Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of Tb and Zn doping effects on the microstructural and mechanical properties of YBCO-123 and YBCO-358 superconductors","authors":"O. Ozturk ,&nbsp;G. Güdücü ,&nbsp;E. Asikuzun Tokeser ,&nbsp;S. Kurnaz ,&nbsp;T. Seydioglu ,&nbsp;G. Yildirim ,&nbsp;S. Safran","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the microstructural and mechanical properties of copper-based superconducting systems synthesized via the sol–gel method-namely Y_1-xTb_xBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ, Y₁Ba₂Cu_3-xZn_xO_7-δ, Y_3-xTb_xBa₅Cu₈O_18-δ, and Y₃Ba₅Cu_8-xZn_xO_18-δ were comparatively investigated to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of terbium (Tb) and zinc (Zn) dopants on the structural integrity, crystal quality, and micromechanical strength of both Y_1-xTb_xBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ and Y_3-xTb_xBa₅Cu₈O_18-δ superconducting phases. X-ray diffraction (XRD) assessed crystal structure, phase purity, and dopant effects, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized particle size distribution, surface morphology, porosity, and potential phase separation. Vickers microhardness (H_v) testing quantified micromechanical behavior under varying dopant concentrations. Results show that Zn and Tb substitutions influence crystal structure and mechanical strength differently depending on dopant level and superconductor type. Optimized doping enhanced phase purity, lattice stability, microstructural coherence, and hardness, whereas excessive doping caused lattice distortions, defect clustering, oxygen ordering instabilities, and partial phase separation. Y_1-xTb_xBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ ceramics exhibited superior tolerance to both dopants, with improved crystallinity, grain connectivity, and mechanical robustness at higher concentrations. In contrast, the Y_3-xTb_xBa₅Cu₈O_18-δ ceramic structure was more sensitive to doping, showing benefits only at low levels and significant structural degradation at higher levels, explaining the preference for the Y_1-xTb_xBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ phase in substitution studies. Analysis of load-independent Vickers hardness in plateau regions indicated that the Indentation-Induced Cracking (IIC) model most accurately described mechanical behavior. Consequently, precise optimization of dopant type and concentration is essential to achieving high structural integrity and mechanical performance, making these YBCO-based superconductors promising candidates for advanced energy and technological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of YBCO superconductor magnetic bearing capability by using multiple bulks","authors":"Burcu Savaskan ,&nbsp;Sait Barış Güner ,&nbsp;Ali Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Oğuzhan Uzun ,&nbsp;Hakki Mollahasanoglu ,&nbsp;Ufuk Kemal Öztürk","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Five well-textured single grain YBCO rectangular samples, four of them 13.5 × 13.5 × 7.5 mm³ and one of them 27.4 × 27.4 × 7.5 mm³ in dimensions, were fabricated by top-seeded melt growth (TSMG) method using Nd-123 seeded. These samples were used to investigate the relationship between levitation force and guidance forces between the individual YBCO bulk and their different arrangements and involve permanent magnet (PM) and traditional monopole permanent magnetic guideway (PMG) for the high-Tc superconducting magnetic bearing applications. The levitation and guidance forces of the samples were experimentally measured using a cryogenic load cell setup by a custom-designed three-axis magnetic force measurement system. Additionally, two-dimensional finite element model based on the H-formulation was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to simulate the magnetic interaction between the bulk and the magnet. It was found that the larger sample sizes and multi-bulk arrangements significantly enhanced both levitation and guidance forces compared to a single small bulk. General, the results underscore that, the spatial arrangement and size scaling of HTS bulks play a critical role in maximizing levitation force for superconducting Maglev vehicle and HTS bearing applications. The combined use of experimental and numerical modelling provides a valuable framework for optimizing next-generation HTS systems tailored for high-efficiency, high-stability levitation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy loss analysis of cryogenic neon turboexpander based on entropy production theory","authors":"Zhihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengze Chang ,&nbsp;Changcheng Ma ,&nbsp;Yi Huo ,&nbsp;Rui Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cryogenic neon turboexpander (CNTE) serves as the core component of the neon Claude cycle refrigerator. A comprehensive understanding of its internal flow loss mechanisms is critical for further enhancing CNTE performance. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with entropy production analysis to investigate the flow behavior and energy dissipation mechanisms within the CNTE. The numerical results demonstrate that approximately 91.5 % of the total entropy production originates from the impeller and diffuser components, and the primary loss mechanism stems from turbulent energy dissipation occurring at the interface of tip clearance leakage flow and the mainstream. Quantitative analysis reveals that expanding the tip clearance from 0 mm to 0.6 mm results in an 11.13 % deterioration in isentropic efficiency, accompanied by a corresponding 9.25 % reduction in cooling power. Furthermore, under asymmetric tip clearance conditions, changes in radial clearance have a much greater impact on the performance of CNTE than modifications to axial clearance. Additionally, rotational speed significantly impacts turboexpander performance, with an optimal rotational speed range existing to maximize both isentropic efficiency and cooling power. In summary, this study provides novel insights and a theoretical foundation for optimizing the operational parameters and structural design of cryogenic neon turboexpanders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of a low-speed cryogenic pellet injector using a pneumatic-driven mechanical launcher","authors":"J. Mishra ,&nbsp;P. Panchal ,&nbsp;H. Agravat ,&nbsp;M. Banaudha ,&nbsp;S. Mukherjee ,&nbsp;V. Gupta ,&nbsp;P. Nayak ,&nbsp;R. Gangradey","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A pneumatic-driven mechanical actuator-based low-speed cryogenic pellet injector has been developed and presented in this study. The objective of this technology development is to investigate the freezing and launching of large-sized pellets of gas species pertinent to disruption mitigation studies (DMS) in a tokamak plasma. For pellet freezing, a cryocooler-based refrigeration system has been used. The pellets are frozen <em>in-situ</em> in the gun barrel, connected to the cryocooler’s cold head. To facilitate pellet launching, a mechanical pneumatic launcher (MPL) has been designed and integrated into the gun barrel, enabling the launch of high-strength cryogenic pellets. Key MPL parameters influencing cryogenic pellet launching were characterized using a dedicated test bench and subsequently applied in experimental trials. Experiments are performed on cylindrical-shaped solid hydrogen pellets having <em>d</em>_p ∼ 4.2 mm and <em>l</em>_p/<em>d</em>_p = 1.5, where <em>l</em>_p and <em>d</em>_p are the length and diameter of the pellet, respectively. Compared to conventional gas gun injection methods, the MPL demonstrated a substantial reduction in required propellant pressure. The experiment was conducted for a propellant pressure range of 0.4 to 1.6 MPa, achieving corresponding pellet speeds of 80 to 140 m/s. Over 200 pellets were successfully launched, with the system achieving an injection reliability exceeding 90 %. Additionally, preliminary investigations into the pellet-shattering study have been initiated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of gas impurities on high-accuracy refractive index gas thermometry","authors":"Guoxin Li ,&nbsp;Yaonan Song ,&nbsp;Haiyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangjie Kong ,&nbsp;Siqi Liu ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Guo ,&nbsp;Bo Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractive index gas thermometry (RIGT) is a primary method for high-accuracy thermodynamic temperature measurements, yet the precise quantification of impurity-induced effect, especially at temperatures below 25 K, has remained a challenge. To address this, we present a comprehensive numerical approach to evaluate impurity-induced relative temperature deviations <em>δ</em> in RIGT. This approach is applied to systematically investigate such deviations for three monatomic working gases (Ne, ⁴He, and ³He) over wide ranges of temperature (1.5 K − 273.16 K), pressure (0.3 kPa − 250 kPa) and impurity concentration (0.05 ppm − 5 ppm). Our results indicate that the maximum relative temperature deviations are 2.4 ppm for Ne, 0.33 ppm for ⁴He and 0.45 ppm for ³He. A key finding is that while the existing mixture <em>A</em>_<em>ε</em> model remains valid at higher temperatures, accurate impurity correction under cryogenic conditions requires consideration of the second virial coefficient. We demonstrate that these two parameters collectively explain nearly 100 % of <em>δ</em> across the full temperature ranges, making the simplified <em>A</em>_<em>ε</em> + <em>B</em> model as an