Cryogenics最新文献

英文中文

Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021

Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey

The Cryogenic Extruder (CE) is an extruder technology which can continuously produce solid rods of hydrogen and its isotopes. The solid rod is further cut into small cylindrical pieces called pellets, which are used for the fuelling of the long-pulse fusion reactors by injecting at high velocity into the magnetically confined, hot plasma, for the core-fuelling and D-T reaction. The design and analysis of a cryogenic extruder involves optimization of the various parameters of its different components such as precoolers, liquefier and solidifier compatible with cryogenic temperature operation. In this work, a design approach and Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the components of extruder system is presented. The liquefier is designed to operate at a temperature of < 21 K and cooled using the 2nd stage of the cold head of a GM cryocooler. It has a compact shell which has an array of fins for the cooling down and liquefaction of the hydrogen gas to liquid. Theoretically, the surface temperature of 20.4 K is sufficient to produce liquid for the extrusion rate of 500 mm³/s of solid hydrogen but the CFD studies showed that the liquefier can produce the liquid for up to 1.75E-5 kg/s i.e., equivalent to 200 mm³/s of solid hydrogen based on the available cooling capacity of a cryocooler.

{"title":"Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen","authors":"Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cryogenic Extruder (CE) is an extruder technology which can continuously produce solid rods of hydrogen and its isotopes. The solid rod is further cut into small cylindrical pieces called pellets, which are used for the fuelling of the long-pulse fusion reactors by injecting at high velocity into the magnetically confined, hot plasma, for the core-fuelling and D-T reaction. The design and analysis of a cryogenic extruder involves optimization of the various parameters of its different components such as precoolers, liquefier and solidifier compatible with cryogenic temperature operation. In this work, a design approach and Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the components of extruder system is presented. The liquefier is designed to operate at a temperature of < 21 K and cooled using the 2nd stage of the cold head of a GM cryocooler. It has a compact shell which has an array of fins for the cooling down and liquefaction of the hydrogen gas to liquid. Theoretically, the surface temperature of 20.4 K is sufficient to produce liquid for the extrusion rate of 500 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen but the CFD studies showed that the liquefier can produce the liquid for up to 1.75E-5 kg/s i.e., equivalent to 200 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen based on the available cooling capacity of a cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020

Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa

Intermetallic compound holmium diboride, HoB₂ is a promising refrigerant in magnetic cooling systems. It is particularly well-suited for hydrogen liquefaction. It was confirmed that HoB₂ had large magneto-caloric effect because of a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state at the transition temperature T_c of 15 K by magnetization and specific heat. From the standpoint of magnetic refrigerator, the thermal and electrical conductivity of polycrystal HoB₂ in magnetic fields were reported in the present work. The thermal conductivity was found to increase with magnetic field around T_c. In electric resistivity measurements, a characteristic kink was observed at T_c in zero field, and this kink was suppressed in magnetic fields. The transport properties of HoB₂ were analyzed using these data. Evaluated thermal diffusion coefficient and eddy current power dissipation showed that HoB₂ with submillimeter size has good heat transfer and negligible eddy current power dissipation compared with the cooling power, in practical magnetic refrigeration cycles. These results show that HoB₂ is an excellent magnetic refrigerant for use in the lowest temperature stage of hydrogen liquefaction.

{"title":"Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application","authors":"Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intermetallic compound holmium diboride, HoB<em><sub>2</sub></em> is a promising refrigerant in magnetic cooling systems. It is particularly well-suited for hydrogen liquefaction. It was confirmed that HoB<sub>2</sub> had large magneto-caloric effect because of a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state at the transition temperature <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> of 15 K by magnetization and specific heat. From the standpoint of magnetic refrigerator, the thermal and electrical conductivity of polycrystal HoB<sub>2</sub> in magnetic fields were reported in the present work. The thermal conductivity was found to increase with magnetic field around <em>T</em><sub>c</sub>. In electric resistivity measurements, a characteristic kink was observed at <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> in zero field, and this kink was suppressed in magnetic fields. The transport properties of HoB<sub>2</sub> were analyzed using these data. Evaluated thermal diffusion coefficient and eddy current power dissipation showed that HoB<sub>2</sub> with submillimeter size has good heat transfer and negligible eddy current power dissipation compared with the cooling power, in practical magnetic refrigeration cycles. These results show that HoB<sub>2</sub> is an excellent magnetic refrigerant for use in the lowest temperature stage of hydrogen liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in anhydrous rare-earth sulfate RE2(SO4)3 (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er)

