Cryogenics最新文献_第10页

Numerical investigation of the performance and gas flow characteristics of a novel low-temperature-driven multistage Knudsen pump 一种新型低温驱动多级克努森泵性能及气体流动特性的数值研究

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104215

Tiantian Xiao , Yi Liao , Xuming Liu , Changzhao Pan

The Knudsen pump, which operates based on the thermal transpiration effect and contains no moving parts, offers a promising solution for microfluidic transport. Its ability to function at low temperatures is particularly advantageous for applications such as hydrogen transportation, which help mitigate leakage risks, and space cryogenic systems, which require high reliability and compact design. This paper develops a numerical model of the low-temperature-driven Knudsen pump (LT-KP) based on the Navier-Stokes equations, incorporating velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions. The model simulates and evaluates the pressurization performance and the internal gas flow characteristics of the Knudsen pump over a temperature range extending from liquid nitrogen to room temperature. The simulation results indicate that a single-stage LT-KP can achieve a compression ratio of 1.02 under a temperature gradient of 223 K and an initial pressure of 1 atm. The study further investigates the impact of structural and operational parameters, including the number of stages, temperature gradients, gas rarefaction degree, microchannel dimensions, and gas types. More importantly, a design scheme for a closed-cycle dilution refrigerator incorporating LT-KP is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the 10-stage LT-KP, driven by the cascaded temperature gradients of 4 K-40 K and 40 K-300 K, can achieve pressurization from 5 mbar to 200 mbar. This research addresses the knowledge gap regarding Knudsen pump operation in cryogenic environments and provides valuable guidance for its application in refrigeration systems.

Knudsen泵基于热蒸腾效应运行，不包含任何运动部件，为微流体输送提供了一个有前途的解决方案。它在低温下工作的能力对于氢运输和空间低温系统等应用特别有利，这有助于降低泄漏风险，这需要高可靠性和紧凑的设计。基于Navier-Stokes方程，考虑速度滑移和温度跳变边界条件，建立了低温驱动Knudsen泵（LT-KP）的数值模型。该模型模拟和评估了从液氮到室温温度范围内Knudsen泵的增压性能和内部气体流动特性。仿真结果表明，在223 K的温度梯度和1 atm的初始压力下，单级LT-KP可以实现1.02的压缩比。该研究进一步研究了结构和操作参数的影响，包括级数、温度梯度、气体稀薄度、微通道尺寸和气体类型。更重要的是，提出了一种含有LT-KP的闭式循环稀释制冷机的设计方案。仿真结果表明，在4 K-40 K和40 K-300 K的级联温度梯度驱动下，10级LT-KP可以实现5 mbar到200 mbar的增压。本研究解决了关于克努森泵在低温环境中运行的知识差距，并为其在制冷系统中的应用提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

A HTS-MI magnet cooled by neon pulsating heat pipes system 氖气脉动热管冷却高温超导磁体

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104214

Tisha Dixit, Thibault Lecrevisse, Gilles Authelet, Matthias Durochat, Vadim Stepanov, Emeric Benoist, Antomne Caunes, Théophile Benoit, Bruno Maloeuvre, Edouard Pepinter, Philippe Fazilleau, Bertrand Baudouy

This paper reports the development and the successful testing of the first operational high-temperature superconductor (HTS) magnet cooled with a single two-stage cryocooler using two cryogenic pulsating heat pipes (PHP) as thermal links. The superconducting magnet is a metal-as-insulation (MI) REBCO double-pancake “10 T class magnet” built in-house and was operated at neon temperature (around 30 K). The superconducting magnet, the current leads, the cryogenic cooling system and scheme, the pulsating heat pipes and the overall experimental facility are detailed in length. The operational working limit, quench, alternating current (AC) losses and heat dissipation evaluations as well as constant current stability tests were performed and are methodically discussed. A maximum magnetic field of 4.24 T was reached during ramp-up, while a field of 1.72 T was maintained in direct current (DC) conditions for more than six hours with the neon PHPs evidently active. Numerous tests have verified that the cryogenic system, which includes the cryocooler, PHPs, thermal links and power regulation system, is sufficiently dynamic to cope with the transient heat generated by the superconducting magnet. The AC tests demonstrated that this test setup, with the aid of cryogenic PHPs and its power regulation system, can serve as an evaluation tool for power dissipation due to AC losses.

