关于鸟类害虫影响塑料下作物的信息却很少。在全球北部温室最集中的西班牙东南部，为了揭示鸟类与农民之间的潜在冲突，我们对当地农民进行了调查，以获取影响其作物的鸟类种类、最常用的阻止鸟类的方法以及受鸟类影响最大的作物的信息。农民们认为家雀（Passer domesticus）是对他们的作物影响最大的物种，尤其是辣椒。封锁温室和使用（非法的）雾网是最常用的阻止鸟类的方法。我们还评估了鸟类对辣椒（Capsicum annuum， L. cv）的危害。在21个温室中种植作物，并估计了农民的经济损失。在温室内检测到的11种品种中，家雀对辣椒作物造成的危害最大。我们对取样的温室进行了估计，预计由于鸟类的破坏，每年胡椒作物的经济损失为1406.8欧元/公顷。与非法的雾网相比，封闭温室有效地阻止了鸟类进入温室。最后，我们首次揭露了在温室外广泛非法地使用猫来试图减少鸟类数量。这将对生活在温室内和周围的本地野生动物产生负面影响。我们的研究结果强调需要在控制机制上投入更多的资源，以确保鸟类群落的可持续农业实践的发展。
{"title":"House sparrow damage to peppers in greenhouses can be decreased by reducing access","authors":"Rubén Tarifa, Jorge Garrido-Bautista, Manuel Soto-Cárdenas, José A. Hódar, Mariano Paracuellos","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107096","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouses are one of the most intensified agricultural production systems and where the impact of insect pests has been studied the most, yet there is little information on bird pests affecting crops grown under plastic. To uncover potential conflicts between birds and farmers in southeast Spain, where the highest concentration of greenhouses in Global North is found, we surveyed local farmers to obtain information about the bird species most affecting their crops, the most common methods used to deter them and the crops most impacted by birds. Farmers identified the house sparrow (<ce:italic>Passer domesticus</ce:italic>) as the species that most affected their crops, especially pepper. Sealing the greenhouse and the use of (illegal) mist nets were the most common methods displayed to deter birds. We also assessed bird damage to pepper (<ce:italic>Capsicum annuum</ce:italic>, L. cv. Palermo) crops in 21 greenhouses and estimated the economic losses for farmers. Of the eleven species detected inside greenhouses, the house sparrow caused by far the most damage to pepper crops. Our estimates in sampled greenhouses predict economic losses of 1406.8 €/ha per annual pepper crop due to bird damage. Sealing greenhouses effectively prevented birds from entering greenhouses, in contrast to illegal mist netting. Finally, we revealed for the first time the widespread and illegal use of cats outside greenhouses to try to reduce bird populations. This would have negative consequences for the native wildlife living in and around greenhouses. Our findings underscore the need to invest more resources in control mechanisms that ensure the development of sustainable farming practices with bird communities.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107094
Subham Saha, Kumananda Tayung
Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is a globally cultivated perennial herbaceous plant highly valued for its culinary importance and nutritional richness. In February 2024, during routine surveillance for diseases in solanaceous crops, a disease with leaf blight symptoms was observed on chilli in a plantation area in Dhubri district of Assam, India. The diseased symptom was characterized by small brown lesions along the leaf margins, which progressively merged into larger necrotic blights causing the leaves to turn brown and wither. The causal organism isolated from the infected plants was identified as Fusarium proliferatum both by morphological and molecular analysis. Koch's postulates also confirmed F. proliferatum to be the causative agent. To best of our knowledge this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing leaf blight disease on chilli (Capsicum annuum) in India.
