Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107131
Mohamed El Aalaoui, Mohamed Sbaghi, Fouad Mokrini
Euphyllura olivina Costa (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) threatens olive crops, necessitating an understanding of temperature's impact on its development and reproduction for effective management. To investigate these effects, laboratory-based experiments were conducted under constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 40 °C. The egg incubation period decreased significantly with rising temperatures, from 12.7 days at 15 °C to 3.2 days at 40 °C. The longest lifespans were observed at 25 °C, with females averaging 46.8 days and males 38.6 days. The highest egg-to-adult survival rates were at 20 °C, with 20.0% for females and 17.5% for males. Preadult survival rates exhibited notable variability, with the highest survivorship of 38.0% observed at 20 °C. The maximum average number of eggs produced per female peaked at 242.6 at 25 °C, while daily fecundity was highest at 32 °C, averaging 9.0 eggs per female per day. The population growth parameters showed their most favorable values at 25 and 32 °C, with rm (0.033 and 0.050 d⁻1, respectively) and R₀ (31.53 and 25.3 offspring per female, respectively) being highest at these temperatures. The predicted fecundity of next generation (G2) and the population trend index (I) reached their highest values at 25 °C (1576.9 and 7.9, respectively), indicating optimal growth conditions at this temperature. The temperature thresholds for the complete pre-adult stage were estimated at 5.2 °C for females and 5.4 °C for males, with thermal constants of 769.2°-days (DD) for females and 714.3 DD for males. These findings indicate that the most favorable temperature range for the population growth of this pest falls between 25 and 32 °C.
{"title":"Effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of olive psyllid Euphyllura olivina Costa (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","authors":"Mohamed El Aalaoui, Mohamed Sbaghi, Fouad Mokrini","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107131","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Euphyllura olivina</ce:italic> Costa (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) threatens olive crops, necessitating an understanding of temperature's impact on its development and reproduction for effective management. To investigate these effects, laboratory-based experiments were conducted under constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 40 °C. The egg incubation period decreased significantly with rising temperatures, from 12.7 days at 15 °C to 3.2 days at 40 °C. The longest lifespans were observed at 25 °C, with females averaging 46.8 days and males 38.6 days. The highest egg-to-adult survival rates were at 20 °C, with 20.0% for females and 17.5% for males. Preadult survival rates exhibited notable variability, with the highest survivorship of 38.0% observed at 20 °C. The maximum average number of eggs produced per female peaked at 242.6 at 25 °C, while daily fecundity was highest at 32 °C, averaging 9.0 eggs per female per day. The population growth parameters showed their most favorable values at 25 and 32 °C, with <ce:italic>r</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>m</ce:italic></ce:inf> (0.033 and 0.050 d⁻<ce:sup loc=\"post\">1</ce:sup>, respectively) and <ce:italic>R</ce:italic>₀ (31.53 and 25.3 offspring per female, respectively) being highest at these temperatures. The predicted fecundity of next generation (G2) and the population trend index (I) reached their highest values at 25 °C (1576.9 and 7.9, respectively), indicating optimal growth conditions at this temperature. The temperature thresholds for the complete pre-adult stage were estimated at 5.2 °C for females and 5.4 °C for males, with thermal constants of 769.2°-days (DD) for females and 714.3 DD for males. These findings indicate that the most favorable temperature range for the population growth of this pest falls between 25 and 32 °C.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107129
R. Arockia Infant Paul, P. Murali Arthanari, Panneerselvam Peramaiyan, Virender Kumar, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan, R. Sabarivasan
Weeds pose a significant challenge to direct-seeded rice (DSR) as they hinder crop growth and yield. Farmers commonly use backpack sprayers (BS) for herbicide application to manage weeds. However, the manual application can be inconsistent, labor-intensive, and pose health risks to applicators. This research evaluates the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for herbicide application in management of weeds and assess labor, cost, and energy savings. A field trials were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during the kharif (August to November 2022) and rabi (December 2022 to March 2023) seasons. Treatments included UAV and BS application of pre-emergence (PRE), early post-emergence (EPOE), and post-emergence (POE) herbicides along with weed-free and weedy check plots. Results revealed that a single application of EPOE significantly reduced weed control efficiency (WCE) and recorded a yield reduction of 25–29% compared to sequential herbicide treatments. The combination of pretilachlor PRE followed by (fb) bispyribac sodium POE produced the highest grain yield in both application methods. Nevertheless, the UAV treatment yielded the highest net returns by reducing labor requirements (by 50%), application costs (by 18%), and total weed management costs (by 13%) compared to BS treatment. Furthermore, economic threshold analysis confirmed that the sequential application of herbicides through UAVs effectively balanced costs and yield gains. Additionally, UAV application significantly decreased the input energy, application time, and the energy required to produce 1 kg of rice compared to BS method. Our findings suggested that UAV application of herbicides, particularly the combination of pretilachlor PRE fb bispyribac sodium POE, is an effective weed control measure in DSR, while providing profitable yield, income, and energy returns for farmers. To conserve resources and effective weed management, UAVs can be serve as a viable alternative to conventional spraying systems for herbicide application in DSR.