本文报道了用两个低温脉动热管（PHP）作为热链路，研制并成功测试了第一台用单级制冷机冷却的高温超导体（HTS）磁体。超导磁体是内部建造的金属绝缘（MI） REBCO双层煎饼“10 T级磁体”，并在氖温度（约30 K）下运行。详细介绍了超导磁体、电流引线、低温冷却系统和方案、脉动热管以及整个实验装置。进行了运行极限、猝灭、交流损耗和散热评估以及恒流稳定性测试，并进行了系统的讨论。在加速过程中达到了4.24 T的最大磁场，而在直流条件下保持了1.72 T的磁场超过6小时，氖PHPs明显活跃。大量的试验已经证实，低温系统，包括低温冷却器、PHPs、热链路和功率调节系统，具有足够的动态能力来应对超导磁体产生的瞬态热量。交流试验表明，该试验装置在低温PHPs及其功率调节系统的帮助下，可以作为交流损耗功耗的评估工具。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental method for modelling the off-state thermodynamics of a cryocooler 一种模拟制冷机非状态热力学的实验方法

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104203

Koen Lotze, Jurgen Rietberg, Marcel ter Brake

We present a method for modelling the thermodynamic behaviour of a cryocooler in the case of intermittent operation of the cooler. Such intermittent operation can, for instance, be applied to prevent cooler interference when cooling ultra-sensitive devices. In this case, the cooler is switched off during actual operation of these devices. Since these devices usually are sensitive to temperature variations, it is important to know the thermal response of the cooler when switching it on and off. Our approach in predicting this response is based on simple

RC

modelling of the separate cooler stages, in which the thermal resistance

R

and the heat capacity

C

are considered temperature dependent. In order to determine these dependencies, the cooler is characterized in warm-up experiments where the cold-stage temperatures are recorded as functions of time. In the paper, we present our modelling approach and the method to derive the model parameters from the warm-up experiments. The presented methodology is illustrated by experiments performed with a commercial two-stage cryocooler.

我们提出了一种方法，模拟在冷却器的间歇操作的情况下，低温冷却器的热力学行为。例如，这种间歇操作可以应用于在冷却超敏感设备时防止冷却器干扰。在这种情况下，在这些设备的实际操作期间，冷却器是关闭的。由于这些设备通常对温度变化很敏感，因此了解冷却器在打开和关闭时的热响应是很重要的。我们预测这种反应的方法是基于单独冷却器阶段的简单RC模型，其中热阻R和热容C被认为与温度有关。为了确定这些依赖关系，冷却器在预热实验中具有特征，其中冷阶段温度记录为时间的函数。在本文中，我们提出了我们的建模方法和从预热实验中推导模型参数的方法。用商用两级制冷机进行的实验说明了所提出的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative regasification thermal-hydraulics performance analyses of supercritical methane in tubes with different structures 超临界甲烷在不同结构管道中再气化热工性能对比分析