{"title":"First report of Fusarium proliferatum causing leaf blight of chilli (Capsicum annuum) in India","authors":"Subham Saha, Kumananda Tayung","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107094","url":null,"abstract":"Chilli (<ce:italic>Capsicum annuum</ce:italic>) is a globally cultivated perennial herbaceous plant highly valued for its culinary importance and nutritional richness. In February 2024, during routine surveillance for diseases in solanaceous crops, a disease with leaf blight symptoms was observed on chilli in a plantation area in Dhubri district of Assam, India. The diseased symptom was characterized by small brown lesions along the leaf margins, which progressively merged into larger necrotic blights causing the leaves to turn brown and wither. The causal organism isolated from the infected plants was identified as <ce:italic>Fusarium proliferatum</ce:italic> both by morphological and molecular analysis. Koch's postulates also confirmed <ce:italic>F. proliferatum</ce:italic> to be the causative agent. To best of our knowledge this is the first report of <ce:italic>F. proliferatum</ce:italic> causing leaf blight disease on chilli (<ce:italic>Capsicum annuum</ce:italic>) in India.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107095
Hong Tan, Zhibo Zhao, Youhua Long, Rong Fan
Kiwi is an important commercial fruit crop in China. Leaf spot diseases of kiwi caused by fungal pathogens seriously affect the growth of the fruit tree. In 2023, large areas of kiwi leaves suffered by black spot disease were observed in an orchard in Guizhou Province, China. A total of 230 leaves of twenty-five kiwi trees were randomly investigated, and the incidence of leaves with black spot symptoms was 19.13%. The disease caused leaf defoliation, leading to the significant reduction of quality and economic value of kiwifruits. The morphological characteristics, phylogeny based on the sequences of ITS, tub2, his3, cal and tef1 genes and pathogenicity of the disease-associated fungus were described in this study, confirmed Diaporthe hispaniae as the causal agent of leaf black spot disease of kiwi in Guizhou Province, China. Results in this study revealed the potential threat of D. hispaniae as a fungal pathogen to kiwi crop cultivation. Further researches, such as monitoring pathogen population and screening of effective fungicides, are required to develop effective strategy to control the kiwi leaf black spot disease caused by D. hispaniae.
{"title":"Diaporthe hispaniae causes leaf black spot disease of kiwi crop in Guizhou Province, China","authors":"Hong Tan, Zhibo Zhao, Youhua Long, Rong Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107095","url":null,"abstract":"Kiwi is an important commercial fruit crop in China. Leaf spot diseases of kiwi caused by fungal pathogens seriously affect the growth of the fruit tree. In 2023, large areas of kiwi leaves suffered by black spot disease were observed in an orchard in Guizhou Province, China. A total of 230 leaves of twenty-five kiwi trees were randomly investigated, and the incidence of leaves with black spot symptoms was 19.13%. The disease caused leaf defoliation, leading to the significant reduction of quality and economic value of kiwifruits. The morphological characteristics, phylogeny based on the sequences of ITS, <ce:italic>tub2</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>his3</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>cal</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>tef1</ce:italic> genes and pathogenicity of the disease-associated fungus were described in this study, confirmed <ce:italic>Diaporthe hispaniae</ce:italic> as the causal agent of leaf black spot disease of kiwi in Guizhou Province, China. Results in this study revealed the potential threat of <ce:italic>D</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>hispaniae</ce:italic> as a fungal pathogen to kiwi crop cultivation. Further researches, such as monitoring pathogen population and screening of effective fungicides, are required to develop effective strategy to control the kiwi leaf black spot disease caused by <ce:italic>D</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>hispaniae</ce:italic>.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107092
Shamin Fu, Jiaojiao Wu, Khadija Javed, Yan Li, YongHua Li, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Kevin D. Hyde, Yong Wang, Jun Liu
Polygala crotalarioides, a plant highly valued for its medicinal properties, suffered a severe root rot outbreak in a medicinal plant planting base in Yunnan Province, China, from 2022 to 2023. The affected plants exhibited typical root rot symptoms, beginning with localized browning of roots and rhizomes, progressing to basal petiole rot, and ultimately leading to leaf death and rhizome decay. This outbreak resulted in substantial economic losses, with an incidence rate of 50–60%. Fusarium oxysporum was identified as the causative agent through multigene phylogenetic analysis (using tub2, tef1-α, and rpb2) and morphological characterization, further confirmed by in vitro artificial inoculation. Our study is the first to report F. oxysporum as the cause of root rot in P. crotalarioides and provides valuable information for the prevention and control of this damaging disease.