efficient and accurate alternative to the full-scale computations. This work provides a robust theoretical framework for quantifying impurity-related uncertainties and offers practical guidance for optimizing gas-handling systems for high-precision primary gas thermometry. Further refinement of the model will be feasible with the future availability of high-accuracy <em>ab initio</em> virial coefficients for gas mixtures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular nitrogen boiling thermosyphons for multi-kiloampere current lead cooling","authors":"Jurrie Bruggeman ,&nbsp;Jasper van der Werf ,&nbsp;Benoit Curé ,&nbsp;Alexey Dudarev ,&nbsp;Weronika Gluchowska ,&nbsp;Matthias Mentink","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high cooling power, low-complexity and passive system for pre-cooling of multi-kiloampere current leads for cryogenic applications with boiling nitrogen is presented. The system consists of a modular heat interceptor part with passively induced flow based on the thermosyphon effect, where evaporated nitrogen is vented into the atmosphere. This heat interceptor module may be placed between a normal conducting and superconducting cable, to substantially reduce the thermal load on a cryogenic setup. Two prototype heat interceptors with similar cross-sectional areas and boiling surface but different coolant channel geometries were designed, manufactured, and characterized. Both prototypes displayed a cold-end temperature below 79.3 K up to heat loads of 0.90 ± 0.09 kW for the wide flow-channel design and 1.25 ± 0.05 kW for the thin flow-channel design. The designed heat interceptors offer cooling capacities sufficient for intercepting heat loads from multi-kiloampere current leads without active pumping or flow regulation while being economical and relatively compact. This system can be useful when combined with cryocoolers, substantially reducing the load on the cold mass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on solidification characteristics of air-like nitrogen-oxygen mixtures in liquid hydrogen","authors":"Shi Shangguan ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Shi ,&nbsp;Zhuolun Li ,&nbsp;Zhangliang Xu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Tan ,&nbsp;Yanzhong Li ,&nbsp;Gang Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid air accumulation poses a significant safety risk for liquid hydrogen systems, particularly when oxygen-enriched layers form on the solid surfaces. This study experimentally investigated the solidification of the air-like nitrogen–oxygen gas mixtures with different nitrogen–oxygen ratios in liquid hydrogen, documenting morphological characteristics through visual observation and compositional distributions via gas chromatography. The results showed that for the solidification of the gas mixture with a relative oxygen content of 21.96 %, the size of the formed solid particles varied within the range of 0.7 mm to 1.2 mm. Moreover, most of the solid particles were dispersed in the form of powder in liquid hydrogen, and a small portion of solid particles were accumulated to form sheet-shaped or block-shaped aggregates. Compositional analysis revealed significant oxygen enrichment at the solid surface, reaching the maximum relative proportions of 33.64 %. Similarly, gas mixture with 30.42 % relative oxygen content yielded smaller solid particles with a size from 0.5 mm to 1 mm during the solidification, and the morphology of the formed solid particles was basically identical to that formed under air-like condition. The solid air’s outer layer consistently exhibited oxygen enrichment with higher oxygen content in the injected gas mixture directly increasing oxygen concentration in the outer surface, which was demonstrated by the maximum relative oxygen proportion attaining 34.33 %. This work significantly expands the existing experimental database of the solidification of air in liquid hydrogen, and also provides valuable experimental reference for the safety design of cryogenic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of air wall protection performance during liquid hydrogen leakage and analysis of key influencing factors","authors":"Yanwei Liang ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Qu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Xu ,&nbsp;Nan Peng ,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Ghidaglia ,&nbsp;Liqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Jiansheng Zuo ,&nbsp;Hongmin Liu ,&nbsp;Changlei Ke ,&nbsp;Kongrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid hydrogen is often the most suitable choice for both storage and transportation in various situations. However, once a leak occurs, liquid hydrogen will rapidly evaporate into gaseous hydrogen, causing significant potential hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to study measures to improve the safety of liquid hydrogen use. This paper proposes a method called “air wall.” A comparison between the traditional bund wall system and the air wall show that the air wall offers more effective protection. Analysis of the airflow speed of the<!