{"title":"UAV-based herbicide application for efficient weed control and resource savings in direct-seeded rice","authors":"R. Arockia Infant Paul, P. Murali Arthanari, Panneerselvam Peramaiyan, Virender Kumar, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan, R. Sabarivasan","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107129","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds pose a significant challenge to direct-seeded rice (DSR) as they hinder crop growth and yield. Farmers commonly use backpack sprayers (BS) for herbicide application to manage weeds. However, the manual application can be inconsistent, labor-intensive, and pose health risks to applicators. This research evaluates the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for herbicide application in management of weeds and assess labor, cost, and energy savings. A field trials were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during the kharif (August to November 2022) and rabi (December 2022 to March 2023) seasons. Treatments included UAV and BS application of pre-emergence (PRE), early post-emergence (EPOE), and post-emergence (POE) herbicides along with weed-free and weedy check plots. Results revealed that a single application of EPOE significantly reduced weed control efficiency (WCE) and recorded a yield reduction of 25–29% compared to sequential herbicide treatments. The combination of pretilachlor PRE followed by (fb) bispyribac sodium POE produced the highest grain yield in both application methods. Nevertheless, the UAV treatment yielded the highest net returns by reducing labor requirements (by 50%), application costs (by 18%), and total weed management costs (by 13%) compared to BS treatment. Furthermore, economic threshold analysis confirmed that the sequential application of herbicides through UAVs effectively balanced costs and yield gains. Additionally, UAV application significantly decreased the input energy, application time, and the energy required to produce 1 kg of rice compared to BS method. Our findings suggested that UAV application of herbicides, particularly the combination of pretilachlor PRE fb bispyribac sodium POE, is an effective weed control measure in DSR, while providing profitable yield, income, and energy returns for farmers. To conserve resources and effective weed management, UAVs can be serve as a viable alternative to conventional spraying systems for herbicide application in DSR.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107120
S. Praveena, Rahul Jose, Shambhu Kumar, P. Sujanapal
Diospyros crumenata Thw. is an edible and economically vital critically endangered evergreen tree native to the Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. This study investigates the fungal pathogen Penicilliopsis clavariiformis, which has been found for the first time to cause significant seed damage in D. crumenata with a 40% seed rot disease incidence that severely impacts seed germination, characterised through molecular phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the ITS and tub2 genes, combined with cultural and morphological features. Pathogenicity tests conducted both in vivo and in vitro, together with the re-isolation and identification of the pathogen based on Koch's postulates, verified its pathogenic nature. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. clavariiformis causing seed rot to D. crumenata both in India and globally. This discovery emphasizes the urgent need for a holistic approach for seed disease management to safeguard D. crumenata, which plays a vital role in local ecosystems due to its high timber and nutritional fruit value.