{"title":"Root rot disease of Polygala crotalarioides caused by Fusarium oxysporum in China","authors":"Shamin Fu, Jiaojiao Wu, Khadija Javed, Yan Li, YongHua Li, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Kevin D. Hyde, Yong Wang, Jun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107092","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Polygala crotalarioides</ce:italic>, a plant highly valued for its medicinal properties, suffered a severe root rot outbreak in a medicinal plant planting base in Yunnan Province, China, from 2022 to 2023. The affected plants exhibited typical root rot symptoms, beginning with localized browning of roots and rhizomes, progressing to basal petiole rot, and ultimately leading to leaf death and rhizome decay. This outbreak resulted in substantial economic losses, with an incidence rate of 50–60%. <ce:italic>Fusarium oxysporum</ce:italic> was identified as the causative agent through multigene phylogenetic analysis (using <ce:italic>tub2</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>tef1-α</ce:italic>, and <ce:italic>rpb2</ce:italic>) and morphological characterization, further confirmed by in vitro artificial inoculation. Our study is the first to report <ce:italic>F. oxysporum</ce:italic> as the cause of root rot in <ce:italic>P. crotalarioides</ce:italic> and provides valuable information for the prevention and control of this damaging disease.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107087
Ethan M. Doherty, Nohelys Camano-Flores, Qian Sun, Blake E. Wilson
Host-plant resistance is an important pest management tool that is often overlooked in stored grain systems where the mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated 13 varieties of rice for resistance toward the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), one of the most devastating pests of stored rice. Over a two-month period, we measured each variety's damage by adult beetles and larvae, as well as progeny counts, progeny mass, and days to eclosion. We found large differences among varieties, with over 5-fold differences in damage by adults and 14-fold differences in larval damage. Subsequently, we evaluated the physical and nutritional characteristics of these varieties and compared these qualities with our susceptibility data. We found that while nutritional components of a variety did not affect susceptibility, the physical characteristics of the grain did. Varieties with longer, thinner grains were more susceptible to damage by R. dominica adults, while varieties with wide, stout grains were more resistant. Finally, we ran another resistance assay comparing single varieties to mixes of two varieties. We found that varietal mixes generally did not create any sort of associational resistance or susceptibility, expect in one instance. Mixes containing Jazzman 2 and CL151 received less damage from R. dominica adults and larvae than would be expected from the mixture. By understanding stored rice varietal resistance, growers can better anticipate pest impacts. Moreover, by understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance, resistant varieties can be more easily selected and bred to prevent insect infestation.