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104226

Zhipeng Chen , Haokang Deng , Yizhong Wu , Kang Wang , Changliang Han

Liquefied natural gas vaporizers serve as prominent regasification equipment in engineering receiving terminals. Nevertheless, the lack of comparative data and dimensionless correlations hinders the optimization of heat exchanger tubes for vaporizers. In this paper, the comprehensive regasification thermal-hydraulics performance of supercritical methane (S-CH₄) in tubes with different structures—straight tube (ST), helical tube (HT) and coil tube (CT) is analyzed using computational fluid dynamics simulation methods. The variations of regasification thermodynamic parameters of S-CH₄ in ST, HT and CT are revealed. The effects of the ratio of heat flux to mass flux, pressure, buoyancy and gravity on the regasification heat transfer of S-CH₄ are also studied. Notably, the progressive supercritical boundary layer theory is adopted to explain performance differences. The key findings show that the curvature-induced centrifugal forces in HT and CT disrupt the symmetry of regasification kinetic parameters, enhancing the heat transfer coefficient by 28.5 % and 30.4 % compared to ST. As pressure increases, geometry-induced turbulence gradually diminishes relative to specific heat-driven thermal transport. ST exhibits the largest hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness with the upper part of 2.72 mm and the lower part of 1.74 mm due to buoyancy-driven stratification. ST demonstrates higher quantitative vorticity magnitudes in the boundary layer compared to HT and CT. Finally, three new dimensionless correlations incorporating a pseudo-boiling K number are respectively developed for S-CH₄ in ST, HT and CT, yielding the expression of Nu_b = CRe_bⁿ¹Pr_bⁿ²Kⁿ³. The negative exponents (−0.0714, −0.0729 and −0.0549) for K number can effectively clarify enhanced regasification heat transfer of S-CH₄ at elevated pressures. These findings can provide valuable insights for designing heat exchange tubes of vaporizers.

液化天然气汽化器是工程接收站中重要的再气化设备。然而，缺乏比较数据和无量纲相关性阻碍了汽化器热交换器管的优化。本文采用计算流体力学模拟方法，对超临界甲烷（S-CH4）在直管（ST）、螺旋管（HT）和盘管（CT）三种不同结构的管道中综合再气化热水力性能进行了分析。揭示了S-CH4在ST、HT和CT中再气化热力学参数的变化规律。研究了热通量比、压力、浮力和重力对S-CH4再气化换热的影响。值得注意的是，采用了渐进超临界边界层理论来解释性能差异。研究结果表明，高温和连续油管中曲率离心力破坏了再气化动力学参数的对称性，使换热系数比高温分别提高了28.5%和30.4%。随着压力的增加，几何诱导的湍流相对于比热驱动的热输运逐渐减小。由于浮力驱动的分层作用，ST区水动力边界层厚度最大，上部为2.72 mm，下部为1.74 mm。与高温和CT相比，ST在边界层中显示出更高的定量涡量。最后，对S-CH4在ST、HT和CT中分别建立了包含伪沸腾K数的三个新的无量纲相关性，得到了Nub = CRebn1Prbn2Kn3的表达。K值的负指数（- 0.0714,- 0.0729和- 0.0549）可以有效地解释S-CH4在高压下的强化再气化换热。这些发现可以为蒸发器换热管的设计提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study of liquid–vapor separation of cryogenic propellants under a ground-based magnetic compensation microgravity environment 地面磁补偿微重力环境下低温推进剂液汽分离实验研究

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104232

Ran Xu , Wubing Miao , Mingkun Xiao , Qingtai Cao , Yonghua Huang , Jingyi Wu , Guang Yang

Efficient gas–liquid separation of cryogenic propellants under microgravity is a critical prerequisite for ensuring their stable delivery in space applications. Nevertheless, the scarcity of experimental data at cryogenic temperatures in microgravity has left the associated mechanisms insufficiently understood. In this study, a ground-based experimental system was developed based on the principle of magnetic compensation, using liquid oxygen (LOX) as the working fluid to investigate gas–liquid separation under variable gravity conditions. The dynamics of gas bubbles in LOX and the separation performance of woven metal meshes under different gravity conditions were systematically examined. Using high-speed imaging and precise parameter measurements, the evolution of the gas–liquid interface in the presence of the mesh was analyzed, and the influence of inlet pressure on bubble behavior was further explored. Under the injection conditions with a bubble inlet temperature of 96 K, and the initial distance between bubble and mesh of 25 mm, the critical pressure difference for bubble passage increases from 0.03 MPa to 0.27 MPa when the gravity level decreases from 1 g₀ to 0.03 g₀. The bubble motion shifts from buoyancy-dominated to surface tension–dominated behavior, leading to lower rising velocities and longer residence times upstream of the mesh. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of efficient gas–liquid separation technologies for cryogenic propellants under micro- and reduced-gravity conditions.