{"title":"First report of Penicilliopsis clavariiformis causing seed rot in Diospyros crumenata based on morphological, pathological and molecular assessment","authors":"S. Praveena, Rahul Jose, Shambhu Kumar, P. Sujanapal","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107120","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Diospyros crumenata</ce:italic> Thw. is an edible and economically vital critically endangered evergreen tree native to the Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. This study investigates the fungal pathogen <ce:italic>Penicilliopsis clavariiformis</ce:italic>, which has been found for the first time to cause significant seed damage in <ce:italic>D. crumenata</ce:italic> with a 40% seed rot disease incidence that severely impacts seed germination, characterised through molecular phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the ITS and <ce:italic>tub2</ce:italic> genes, combined with cultural and morphological features. Pathogenicity tests conducted both <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic>, together with the re-isolation and identification of the pathogen based on Koch's postulates, verified its pathogenic nature. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <ce:italic>P. clavariiformis</ce:italic> causing seed rot to <ce:italic>D. crumenata</ce:italic> both in India and globally. This discovery emphasizes the urgent need for a holistic approach for seed disease management to safeguard <ce:italic>D. crumenata</ce:italic>, which plays a vital role in local ecosystems due to its high timber and nutritional fruit value.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late blight of tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, leads to substantial yield losses and significant reduction in crop production, if not managed effectively. Management of tomato late blight largely relies on chemical treatments, which poses a huge risk to the environment. Assuming that biological control is an alternative for late blight management, Trichoderma viride (Tv), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), Arka Microbial Consortium (Bc1) and PUSA Sampoorn Microbial Consortium (Bc2) in different combinations were evaluated in present investigation. Among all tested combinations of biocontrol agents, Pf + Bc1 + Tv + Bc2 was the most effective with lowest disease incidence (7.41 and 8.85 %) followed by Tv + Bc2 (10.01 and 11.52 %) during 2022-23 and 2023–24, respectively. During both years, biocontrol agents lowered the disease index by 33–72 % as compared to the control. Furthermore, application of Pf + Bc1 + Tv + Bc2 resulted in a marked reduction in the area under disease progress curve (71.7 and 73.4 %) and enhanced the tomato yield (32.9 and 35.5 %) significantly over control. Findings from the present study indicate that the integrated application of T. viride, P. fluorescens and microbial Consortia provides a highly effective and cost-efficient biocontrol strategy for managing late blight in tomato crops. This approach combines multiple beneficial microorganisms that work synergistically to suppress the disease, making it a sustainable and economically viable option for tomato growers.
{"title":"Field efficacy of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and consortia of microbial agents against tomato late blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in Indo-Gangetic Plain of Bihar","authors":"Abhishek Rana, Naveen Kumar, Ramakrishna Roy, Anupma Kumari, Ravikant Kumar, Anita Gautam, Sripriya Das","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107128","url":null,"abstract":"Late blight of tomato, caused by <ce:italic>Phytophthora infestans</ce:italic>, leads to substantial yield losses and significant reduction in crop production, if not managed effectively. Management of tomato late blight largely relies on chemical treatments, which poses a huge risk to the environment. Assuming that biological control is an alternative for late blight management, <ce:italic>Trichoderma viride</ce:italic> (Tv), <ce:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</ce:italic> (Pf), Arka Microbial Consortium (Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf>) and PUSA Sampoorn Microbial Consortium (Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>) in different combinations were evaluated in present investigation. Among all tested combinations of biocontrol agents, Pf + Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> + Tv + Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> was the most effective with lowest disease incidence (7.41 and 8.85 %) followed by Tv + Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> (10.01 and 11.52 %) during 2022-23 and 2023–24, respectively. During both years, biocontrol agents lowered the disease index by 33–72 % as compared to the control. Furthermore, application of Pf + Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> + Tv + Bc<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> resulted in a marked reduction in the area under disease progress curve (71.7 and 73.4 %) and enhanced the tomato yield (32.9 and 35.5 %) significantly over control. Findings from the present study indicate that the integrated application of <ce:italic>T. viride</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>P. fluorescens</ce:italic> and microbial Consortia provides a highly effective and cost-efficient biocontrol strategy for managing late blight in tomato crops. This approach combines multiple beneficial microorganisms that work synergistically to suppress the disease, making it a sustainable and economically viable option for tomato growers.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107127
Rodrimar Barboza Gonçalves, Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak, Mireli Trombin de Souza, Daniel Bernardi, Michele Trombin de Souza, Leandro do Prado Ribeiro, Ida Chapaval Pimentel, Emily Silva Araujo
Allelochemicals from Annona (Annonaceae) species can be a sustainable tool in the control of the European pepper moth, Duponchelia fovealis, a key pest of strawberry. In this study, we assessed the sublethal (LC25) effects of aqueous emulsions prepared from ethanolic seed extracts (ESA) of Annona mucosa and Annona sylvatica on reproductive parameters of D. fovealis and on its associated predator, Chrysoperla externa larvae. An annonin-based botanical insecticide (Anosom® 1 EC) and a chlorfenapyr-based synthetic insecticide (Pirate®) were used as positive controls. In addition, we evaluated the damages to the excretory and nervous systems of D. fovealis larvae by means of histological assessments. The toxicity of ESA prepared from A. mucosa (LC25) was lower than that of Anosom® 1 EC. Male longevity was inhibited when couples were exposed to Anosom® 1 EC, while males treated with ESA A. sylvatica showed the highest longevity. When males were exposed to ESA A. mucosa, a considerable reduction in the number of eggs was observed. In contrast, the number of eggs increased when males were exposed to Pirate®. No avoidance was observed when larvae were treated with ESA A. mucosa or Anosom® 1 EC, whereas for ESA A. sylvatica or Pirate® larvae were attracted. Concerning C. externa, ESA caused avoidance, but no behavioral interference was observed for Anosom® 1 EC, while attraction occurred for Pirate®. Histological alterations in larvae organs were observed when treated with ESA (LC25) from A. mucosa and A. sylvatica. Our results proved the potential of ESA, even at low concentrations, in the framework of D. fovealis integrated management.
来自Annona（Annonaceae）物种的异位化学物质可作为一种可持续的工具，用于控制草莓的主要害虫欧洲胡椒蛾（Duponchelia fovealis）。在这项研究中，我们评估了由粘膜胭脂虫和茜草胭脂虫的乙醇种子提取物（ESA）制备的水乳剂对欧洲胡椒夜蛾的繁殖参数及其相关天敌 Chrysoperla externa 幼虫的亚致死效应（LC25）。我们使用了以胭脂虫素为基础的植物杀虫剂（Anosom® 1 EC）和以氯虫苯甲酰胺为基础的合成杀虫剂（Pirate®）作为阳性对照。此外，我们还通过组织学评估的方法，评估了对交尾蝇幼虫的排泄系统和神经系统造成的损害。从A. 粘膜制备的ESA（LC25）的毒性低于Anosom® 1 EC。雄性个体在接触 Anosom® 1 EC 后寿命受到抑制，而使用 A. sylvatica ESA 处理的雄性个体寿命最长。当雄性暴露于ESA A. mucosa时，观察到卵的数量大大减少。相反，雄虫接触 Pirate® 时，卵的数量有所增加。用 ESA A. mucosa 或 Anosom® 1 EC 处理幼虫时，未观察到幼虫回避，而用 ESA A. sylvatica 或 Pirate® 处理幼虫时，幼虫被吸引。对于 C. externa，ESA 会导致幼虫回避，但 Anosom® 1 EC 不会造成行为干扰，而 Pirate® 则会吸引幼虫。用粘虫和蚜虫的ESA（LC25）处理幼虫器官时，可观察到组织学上的改变。我们的研究结果证明，即使在低浓度条件下，ESA 也有潜力用于 D. fovealis 的综合治理。