{"title":"Examining factors influencing varietal resistance to Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in stored rice","authors":"Ethan M. Doherty, Nohelys Camano-Flores, Qian Sun, Blake E. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107087","url":null,"abstract":"Host-plant resistance is an important pest management tool that is often overlooked in stored grain systems where the mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated 13 varieties of rice for resistance toward the lesser grain borer, <ce:italic>Rhyzopertha dominica</ce:italic> (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), one of the most devastating pests of stored rice. Over a two-month period, we measured each variety's damage by adult beetles and larvae, as well as progeny counts, progeny mass, and days to eclosion. We found large differences among varieties, with over 5-fold differences in damage by adults and 14-fold differences in larval damage. Subsequently, we evaluated the physical and nutritional characteristics of these varieties and compared these qualities with our susceptibility data. We found that while nutritional components of a variety did not affect susceptibility, the physical characteristics of the grain did. Varieties with longer, thinner grains were more susceptible to damage by <ce:italic>R. dominica</ce:italic> adults, while varieties with wide, stout grains were more resistant. Finally, we ran another resistance assay comparing single varieties to mixes of two varieties. We found that varietal mixes generally did not create any sort of associational resistance or susceptibility, expect in one instance. Mixes containing Jazzman 2 and CL151 received less damage from <ce:italic>R. dominica</ce:italic> adults and larvae than would be expected from the mixture. By understanding stored rice varietal resistance, growers can better anticipate pest impacts. Moreover, by understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance, resistant varieties can be more easily selected and bred to prevent insect infestation.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107091
H. Sharghi, N. Eivazian Kary, D. Mohammadi
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are promising biological control agents against various insect pests. However, one major limitation to their commercial use is their limited shelf life during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating a super absorbent polymer (A200) into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) formulations of infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae on its shelf life over a six-month period at two-month intervals. The experiment was designed as a factorial design, examining the combined effects of varying concentrations of super-absorbent polymer (2% and 4% v/v), EPN concentration (4 × 104 and 8 × 104/mL), and type of antimicrobial agent (formaldehyde 0.2% or sorbic acid 0.25%) on the shelf life of the CMC-based formulation. Our findings indicate that the type of antimicrobial agent significantly affects EPN survival rates during storage. By the end of the second month, the survival rate of non-antimicrobial treated samples had decreased sharply (≤0.2%). Notably, the highest survival rate (91.50%) was observed in the CMC formulation containing 4 × 10³ IJ/mL of nematodes loaded with 2% super-absorbent polymer and treated with formaldehyde. Moreover, our data suggest that the CMC-based formulation containing 4 × 104 IJ/mL of IJs, 4% super-absorbent polymer, and sorbic acid as an antimicrobial agent exhibits superior shelf life for extended storage periods at room temperature. Additionally, we found no significant decrease in EPN virulence towards fourth instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella after six months of storage. Overall, this study underscores the intricate interplay between formulated IJs concentration and abiotic factors, such as super absorbent concentration and antimicrobial agents, in influencing the stability of EPN formulations. It offers valuable insights for developing more effective and longer-lasting EPN-based products.
{"title":"Enhancing the shelf life of entomopathogenic nematodes formulation: The impact of super absorbent polymer and infective juveniles concentration","authors":"H. Sharghi, N. Eivazian Kary, D. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107091","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are promising biological control agents against various insect pests. However, one major limitation to their commercial use is their limited shelf life during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating a super absorbent polymer (A200) into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) formulations of infective juveniles (IJs) of <ce:italic>Steinernema carpocapsae</ce:italic> on its shelf life over a six-month period at two-month intervals. The experiment was designed as a factorial design, examining the combined effects of varying concentrations of super-absorbent polymer (2% and 4% v/v), EPN concentration (4 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">4</ce:sup> and 8 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">4</ce:sup>/mL), and type of antimicrobial agent (formaldehyde 0.2% or sorbic acid 0.25%) on the shelf life of the CMC-based formulation. Our findings indicate that the type of antimicrobial agent significantly affects EPN survival rates during storage. By the end of the second month, the survival rate of non-antimicrobial treated samples had decreased sharply (≤0.2%). Notably, the highest survival rate (91.50%) was observed in the CMC formulation containing 4 × 10³ IJ/mL of nematodes loaded with 2% super-absorbent polymer and treated with formaldehyde. Moreover, our data suggest that the CMC-based formulation containing 4 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">4</ce:sup> IJ/mL of IJs, 4% super-absorbent polymer, and sorbic acid as an antimicrobial agent exhibits superior shelf life for extended storage periods at room temperature. Additionally, we found no significant decrease in EPN virulence towards fourth instar larvae of <ce:italic>Anagasta kuehniella</ce:italic> after six months of storage. Overall, this study underscores the intricate interplay between formulated IJs concentration and abiotic factors, such as super absorbent concentration and antimicrobial agents, in influencing the stability of EPN formulations. It offers valuable insights for developing more effective and longer-lasting EPN-based products.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107090