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012

Wang Chen, Yingzhe Na, Fengying Chen, Yikun Zhang

The cryogenic magnetocaloric (MC) properties in various types rare-earths (RE)-based magnetic materials have recently been investigated to identify suitable candidate materials for active magnetic cooling applications and better understanding their intrinsic properties. Herein, we obtained four anhydrous RE-based sulfates, namely the RE₂(SO₄)₃ (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er), through a thermal decomposition method and analyzed their cryogenic magnetic and MC properties. All of the present sulfates possess an orthorhombic-type structure with space group of Pbcn and show no distinct magnetic ordering above 2 K. Large cryogenic MC effects and remarkable performances were realized. Under magnetic field variations of 0–70 kOe, the deduced MC parameters of magnetic entropy changes, relative cooling powers, and temperature-averaged entropy changes (lift-temperature of 5 K) values are as follows: 11.4J/kgK, 257.5J/kg, and 11.2J/kgK for Tb₂(SO₄)₃; 18.6J/kgK, 232.0J/kg, and 17.5J/kgK for Dy₂(SO₄)₃; 14.8J/kgK, 316.4J/kg, and 14.5J/kgK for Ho₂(SO₄)₃; 14.4J/kgK, 254.9J/kg, and 13.2J/kgK for Er₂(SO₄)₃, respectively. These deduced MC values of the present RE₂(SO₄)₃ are at a similarly high level as those of most recently updated RE-based MC materials with notable cryogenic performances, making them may considerable for active cooling applications.

{"title":"Cryogenic magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in anhydrous rare-earth sulfate RE2(SO4)3 (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er)","authors":"Wang Chen, Yingzhe Na, Fengying Chen, Yikun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cryogenic magnetocaloric (MC) properties in various types rare-earths (<em>RE</em>)-based magnetic materials have recently been investigated to identify suitable candidate materials for active magnetic cooling applications and better understanding their intrinsic properties. Herein, we obtained four anhydrous <em>RE</em>-based sulfates, namely the <em>RE</em><sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (<em>RE</em> = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er), through a thermal decomposition method and analyzed their cryogenic magnetic and MC properties. All of the present sulfates possess an orthorhombic-type structure with space group of <em>Pbcn</em> and show no distinct magnetic ordering above 2 K. Large cryogenic MC effects and remarkable performances were realized. Under magnetic field variations of 0–70 kOe, the deduced MC parameters of magnetic entropy changes, relative cooling powers, and temperature-averaged entropy changes (lift-temperature of 5 K) values are as follows: 11.4J/kgK, 257.5J/kg, and 11.2J/kgK for Tb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 18.6J/kgK, 232.0J/kg, and 17.5J/kgK for Dy<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 14.8J/kgK, 316.4J/kg, and 14.5J/kgK for Ho<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 14.4J/kgK, 254.9J/kg, and 13.2J/kgK for Er<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, respectively. These deduced MC values of the present <em>RE</em><sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> are at a similarly high level as those of most recently updated <em>RE</em>-based MC materials with notable cryogenic performances, making them may considerable for active cooling applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104012"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Progress on An 8 K gas-coupled three-stage Stirling pulse tube cryocooler

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104018

Chushu Fang , Xuming Liu , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou , Changzhao Pan

Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers hold significant potential for cooling in miniaturized devices. This paper investigates the numerical design and optimization of a gas-coupled three-stage Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers, which has been validated by subsequent experiments. Following the optimization of the length of inertance tube and the configuration of double-inlet at the third stage, the prototype has achieved a minimum no-load temperature of 8.6 K and a cooling capacity of 25 mW at 9.5 K with an input electrical power of 500 W. To the best of our knowledge, the lowest temperature of Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers reaches below 10 K, which can be used as one of the research routes for small pulse tube cryocoolers in the liquid helium temperature.