{"title":"Annona spp. derivatives: Sublethal effects and behavioral interference on the European pepper moth and an associated predator","authors":"Rodrimar Barboza Gonçalves, Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak, Mireli Trombin de Souza, Daniel Bernardi, Michele Trombin de Souza, Leandro do Prado Ribeiro, Ida Chapaval Pimentel, Emily Silva Araujo","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107127","url":null,"abstract":"Allelochemicals from <ce:italic>Annona</ce:italic> (Annonaceae) species can be a sustainable tool in the control of the European pepper moth, <ce:italic>Duponchelia fovealis</ce:italic>, a key pest of strawberry. In this study, we assessed the sublethal (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">25</ce:inf>) effects of aqueous emulsions prepared from ethanolic seed extracts (ESA) of <ce:italic>Annona mucosa</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Annona sylvatica</ce:italic> on reproductive parameters of <ce:italic>D. fovealis</ce:italic> and on its associated predator, <ce:italic>Chrysoperla externa</ce:italic> larvae. An annonin-based botanical insecticide (Anosom® 1 EC) and a chlorfenapyr-based synthetic insecticide (Pirate®) were used as positive controls. In addition, we evaluated the damages to the excretory and nervous systems of <ce:italic>D. fovealis</ce:italic> larvae by means of histological assessments. The toxicity of ESA prepared from <ce:italic>A. mucosa</ce:italic> (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">25</ce:inf>) was lower than that of Anosom® 1 EC. Male longevity was inhibited when couples were exposed to Anosom® 1 EC, while males treated with ESA <ce:italic>A. sylvatica</ce:italic> showed the highest longevity. When males were exposed to ESA <ce:italic>A. mucosa</ce:italic>, a considerable reduction in the number of eggs was observed. In contrast, the number of eggs increased when males were exposed to Pirate®. No avoidance was observed when larvae were treated with ESA <ce:italic>A. mucosa</ce:italic> or Anosom® 1 EC, whereas for ESA <ce:italic>A. sylvatica</ce:italic> or Pirate® larvae were attracted. Concerning <ce:italic>C. externa</ce:italic>, ESA caused avoidance, but no behavioral interference was observed for Anosom® 1 EC, while attraction occurred for Pirate®. Histological alterations in larvae organs were observed when treated with ESA (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">25</ce:inf>) from <ce:italic>A. mucosa</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>A. sylvatica</ce:italic>. Our results proved the potential of ESA, even at low concentrations, in the framework of <ce:italic>D. fovealis</ce:italic> integrated management.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107126
Pamela C. Mwikali, Lizzy A. Mwamburi, Simon Peter Musinguzi
The Horn of Africa has witnessed an episodic upsurge in invasion by desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål). In Kenya, unusually larger swarms of desert locust were reported in 2019 and 2020. Entomopathogenic fungi, specifically the genus Beauveria, a cosmopolitan teleomorphic and anamorphic group of fungi, effectively control several insect pests. However, there is less information concerning their morphological and molecular characteristics and potential pathogenic characteristics on desert locust during upsurge in the more vulnerable regions of the Horn of Africa. In this study, we characterized isolates of Beauveria bassiana from two agro-ecological zones (Isiolo and Laikipia Counties) in Northern Kenya through morphological and molecular techniques and test their potential pathogenicity against adult desert locust. Samples were isolated using the Galleria bait method and cultured on solid Sabourand Dextrose Agar Yeast (SDAY). A total of 24 isolates were identified in 120 soil samples based on morphological characteristics such as colour of the colony, colony shapes, elevation, and shapes of the conidia. Seven isolates were positively identified using genetic technique based on rDNA-ITS regions. The isolates growth rates ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 mm/day with marked significant differences (P < 0.05). All isolates of B. bassiana were pathogenic to S. gregaria in cages, causing mortality ranging from 63 to 100% after 14 days post-inoculation. This study demonstrated variations in characteristics of B. bassiana isolates from a region heavily infested with desert locust, with potential high pathogenicity of the fungi on the insect pest.