低温推进剂在微重力条件下的高效气液分离是确保其在空间应用中稳定输送的关键前提。然而，由于缺乏在微重力下低温下的实验数据，人们对相关机制的理解还不够充分。本文基于磁补偿原理，以液氧（LOX）为工作流体，研制了一套地面实验系统，对变重力条件下气液分离进行了实验研究。系统研究了不同重力条件下液态氧中气泡的动力学特性和金属编织网的分离性能。利用高速成像和精确的参数测量，分析了有网格存在时气液界面的演化，并进一步探讨了进口压力对气泡行为的影响。在气泡入口温度为96 K，气泡与滤网初始距离为25 mm的喷射条件下，当重力从1 g减小到0.03 g时，气泡通过的临界压差从0.03 MPa增大到0.27 MPa。气泡运动由浮力主导转变为表面张力主导，导致上升速度降低，网格上游停留时间延长。这些发现为在微重力和失重条件下开发高效的低温推进剂气液分离技术提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of fatigue behavior on current-carrying capacity of laminated REBa2Cu3O7-x tapes in Liquid Nitrogen 液氮中疲劳行为对REBa2Cu3O7-x层合带载流性能的影响

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104235

Bin Li, Yue Wu, Dean Liu, Haoliang Xiang, Zhijian Jin, Yue Zhao

REBa₂Cu₃O_7−x tapes (REBCO) used in dynamic magnets are frequently exposed to cyclic mechanical stresses. However, the effect of fatigue loading on their performance remains insufficiently understood. This work investigates the influence of various fatigue conditions, including maximum stress, stress ratio (R ), fatigue frequency, and loading waveforms, on the current-carrying capacity of oxygen-free copper laminated REBCO tapes. Monotonic uniaxial tensile tests at in Liquid Nitrogen (LN₂) determined the tape’s irreversible stress (σ_irr) to be 396 MPa. After 10⁴ cycles of fatigue tests on laminated REBCO tapes, the I_c retention (I_c,rec/I_c0) remained ∼ 98.0 % under 95 % σ_irr and 100 % σ_irr loading, while it dropped to ∼ 95.0 % under 105 % σ_irr loading, indicating distinct damage mechanisms across stress regimes. Furthermore, lower R exacerbates fatigue-induced degradation of I_c, with the effect becoming more pronounced at higher maximum stress levels. Under extreme conditions (108 % σ_irr, R = 0.1), the I_c retention remained ∼ 95.0 % after 500 cycles at loading frequencies of 1 Hz and 5 Hz, but decreased to ∼ 89.8 % (1 Hz) and ∼ 90.3 % (5 Hz) after 10⁴ cycles. In contrast, I_c retention dropped to ∼ 93.5 % after just 500 cycles at 0.1 Hz, likely attributable to a more prolonged duration under maximum stress at lower frequencies. Additional 500-cycle tests (108 % σ_irr, R = 0.1, 0.1 Hz) using sinusoidal, triangular, and square waveforms showed comparable I_c retention (∼93.5 %) for sinusoidal/triangular waveforms, whereas the square waveform caused greater degradation (∼91.2 %), which is associated with longer peak-stress dwell time and sharper stress transition in the square waveform.