引用次数: 0

Study on the helium liquefaction characteristics in the Laval nozzle

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017

Baosheng Chen , Aihong Zou , Yupei Zeng , Ercang Luo

Achieving helium liquefaction is fundamental to the widespread utilization of liquid helium in various industrial processes. This study innovatively proposes a new type of device for helium liquefaction, the Laval nozzle. Compared with the traditional helium liquefaction equipment, it can achieve isentropic expansion and direct liquefaction without any moving components. Based on CFD calculations, the distribution patterns of temperature, pressure, Mach number and other flow parameters of helium in the Laval nozzle are obtained, and the effects of the inlet parameters and the structure of the Laval nozzle on the liquefaction process are also explored. The results show that when the inlet temperature is 14 K, the inlet pressure is 1700 kPa, the outlet pressure is 45.021 kPa and the outlet temperature can be as low as 3.23 K, which is lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the outlet pressure, which validates the feasibility of helium liquefaction in the Laval nozzle. Lower inlet temperature or higher inlet pressure is conducive to promoting the liquefaction of helium in the Laval nozzle and enhance its refrigeration effect. The structure of the Laval nozzle has an insignificant effect on helium liquefaction characteristics, but it can be used as a reference for optimizing the structure of the Laval nozzle in the future.

{"title":"Study on the helium liquefaction characteristics in the Laval nozzle","authors":"Baosheng Chen , Aihong Zou , Yupei Zeng , Ercang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving helium liquefaction is fundamental to the widespread utilization of liquid helium in various industrial processes. This study innovatively proposes a new type of device for helium liquefaction, the Laval nozzle. Compared with the traditional helium liquefaction equipment, it can achieve isentropic expansion and direct liquefaction without any moving components. Based on CFD calculations, the distribution patterns of temperature, pressure, Mach number and other flow parameters of helium in the Laval nozzle are obtained, and the effects of the inlet parameters and the structure of the Laval nozzle on the liquefaction process are also explored. The results show that when the inlet temperature is 14 K, the inlet pressure is 1700 kPa, the outlet pressure is 45.021 kPa and the outlet temperature can be as low as 3.23 K, which is lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the outlet pressure, which validates the feasibility of helium liquefaction in the Laval nozzle. Lower inlet temperature or higher inlet pressure is conducive to promoting the liquefaction of helium in the Laval nozzle and enhance its refrigeration effect. The structure of the Laval nozzle has an insignificant effect on helium liquefaction characteristics, but it can be used as a reference for optimizing the structure of the Laval nozzle in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An innovative 45 kV thin wall heater for ITER superconducting current lead terminal

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103999

Shen Mo , Pan Wanjiang , Zhu Yinfeng , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Wu Cheng

The thin wall heater plays an important role in heat compensating of ITER superconducting current lead terminal. Development of the 45 kV thin wall heater with limitarion of 3 mm thickness insulation makes a huge challenge, a composite insulation structure compose of epoxy resin, glass fiber and ceramics is proposed to meet requirements of high dielectric strength as well as good thermal conductivity. Electrical field and temperature distributions are calculated. In addition, the electric field distribution of the heater has been optimized with numerical analysis methods, the results indicate the maximum reduction of electric field intensity is 16.6 %. Furthermore, the high voltage − current leakage test under DC 45 kV are performed after heating test, the corresponding current leakage is less than 100 μA, which means the innovative structure of the developed heater can satisfy the working requirements of ITER superconducting current leads.

引用次数: 0

Development of soft seal and experimental investigation of soft seated safety relief valves for cryogenic applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005

N. Sreekanth , S. Sankaran , Jack J. Kenned

Cryogenic propellant servicing of any advanced propulsion system before launch is very critical due to complex two phase flow during chilling, transient heat transfer, pressure and temperature management. Metal seated safety valves are generally prone to seat leakage due to surface roughness and even small degree of leak across seat is not acceptable for usage in cryogenic applications. In this study, the seat leakage across metal seated valves is mitigated by designing and developing a unique soft seal to replace metal seated safety valve seat. An experimental investigation is carried out to validate the developed soft-seated valve with ambient gases such as nitrogen and highly sensitive mass spectrometer test with gaseous helium. Liquid nitrogen tests are conducted to validate the performance of the developed soft seated valve at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, semi-empirical computations have been done based on contact surface characteristics and deformation analysis to assess seat leak rates with gaseous helium. The experimental test results indicated that the seat leak rate improved with increased cyclic operations compared to metal seated valves. The sealing characteristics improved to 0.61 x 10⁻⁶ mbar.l/sec from 4.72 x 10⁻⁵ mbar.l/sec at liquid nitrogen temperature. The computations of leak rate obtained by semi empirical computations was compared to that of experimental results and are found to be in close agreement. The results indicated the developed soft seated valve meets the leakage class requirements for cryogenic applications and can be applied to metal seated valve.