--> <!-->air wall reveals that higher airflow speeds enhance protective effects. By adjusting the activation time of the air wall, it was found that there is no need for continuous operation; activating the air wall before the arrival of hydrogen can also provide effective protection. The size of the air wall was also studied, and it was found that at the same air flow velocity, smaller air walls provide poorer protection. Finally, the impact of various atmospheric wind speeds on the air wall was analyzed, and it was found that the higher wind speed, the greater air wall speed for effective protection. This protective method is expected to be widely implemented in liquid hydrogen storage areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the degradation of current-carrying performance of YBCO multi-filamentary tapes prepared by reel-to-reel ultraviolet picosecond laser cutting under pure torsion mode","authors":"Jiulong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zuoguang Li ,&nbsp;Jingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Ren ,&nbsp;Jinhao Shi ,&nbsp;Huan Jin ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Shaoqing Wei ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>YBCO multi-filamentary tapes’ current-carrying performance is susceptible to torsional stress during cable and magnet fabrication. In this study, commercial YBCO tapes from Shanghai Superconductor Technology Co., Ltd. were cut using a reel-to-reel ultraviolet picosecond laser cutting device developed by our group to fabricate 2-filament, 6-filament, and 10-filament multi-filamentary tapes. Additionally, some of the multi-filamentary tapes were encapsulated using the copper-plating re-encapsulation process developed by our group. The current-carrying performance degradation behavior of non-striated tapes, unencapsulated multi-filamentary tapes, and re-encapsulated copper-plated multi-filamentary tapes under pure torsion mode was systematically analyzed. The results show that the degradation behavior of multi-filamentary tapes is strongly dependent on the number of filaments. Specifically, the critical current degradation rates of unencapsulated non-striated tapes and unencapsulated 2-filament tapes are 12.11 % and 12.43 % respectively when the shear strain reaches 0.4125 %. In contrast, unencapsulated 6-filament and unencapsulated 10-filament tapes exhibit degradation rates of 11.69 % and 20.96 % respectively at a lower strain (0.375 %). For samples subjected to single-side copper-plated re-encapsulation with a thickness of 10 μm, the pattern of performance degradation is essentially consistent with that of the samples before copper-plated re-encapsulation, but their overall ability to withstand shear strain is improved by approximately 0.1 %. Macroscopic observations indicate that the surface of the tapes remains smooth without delamination after torsion; however, the “triangular” deformation feature reveals uneven internal stress distribution, suggesting that the superconducting layer may have incurred microscopic damage.​.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel off-design operation optimization method for a reverse Brayton refrigerator for boil-off gas reliquefaction","authors":"Baohua Chao ,&nbsp;Jinzhen Wang ,&nbsp;Huaiyu Chen ,&nbsp;Jin Shang ,&nbsp;Cui Lv ,&nbsp;Lei Yi ,&nbsp;Yicheng Li ,&nbsp;Jihao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes two optimization strategies that employ the genetic algorithm and corrected turbomachinery performance curves to enhance the off-design operation of a reverse Brayton refrigerator. Experimental validation was conducted to confirm the accuracy and reliability of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in predicting dynamic parameters. The proposed optimization strategies modify the operating points of both compressors and the expander by adjusting their rotational speeds, enabling efficient operation across various off-design scenarios. The optimization results show that the two strategies achieve average coefficient of performance (COP) improvements of 5.06 % and 9.40 %, respectively, in the cooling down scenario. The analyses indicate that the fundamental mechanism of the optimization algorithm involves enhancing the expander efficiency and reducing the system’s mass flow rate. This study establishes a framework for off-design operation optimization for turbomachinery-based refrigeration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}