{"title":"Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) isolated from soils in Northern Kenya against desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)","authors":"Pamela C. Mwikali, Lizzy A. Mwamburi, Simon Peter Musinguzi","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107126","url":null,"abstract":"The Horn of Africa has witnessed an episodic upsurge in invasion by desert locust (<ce:italic>Schistocerca gregaria</ce:italic> Forskål). In Kenya, unusually larger swarms of desert locust were reported in 2019 and 2020. Entomopathogenic fungi, specifically the genus <ce:italic>Beauveria</ce:italic>, a cosmopolitan teleomorphic and anamorphic group of fungi, effectively control several insect pests. However, there is less information concerning their morphological and molecular characteristics and potential pathogenic characteristics on desert locust during upsurge in the more vulnerable regions of the Horn of Africa. In this study, we characterized isolates of <ce:italic>Beauveria bassiana</ce:italic> from two agro-ecological zones (Isiolo and Laikipia Counties) in Northern Kenya through morphological and molecular techniques and test their potential pathogenicity against adult desert locust. Samples were isolated using the <ce:italic>Galleria</ce:italic> bait method and cultured on solid Sabourand Dextrose Agar Yeast (SDAY). A total of 24 isolates were identified in 120 soil samples based on morphological characteristics such as colour of the colony, colony shapes, elevation, and shapes of the conidia. Seven isolates were positively identified using genetic technique based on rDNA-ITS regions. The isolates growth rates ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 mm/day with marked significant differences (<ce:italic>P</ce:italic> < 0.05). All isolates of <ce:italic>B. bassiana</ce:italic> were pathogenic to <ce:italic>S. gregaria</ce:italic> in cages, causing mortality ranging from 63 to 100% after 14 days post-inoculation. This study demonstrated variations in characteristics of <ce:italic>B. bassiana</ce:italic> isolates from a region heavily infested with desert locust, with potential high pathogenicity of the fungi on the insect pest.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107123
Tobias Reuter, Konstantin Nahrstedt, Lucas Wittstruck, Thomas Jarmer, Gabriele Broll, Dieter Trautz
Weeds are the major biotic source of yield losses with an average of 19–51 % yield decrease. Beside this negative effect, they are a food source and habitat for insects and reduce the risk of soil erosion. Due to the heterogeneous soil conditions within a field, the distribution of weeds is uneven and therefore a uniform regulation is not always necessary. Additionally, mechanical weeding can lead to crop injuries and decreases soil quality. Site-specific weed management can reduce the drawbacks of weeding regulation. Precision application of herbicides is well known and practiced, however for mechanical weeding this is not the case. Site-specific mechanical weeding was tested in a maize (Zea mays L.) trial in the northwest of Germany in 2021 and 2022. In this research, multispectral images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were used to detect weeds with an overall accuracy between 85 and 92 %. These images were used to generate application maps. Two weed control thresholds, based on the weed cover (WC) and relative weed cover (RWC) with three threshold levels each were compared with uniform weeding. In 2021, higher maize yields (1879 g m−2 to 533 g m−2) and lower weed biomass (1151 g m−2 to 731 g m−2) were observed due to higher precipitation than in 2022. The different treatments did differ neither in maize yield nor in weed biomass. However, significantly less area was hoed in the site-specific treatments (−58 %), especially the treatments based on the RWC (−83 %). This study shows the potential of site-specific mechanical weed management and the RWC as weed control thresholds to promote biodiversity and reduce negative effect of weeding.
{"title":"Site-specific mechanical weed management in maize (Zea mays) in North-West Germany","authors":"Tobias Reuter, Konstantin Nahrstedt, Lucas Wittstruck, Thomas Jarmer, Gabriele Broll, Dieter Trautz","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107123","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds are the major biotic source of yield losses with an average of 19–51 % yield decrease. Beside this negative effect, they are a food source and habitat for insects and reduce the risk of soil erosion. Due to the heterogeneous soil conditions within a field, the distribution of weeds is uneven and therefore a uniform regulation is not always necessary. Additionally, mechanical weeding can lead to crop injuries and decreases soil quality. Site-specific weed management can reduce the drawbacks of weeding regulation. Precision application of herbicides is well known and practiced, however for mechanical weeding this is not the case. Site-specific mechanical weeding was tested in a maize (<ce:italic>Zea mays</ce:italic> L.) trial in the northwest of Germany in 2021 and 2022. In this research, multispectral images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were used to detect weeds with an overall accuracy between 85 and 92 %. These images were used to generate application maps. Two weed control thresholds, based on the weed cover (WC) and relative weed cover (RWC) with three threshold levels each were compared with uniform weeding. In 2021, higher maize yields (1879 g m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> to 533 g m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>) and lower weed biomass (1151 g m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> to 731 g m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>) were observed due to higher precipitation than in 2022. The different treatments did differ neither in maize yield nor in weed biomass. However, significantly less area was hoed in the site-specific treatments (−58 %), especially the treatments based on the RWC (−83 %). This study shows the potential of site-specific mechanical weed management and the RWC as weed control thresholds to promote biodiversity and reduce negative effect of weeding.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The excessive use of herbicides and the continuous growth of weeds pose a severe threat to agricultural production while also presenting potential environmental and public health risks. Site-Specific Weed Management effectively addresses this issue but relies heavily on real-time and accurate weed detection algorithms. This study innovatively proposed a new training strategy (TASA) to develop a lightweight weed detection algorithm based on YOLOv5. The heart of TASA's innovation was to alleviate information conflicts among multiple distillation techniques and between distillation techniques and student models and to stop distillation at the appropriate time. We used channel pruning technology to compress the model volume and introduced Knowledge Distillation (KD) during fine-tuning to recover the model performance maximally. Concurrently, TASA was used to coordinate multiple distillation techniques to assist in recovering the model training. The experimental results indicated that the volume of the Optimized YOLOv5s was reduced by 79.2% compared to the YOLOv5s, while the mean Average Precision (mAP) and F1-score (F1) reached 97.4% and 95.1%, respectively, with only decreased by 1.2% and 1.5%. Additionally, the detection speed on the CPU increased by 86.64%, reaching 38.423 frames per second (FPS). Meanwhile, we had also developed an online detection system based on PyQt5 and deployed it on Raspberry Pi. The system detected weeds in real-time, achieving a mAP of 96.3% and an FPS of 25.521 when the input image resolution was 416 × 416.