用于动态磁体的REBa2Cu3O7−x带（REBCO）经常暴露在循环机械应力下。然而，疲劳载荷对其性能的影响仍然没有得到充分的了解。本文研究了各种疲劳条件，包括最大应力、应力比(R)、疲劳频率和加载波形，对无氧铜层压REBCO带载流能力的影响。在液氮（LN2）中进行单调单轴拉伸试验，测得胶带的不可逆应力（σirr）为396 MPa。经过104次疲劳试验，在95% σirr和100% σirr载荷下，层合REBCO带的Ic保留率（Ic,rec/Ic0）保持在~ 98.0%，而在105% σirr载荷下，Ic保留率降至~ 95.0%，表明不同应力状态下的损伤机制不同。此外，较低的R加剧了疲劳诱导的Ic降解，在较高的最大应力水平下，这种影响变得更加明显。在极端条件下（108% σirr, R = 0.1），在1 Hz和5 Hz加载频率下，循环500次后，Ic保留率仍为~ 95.0%，但循环104次后，Ic保留率分别降至~ 89.8% （1 Hz）和~ 90.3% （5 Hz）。相比之下，在0.1 Hz下循环500次后，Ic保留率下降到93.5%，可能是由于在较低频率下的最大应力下持续时间更长。使用正弦、三角形和方形波形进行的额外500周测试（108% σirr, R = 0.1, 0.1 Hz）显示，正弦/三角形波形的Ic保留率相当（~ 93.5%），而方形波形的Ic保留率更大（~ 91.2%），这与方形波形中更长的峰值应力停留时间和更明显的应力转变有关。

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引用次数: 0

Crystal structure, magnetic phase transition and magnetocaloric effect in Fe2Hf1-xTax (x = 0.20–0.24) alloys Fe2Hf1-xTax （x = 0.20-0.24）合金的晶体结构、磁相变和磁热效应

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104188

Zeyu Zhang, Xinyu Ma, Yongfei Wang, Qi Shen

Fe₂(Hf,Ta) Laves phase alloys have attracted significant attention as promising magnetocaloric materials due to their rare-earth-free composition, tunable magnetoelastic transition temperatures in the cryogenic range, and low thermal hysteresis. This study investigates the magnetoelastic transition and magnetocaloric effect in high-Ta-content Fe₂Hf_1-_xTa_x alloys (x = 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.235, and 0.24). With increasing Ta content (0.20 ≤ x ≤ 0.23), the lattice parameters systematically decrease while the magnetic transition temperature shifts correspondingly from 170 K to approximately 70 K, covering the liquefaction temperature zones of natural gas. Distinct first-order magnetic phase transitions are observed at x = 0.20 and 0.22, terminating at the critical composition of x = 0.23. Notably, the x = 0.22 alloy exhibits a high magnetic entropy change of 2.44 J/(kg·K) at 84 K under a magnetic field change of 2 T.

Fe2(Hf,Ta) Laves相合金由于其无稀土成分、在低温范围内可调的磁弹性转变温度和低的热滞性，作为一种有前途的磁热材料受到了广泛的关注。本文研究了高ta含量Fe2Hf1-xTax合金（x = 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.235和0.24）的磁弹性转变和磁热效应。随着Ta含量的增加（0.20≤x≤0.23），晶格参数有系统地降低，磁转变温度相应从170 K上升到约70 K，覆盖了天然气的液化温度区。在x = 0.20和0.22处观察到明显的一阶磁相变，在x = 0.23的临界组成处终止。值得注意的是，x = 0.22合金在84 K时，在2 T的磁场变化下表现出2.44 J/（kg·K）的高磁熵变化。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative study of threshold voltage extraction methods for 55 nm CMOS technology at liquid helium temperature 55 nm CMOS工艺在液氦温度下阈值电压提取方法的比较研究

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104208

Gaohao Chen , Ao Tan , Cheng Wang , Jie Ning , Xueye Hu , Futian Liang , Xinzhe Wang , Jinhong Wang , Shubin Liu