{"title":"Development of soft seal and experimental investigation of soft seated safety relief valves for cryogenic applications","authors":"N. Sreekanth , S. Sankaran , Jack J. Kenned","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic propellant servicing of any advanced propulsion system before launch is very critical due to complex two phase flow during chilling, transient heat transfer, pressure and temperature management. Metal seated safety valves are generally prone to seat leakage due to surface roughness and even small degree of leak across seat is not acceptable for usage in cryogenic applications.In this study, the seat leakage across metal seated valves is mitigated by designing and developing a unique soft seal to replace metal seated safety valve seat. An experimental investigation is carried out to validate the developed soft-seated valve with ambient gases such as nitrogen and highly sensitive mass spectrometer test with gaseous helium. Liquid nitrogen tests are conducted to validate the performance of the developed soft seated valve at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, semi-empirical computations have been done based on contact surface characteristics and deformation analysis to assess seat leak rates with gaseous helium. The experimental test results indicated that the seat leak rate improved with increased cyclic operations compared to metal seated valves. The sealing characteristics improved to 0.61 x 10<sup>−6</sup> mbar.l/sec from 4.72 x 10<sup>−5</sup> mbar.l/sec at liquid nitrogen temperature. The computations of leak rate obtained by semi empirical computations was compared to that of experimental results and are found to be in close agreement. The results indicated the developed soft seated valve meets the leakage class requirements for cryogenic applications and can be applied to metal seated valve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residual resistance ratio measurement system for Nb3Sn wires extracted from Rutherford cables

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002

Ian Pong , Algirdas Baskys , Charlie Sanabria , Michael Naus , Scott Myers , Heng Pan , Jonathan Lee , Li Wang , Jordan Taylor , Marcos Turqueti , Xiaorong Wang

Residual resistance ratio (RRR) of superconducting strands is an important parameter for magnet electrical stability. RRR serves as a measure of the low-temperature electrical conductivity of the copper within a conductor that has a copper stabilization matrix. For Nb₃Sn, due to the need of a reaction heat treatment, the technical requirements for high quality measurements of strands extracted from Rutherford cables are particularly demanding. Quality of wire, cabling deformation, heat treatment temperature, heat treatment atmosphere, sample handling, and measurement methods can all affect the RRR. Therefore, as an integral part of the electrical quality control (QC) of Nb₃Sn Rutherford cables manufactured at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, it was prudent that we established a RRR measurement system that can isolate the assessment of cable-fabrication-related impacts from sample preparation and measurement factors.

Here we describe a bespoke cryocooler-based measurement system, capable of measuring RRR of over 80 samples in a single cooldown. The samples are mounted on custom-designed printed circuit boards that accommodate the shape of strands extracted from a Rutherford cable without added deformation, which we will show is critical in ensuring that the measurements accurately represent the RRR values of the conductor within the cable. Using this sample mounting solution, we routinely measure the overall RRR of the strand as well as individual intra-strand sections corresponding to both cable edges and cable broad faces with high reproducibility. Such measurements provide valuable information on the variation of RRR along the length of the strands as well as across strand productions and cable runs over time.

{"title":"Residual resistance ratio measurement system for Nb3Sn wires extracted from Rutherford cables","authors":"Ian Pong , Algirdas Baskys , Charlie Sanabria , Michael Naus , Scott Myers , Heng Pan , Jonathan Lee , Li Wang , Jordan Taylor , Marcos Turqueti , Xiaorong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual resistance ratio (RRR) of superconducting strands is an important parameter for magnet electrical stability. RRR serves as a measure of the low-temperature electrical conductivity of the copper within a conductor that has a copper stabilization matrix. For Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn, due to the need of a reaction heat treatment, the technical requirements for high quality measurements of strands extracted from Rutherford cables are particularly demanding. Quality of wire, cabling deformation, heat treatment temperature, heat treatment atmosphere, sample handling, and measurement methods can all affect the RRR. Therefore, as an integral part of the electrical quality control (QC) of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn Rutherford cables manufactured at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, it was prudent that we established a RRR measurement system that can isolate the assessment of cable-fabrication-related impacts from sample preparation and measurement factors.</div><div>Here we describe a bespoke cryocooler-based measurement system, capable of measuring RRR of over 80 samples in a single cooldown. The samples are mounted on custom-designed printed circuit boards that accommodate the shape of strands extracted from a Rutherford cable without added deformation, which we will show is critical in ensuring that the measurements accurately represent the RRR values of the conductor within the cable. Using this sample mounting solution, we routinely measure the overall RRR of the strand as well as individual intra-strand sections corresponding to both cable edges and cable broad faces with high reproducibility. Such measurements provide valuable information on the variation of RRR along the length of the strands as well as across strand productions and cable runs over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two-dimensional network flow modeling of no-vent tank filling of a cryogenic tank with thermodynamic vent system assisted injector