{"title":"A new training strategy: Coordinating distillation techniques for training lightweight weed detection model","authors":"Peng Zhou, Yangxin Zhu, Chengqian Jin, Yixiang Gu, Yinuo Kong, Yazhou Ou, Xiang Yin, Shanshan Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107124","url":null,"abstract":"The excessive use of herbicides and the continuous growth of weeds pose a severe threat to agricultural production while also presenting potential environmental and public health risks. Site-Specific Weed Management effectively addresses this issue but relies heavily on real-time and accurate weed detection algorithms. This study innovatively proposed a new training strategy (TASA) to develop a lightweight weed detection algorithm based on YOLOv5. The heart of TASA's innovation was to alleviate information conflicts among multiple distillation techniques and between distillation techniques and student models and to stop distillation at the appropriate time. We used channel pruning technology to compress the model volume and introduced Knowledge Distillation (KD) during fine-tuning to recover the model performance maximally. Concurrently, TASA was used to coordinate multiple distillation techniques to assist in recovering the model training. The experimental results indicated that the volume of the Optimized YOLOv5s was reduced by 79.2% compared to the YOLOv5s, while the mean Average Precision (<ce:italic>mAP</ce:italic>) and F1-score (<ce:italic>F</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf>) reached 97.4% and 95.1%, respectively, with only decreased by 1.2% and 1.5%. Additionally, the detection speed on the CPU increased by 86.64%, reaching 38.423 frames per second (<ce:italic>FP</ce:italic>S). Meanwhile, we had also developed an online detection system based on PyQt5 and deployed it on Raspberry Pi. The system detected weeds in real-time, achieving a <ce:italic>mAP</ce:italic> of 96.3% and an <ce:italic>FPS</ce:italic> of 25.521 when the input image resolution was 416 × 416.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diseases of tea leaves have a significant impact on their quality and yield, making the rapid identification of leaf diseases in tea crucial for prevention and control. We propose an LBPAttNet model, incorporating a lightweight coordinate attention mechanism into ResNet18 to enhance disease localization and reduce background interference. Furthermore, we employ the local binary patterns (LBP) algorithm to further extract local structural and textural features of tea leaf diseases, and integrate deep features to obtain a more comprehensive feature representation. Additionally, we utilize the focal loss function to alleviate the issues of class imbalance and varying difficulty levels in tea leaf disease, thereby further enhancing the accuracy of tea disease recognition. Our model achieves an accuracy of 92.78% and 98.13% on two publicly available tea disease datasets, surpassing ResNet18 by 3.84% and 2.59% respectively. Compared to traditional algorithms such as AlexNet, GoogleNet, MobileNet, VGG16, and other tea disease recognition algorithms, our model also shows significant improvements. These results highlight the superior performance and robustness of our model.