Accurate determination of threshold voltage (

V_{th}

) is critical for MOSFET characterization and modeling, especially for emerging applications in cryogenic electronics, such as quantum computing and advanced scientific instrumentation. This paper presents a systematic comparative evaluation of multiple threshold voltage extraction methods applied to a commercial 55 nm bulk CMOS technology at liquid helium temperature (

\sim

4 K). We examine and adapt conventional extraction techniques—including Constant Current (CC), Linear Extrapolation (LE), Y-function (Yfunc), Transconductance Linear Extrapolation (GMLE), Second Derivative (SD), Third Derivative (TD), Transition-based (TM, NMID, NRH), and Transconductance-to-Current Ratio (TCR)-based methods—and assess their performance in terms of consistency, robustness against measurement noise, and applicability at cryogenic temperatures. Results indicate significant method-dependent variability in extracted threshold values at 4 K, reflecting fundamental differences in how each method handles cryogenic-specific effects such as dopant freeze-out and mobility variations. Through careful comparative analysis, we identify the most reliable and accurate extraction methods for low-temperature conditions, specifically SD, LE, TM, TD, GMLE, fitLE (fitted linear extrapolation), and Y-function, offering practical recommendations to improve device modeling accuracy and reliability for cryogenic CMOS circuits.

准确确定阈值电压（Vth）对于MOSFET的表征和建模至关重要，特别是对于低温电子领域的新兴应用，如量子计算和先进的科学仪器。本文提出了应用于商用55nm块体CMOS技术的多种阈值电压提取方法在液氦温度（~ 4 K）下的系统比较评估。我们研究并调整了传统的提取技术，包括恒流（CC）、线性外推（LE）、y函数（Yfunc）、跨导线性外推（GMLE）、二阶导数（SD）、三阶导数（TD）、基于过渡（TM、NMID、NRH）和基于跨导电流比（TCR）的方法，并评估了它们在一致性、对测量噪声的鲁棒性以及在低温下的适用性方面的性能。结果表明，在4 K时提取的阈值存在显著的方法依赖差异，反映了每种方法在处理掺杂剂冻结和迁移率变化等低温特异性效应方面的根本差异。通过仔细的对比分析，我们确定了在低温条件下最可靠和准确的提取方法，特别是SD， LE， TM， TD， GMLE, fitLE（拟合线性外推）和y函数，为提高低温CMOS电路的器件建模精度和可靠性提供了实用建议。

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引用次数: 0

Research on health monitoring of extreme low-temperature equipment 极低温设备健康监测研究

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104218

Haojian Su , Zekun Wang , Liancheng Xie , Mingyue Jiang

Full-lifecycle health monitoring of extreme low-temperature equipment heavily depends on the stability of the cryogenic mechanical behavior of core structural materials. Notably, Fe-Mn-C series high-manganese steels stand as key candidate material for extreme low-temperature scenarios at 4.2 K. To address three critical challenges for this material system—i.e., the lack of 4.2 K constitutive models, multi-scale modeling bottlenecks, and insufficient local monitoring—that directly limit its health monitoring, this study targets Fe-22 wt% Mn-1 wt% C-0.3 wt% Cu high-manganese austenitic steel to systematically investigate its 4.2 K constitutive behavior and microscale deformation mechanisms. The results are as follows: (1) At 4.2 K, the material exhibits a serrated stress–strain response in the plastic stage, characterized by “variable period, amplitude, and equilibrium position”; this behavior is dominated by the synergy of low-frequency (<60 Hz) dynamic strain aging (DSA) and mechanical twinning. (2) 4.2 K-adapted cryogenic digital image correlation (DIC) technology reveals that the material exhibits differentiated strain distributions across temperature ranges, providing direct visual evidence for risk zone localization in health monitoring. (3) Microscopic characterization confirms that the hierarchical twin structure at 4.2 K is the core mechanism sustaining the material’s strength-plasticity balance; based on this, a correlation model linking “macroscopic strain distribution and microscopic twin evolution” is established. Leveraging these results, this study establishes a foundational 4.2 K constitutive model incorporating DSA-twinning coupling terms. This model enables quantitative support for “stress-strain-failure risk” analysis in extreme low-temperature equipment health monitoring, facilitating the advancement of monitoring systems from “macroscopic evaluation” to “precision early warning”.