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104004

Alok Majumdar , Andre LeClair , Jason Hartwig , S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan

A finite volume-based network flow modeling tool, Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), was used to simulate the no-vent filling of a cryogenic tank with a thermodynamic vent system assisted injector. The tank was discretized into nodes in the radial and axial directions to calculate two-dimensional axisymmetric flow with heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. The nodes are connected by branches where momentum equations are solved to calculate the flowrates. The mass and energy conservation equations and the equation of state are solved to calculate pressure, temperature, and resident mass at the nodes. The energy conservation equations at the solid nodes were solved to calculate the temperature of the solid wall. The system of equations was solved by a combination of successive substitution and simultaneous Newton-Raphson method. The numerical model accounts for a) different regimes of pool boiling heat transfer, b) condensation of vapor around the spray droplets, c) condensation of vapor at the interface of the cooled injector and ullage, and d) condensation at the liquid–vapor interphase. The numerical predictions of tank pressure, filling rate, and wall temperatures were compared with the test data. The paper also presents the effect of nodal discretization by comparing the results of the 1D and 2D models and examines the effect of the droplet diameter on tank filling. The results of this study indicate that GFSSP is suitable for scoping analysis of no-vent tank fill transients and can therefore be a useful complementary analytical tool, along with experiments and CFD simulations, for research on no-vent tank refill.

{"title":"Two-dimensional network flow modeling of no-vent tank filling of a cryogenic tank with thermodynamic vent system assisted injector","authors":"Alok Majumdar , Andre LeClair , Jason Hartwig , S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A finite volume-based network flow modeling tool, Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), was used to simulate the no-vent filling of a cryogenic tank with a thermodynamic vent system assisted injector. The tank was discretized into nodes in the radial and axial directions to calculate two-dimensional axisymmetric flow with heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. The nodes are connected by branches where momentum equations are solved to calculate the flowrates. The mass and energy conservation equations and the equation of state are solved to calculate pressure, temperature, and resident mass at the nodes. The energy conservation equations at the solid nodes were solved to calculate the temperature of the solid wall. The system of equations was solved by a combination of successive substitution and simultaneous Newton-Raphson method. The numerical model accounts for a) different regimes of pool boiling heat transfer, b) condensation of vapor around the spray droplets, c) condensation of vapor at the interface of the cooled injector and ullage, and d) condensation at the liquid–vapor interphase. The numerical predictions of tank pressure, filling rate, and wall temperatures were compared with the test data. The paper also presents the effect of nodal discretization by comparing the results of the 1D and 2D models and examines the effect of the droplet diameter on tank filling. The results of this study indicate that GFSSP is suitable for scoping analysis of no-vent tank fill transients and can therefore be a useful complementary analytical tool, along with experiments and CFD simulations, for research on no-vent tank refill.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Critical performance of a Nb3Sn Rutherford cable insert coil for 14 T MRI magnet

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103998

Yunhao Liu , Yi Sun , Yu Wu , Yi Shi , Fang Liu , Chao Dai , Jinggang Qin

The Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) has been engaged the conceptual design and prototype coil development for the main coil of the whole-body 14 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) superconducting magnet since 2017. In order to improve the thermal and mechanical stability of the coil, a type of conductor called Rutherford cable-in-channel (RIC) will be used in the main coil of the 14 T MRI magnet system. The Rutherford cable is the core component of the RIC conductor. Assessing the electromagnetic performance of the Rutherford cable under operating conditions allows prediction and evaluation of the performance of RIC conductors and 14 T MRI magnets. In order to verify the critical performance of the Rutherford cable, a 2-layer, 2-turn (2 × 2) insert coil was manufactured and tested under a WM3 (maximum magnetic field of 20 T) resistive magnet at the High Magnetic Field Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Science (CHMFL). The insert coil reaches a critical current of 3489.2 A with n-value of 24.39 after 12 times of quench training under a 14 T background field. The joint resistance is around 20 nΩ. The design, fabrication, testing and analysis of 2 × 2 insert coil will be presented in this paper.

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