{"title":"Tea leaf disease recognition using attention convolutional neural network and handcrafted features","authors":"Peng Wu, Jinlan Liu, Mingfu Jiang, Li Zhang, Shining Ding, Kewang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107118","url":null,"abstract":"The diseases of tea leaves have a significant impact on their quality and yield, making the rapid identification of leaf diseases in tea crucial for prevention and control. We propose an LBPAttNet model, incorporating a lightweight coordinate attention mechanism into ResNet18 to enhance disease localization and reduce background interference. Furthermore, we employ the local binary patterns (LBP) algorithm to further extract local structural and textural features of tea leaf diseases, and integrate deep features to obtain a more comprehensive feature representation. Additionally, we utilize the focal loss function to alleviate the issues of class imbalance and varying difficulty levels in tea leaf disease, thereby further enhancing the accuracy of tea disease recognition. Our model achieves an accuracy of 92.78% and 98.13% on two publicly available tea disease datasets, surpassing ResNet18 by 3.84% and 2.59% respectively. Compared to traditional algorithms such as AlexNet, GoogleNet, MobileNet, VGG16, and other tea disease recognition algorithms, our model also shows significant improvements. These results highlight the superior performance and robustness of our model.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acaricidal activity and efficacy of oxymatrine-based commercial biopesticide on the peanut red spider mite Tetranychus ogmophallos Ferreira and Flechtmann, 1997 were assessed under laboratory, semi-field, and field conditions. In the laboratory, the oxymatrine-based biopesticide provided high acute toxicity for T. ogmophallos larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adult females, in a manner dependent on the concentration, developmental stage, and exposure time of mites to residues. Among the mite developmental stages, T. ogmophallos larvae were more susceptible to the biopesticide than adult females. The biopesticide also reduced fecundity and fertility, induced a low ovicidal effect, and provided a high repellent activity against T. ogmophallos. In semi-field, the biopesticide showed a short biological persistence [mortality >80% up to 1 day after spraying (DAS)] compared to the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin (mortality >80% up to 3 DAS). At 7 and 10 DAS, no significant mite mortality was observed on peanut plants treated with biopesticide compared to the control. However, the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin caused mortality greater than 40% up to 10 DAS. In the field, the biopesticide showed high effectiveness in controlling the mite population, with a similar efficacy to the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin. Therefore, the oxymatrine-based biopesticide constitutes an important management tool to be used in rotation with synthetic acaricides for population suppression of T. ogmophallos in conventional peanut crops or as an effective measure for controlling peanut red spider mite in organic peanut crops.
{"title":"Acaricidal activity and efficacy of oxymatrine-based biopesticide against peanut red spider mite","authors":"Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi, Felipe Belegante, Camila Moresco, Tiago Miqueloto, Mateus Tramontin, Aquidauana Miqueloto Zanardi","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107121","url":null,"abstract":"The acaricidal activity and efficacy of oxymatrine-based commercial biopesticide on the peanut red spider mite <ce:italic>Tetranychus ogmophallos</ce:italic> Ferreira and Flechtmann, 1997 were assessed under laboratory, semi-field, and field conditions. In the laboratory, the oxymatrine-based biopesticide provided high acute toxicity for <ce:italic>T. ogmophallos</ce:italic> larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adult females, in a manner dependent on the concentration, developmental stage, and exposure time of mites to residues. Among the mite developmental stages, <ce:italic>T. ogmophallos</ce:italic> larvae were more susceptible to the biopesticide than adult females. The biopesticide also reduced fecundity and fertility, induced a low ovicidal effect, and provided a high repellent activity against <ce:italic>T. ogmophallos</ce:italic>. In semi-field, the biopesticide showed a short biological persistence [mortality >80% up to 1 day after spraying (DAS)] compared to the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin (mortality >80% up to 3 DAS). At 7 and 10 DAS, no significant mite mortality was observed on peanut plants treated with biopesticide compared to the control. However, the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin caused mortality greater than 40% up to 10 DAS. In the field, the biopesticide showed high effectiveness in controlling the mite population, with a similar efficacy to the synthetic acaricide fenpropathrin. Therefore, the oxymatrine-based biopesticide constitutes an important management tool to be used in rotation with synthetic acaricides for population suppression of <ce:italic>T. ogmophallos</ce:italic> in conventional peanut crops or as an effective measure for controlling peanut red spider mite in organic peanut crops.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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