极低温设备的全生命周期健康监测在很大程度上取决于核心结构材料的低温力学行为的稳定性。值得注意的是，Fe-Mn-C系列高锰钢是4.2 K极端低温场景的关键候选材料。为了解决该材料系统面临的三个关键挑战，即：本研究以Fe-22 wt% Mn-1 wt% C-0.3 wt% Cu高锰奥氏体钢为研究对象，对其4.2 K本构行为和微尺度变形机制进行了系统研究。结果表明：(1)在4.2 K时，材料在塑性阶段表现出“变周期、变振幅、变平衡位置”的锯齿形应力应变响应；这种行为主要是低频（60 Hz）动态应变时效（DSA）和机械孪晶的协同作用。(2) 4.2 k适应低温数字图像相关（DIC）技术显示，材料在不同温度范围内呈现出不同的应变分布，为健康监测中的风险区域定位提供了直接的视觉证据。(3)微观表征证实了4.2 K时的分层孪晶结构是维持材料强度塑性平衡的核心机制；在此基础上，建立了“宏观应变分布与微观孪晶演化”的关联模型。利用这些结果，本研究建立了一个包含dsa -孪生耦合项的基础4.2 K本构模型。该模型可为极低温设备健康监测中的“应力-应变-失效风险”分析提供定量支持，促进监测系统从“宏观评价”向“精准预警”推进。

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引用次数: 0

Performance characterization of a 20 K, High-Capacity cryocooler for Cryo Fluid Management 性能表征的20 K，高容量制冷机的低温流体管理

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 Epub Date: 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104165

Kenneth J. Cragin, Mark V. Zagarola

Future NASA mission architectures for travel to and habitation of the Lunar and Martian surfaces will require the capability of zero-boil-off storage and liquefaction of hydrogen. To intercept the projected heat loads on the cryogen tanks or to liquefy, a high capacity cryocooler providing refrigeration at 20 K is required. In addition to the refrigeration requirements, high overall efficiency is required to remain within overall size and power constraints. Creare developed and recently demonstrated a high-capacity turbo-Brayton cryocooler to meet these requirements and to support future NASA mission initiatives. The cryocooler is a single-stage turbo-Brayton cryocooler designed to produce 20 W of refrigeration at 20 K and reject heat at 270–300 K. Thermodynamic characterization testing demonstrated up to 22.5 W of refrigeration at 22.7 K and up to 21.4 W of refrigeration at 20 K. The maximum cryocooler COP was 16 % of the Carnot cycle at a 285 K heat rejection temperature and the minimum specific power was 80 W/W. The cooling capacity and performance of this cryocooler are new benchmarks for 20 K cryocoolers for space. This paper reviews the thermodynamic performance characterization testing of the cryocooler.

未来NASA在月球和火星表面旅行和居住的任务架构将需要氢的零蒸发储存和液化能力。为了拦截在冷冻罐上的投影热负荷或液化，需要一个提供20 K制冷的高容量制冷机。除了制冷要求外，还需要在总体尺寸和功率限制内保持高整体效率。Creare开发并最近演示了一种高容量涡轮布雷顿制冷机，以满足这些要求，并支持未来NASA的任务计划。制冷机是单级涡轮-布雷顿制冷机，设计用于在20 K时产生20 W的制冷，并在270-300 K时排出热量。热力学表征测试表明，在22.7 K和20 K下，制冷功率分别为22.5 W和21.4 W。在285 K的排热温度下，制冷机的最大COP为卡诺循环的16%，最小比功率为80 W/W。该制冷机的制冷量和性能是空间20k制冷机的新基准。综述了低温冷却器的热力学性能表征试验。

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