Yasser Alramadan, Mehmet Mamay, Shahid Farooq
Climate change and increasing global trade are facilitating species’ introduction and establishment outside their native ranges. Predicting likely introductions and spread areas could help to lower the introduction and spread risk of new species through biosecurity measures. The citrus long-horned beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) is a polyphagous species native to Asia and causes significant damage to several tree species. Anoplophora chinensis (ANOLCN hereafter) has been introduced and spread to various geographical regions, including Türkiye. It is regulated as a quarantine pest in Türkiye; however, continuous range expansion is being observed in the country. This study predicted habitat suitability of ANOLCN in Türkiye under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios by using optimized MaxEnt model. The MaxEnt model was trained and tested with 606 global occurrence records and 13 bioclimatic variables (bio1, bio2, bio3, bio4, bio5, bio6, bio8, bio9, bio12, bio13, bio14, bio15, and bio17). Habitat suitability was predicted for current (1979–2000), and future (2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080 and 2081–2100) periods. The model predicted habitat suitability with high accuracy (AUC >0.97). Annual mean temperature (bio1), mean diurnal range (bio2), temperature seasonality (bio4), and precipitation of wettest month (bio13) were predicted as the most important variables affecting habitat suitability of ANOLCN. Results indicated that western and eastern coastal areas of Black Sea region, and some coastal areas in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have highly suitable habitats for ANOLCN. Highly suitable habitat will expand by 5.99–69.33% under SSP1-2.6 and 13.31–45.78% under SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios compared to current climate. The areas with highly suitable habitat have intensive citrus, hazelnut and olive cultivations, indicating higher and stronger ANOLCN infestation in the future. Therefore, timely and effective management strategies, including strict quarantine regulations are needed to combat the ecological and economic threats posed by ANOLCN in the future.
{"title":"Increased spread risk of citrus long-horned beetle [Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)] under climate change in Türkiye: Implications for management","authors":"Yasser Alramadan, Mehmet Mamay, Shahid Farooq","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107090","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and increasing global trade are facilitating species’ introduction and establishment outside their native ranges. Predicting likely introductions and spread areas could help to lower the introduction and spread risk of new species through biosecurity measures. The citrus long-horned beetle (<ce:italic>Anoplophora chinensis</ce:italic>) is a polyphagous species native to Asia and causes significant damage to several tree species. <ce:italic>Anoplophora chinensis</ce:italic> (ANOLCN hereafter) has been introduced and spread to various geographical regions, including Türkiye. It is regulated as a quarantine pest in Türkiye; however, continuous range expansion is being observed in the country. This study predicted habitat suitability of ANOLCN in Türkiye under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios by using optimized MaxEnt model. The MaxEnt model was trained and tested with 606 global occurrence records and 13 bioclimatic variables (bio1, bio2, bio3, bio4, bio5, bio6, bio8, bio9, bio12, bio13, bio14, bio15, and bio17). Habitat suitability was predicted for current (1979–2000), and future (2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080 and 2081–2100) periods. The model predicted habitat suitability with high accuracy (AUC >0.97). Annual mean temperature (bio1), mean diurnal range (bio2), temperature seasonality (bio4), and precipitation of wettest month (bio13) were predicted as the most important variables affecting habitat suitability of ANOLCN. Results indicated that western and eastern coastal areas of Black Sea region, and some coastal areas in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have highly suitable habitats for ANOLCN. Highly suitable habitat will expand by 5.99–69.33% under SSP1-2.6 and 13.31–45.78% under SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios compared to current climate. The areas with highly suitable habitat have intensive citrus, hazelnut and olive cultivations, indicating higher and stronger ANOLCN infestation in the future. Therefore, timely and effective management strategies, including strict quarantine regulations are needed to combat the ecological and economic threats posed by ANOLCN in the future.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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