Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104220
Jiarun Zou , Zijie Pan , Lingjiao Wei , Haowen Guo , Ruixin Li , Tuo Zang , Zhizhuo Zhang , Houlei Chen , Miguang Zhao , Jingtao Liang
Space exploration missions such as the DIXE require ultra-low temperature environments of around 100 mK to ensure high sensitivity operation of the detectors. Dilution refrigeration, as one of the few ultra-low temperature technologies, has been firstly applied in the Planck satellite with a cooling power of 100 nW@100 mK. To cope with the need for higher cooling capacity of the future space exploration missions, a dilution unit with the capillary structure for higher-flow-rate conditions is designed and tested in this work. The mechanism of the cooling start-up process from 1 K and the corresponding phase interface migration are analyzed through the temperature changes of different stages of the dilution unit. The no-load temperature can reach 81.4 mK, and the cooling capacity is 1.2 μW@100 mK. In addition, the working characteristics of the designed dilution unit are experimentally investigated.
{"title":"Design and experimental performance of a high-capacity space dilution refrigeration unit","authors":"Jiarun Zou , Zijie Pan , Lingjiao Wei , Haowen Guo , Ruixin Li , Tuo Zang , Zhizhuo Zhang , Houlei Chen , Miguang Zhao , Jingtao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space exploration missions such as the DIXE require ultra-low temperature environments of around 100 mK to ensure high sensitivity operation of the detectors. Dilution refrigeration, as one of the few ultra-low temperature technologies, has been firstly applied in the Planck satellite with a cooling power of 100 nW@100 mK. To cope with the need for higher cooling capacity of the future space exploration missions, a dilution unit with the capillary structure for higher-flow-rate conditions is designed and tested in this work. The mechanism of the cooling start-up process from 1 K and the corresponding phase interface migration are analyzed through the temperature changes of different stages of the dilution unit. The no-load temperature can reach 81.4 mK, and the cooling capacity is 1.2 μW@100 mK. In addition, the working characteristics of the designed dilution unit are experimentally investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104234
Wan Guo , Fushou Xie , Weiwu Peng , Di Yang , Yanzhong Li
Cryogenic slurries such as slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen are widely used in aerospace and superconductivity applications, making the mastery of large-scale, controllable, and efficient preparation technologies increasingly critical. While the traditional freeze–thaw method meets the demand for large-scale production, it suffers from low efficiency and lacks active controllability. This study aims to optimize the preparation process of slush nitrogen. A visualized experimental system utilizing a double-nested Dewar was designed and constructed to investigate the effects of various process parameters and operating conditions on production efficiency. Results indicate that the evacuation rate significantly influences slush morphology. Under experimental conditions, an evacuation rate of 3 L/s yielded highly flowable slush nitrogen, whereas a higher rate of 4 L/s produced only a conventional solid–liquid mixture. The distinction between high-quality slush nitrogen and ordinary mixtures was explicitly analyzed from the perspective of Ostwald ripening theory. Notably, pressurization was found to enhance preparation efficiency markedly, achieving an 87.5 % improvement compared to the freeze–thaw method. The experimental findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the preparation process of cryogenic slurries.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on efficient production of high-quality slush nitrogen via actively regulated freeze-pressurization method","authors":"Wan Guo , Fushou Xie , Weiwu Peng , Di Yang , Yanzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic slurries such as slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen are widely used in aerospace and superconductivity applications, making the mastery of large-scale, controllable, and efficient preparation technologies increasingly critical. While the traditional freeze–thaw method meets the demand for large-scale production, it suffers from low efficiency and lacks active controllability. This study aims to optimize the preparation process of slush nitrogen. A visualized experimental system utilizing a double-nested Dewar was designed and constructed to investigate the effects of various process parameters and operating conditions on production efficiency. Results indicate that the evacuation rate significantly influences slush morphology. Under experimental conditions, an evacuation rate of 3 L/s yielded highly flowable slush nitrogen, whereas a higher rate of 4 L/s produced only a conventional solid–liquid mixture. The distinction between high-quality slush nitrogen and ordinary mixtures was explicitly analyzed from the perspective of Ostwald ripening theory. Notably, pressurization was found to enhance preparation efficiency markedly, achieving an 87.5 % improvement compared to the freeze–thaw method. The experimental findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the preparation process of cryogenic slurries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104204
Mohammad Kassemi , Sonya Hylton
In future refueling depot and space operations, noncondensable gases (NCG)s may be used as pressurants to extract liquid propellant for tank-to-tank transfer and engine start-up operations. Once it is present in the ullage, the noncondensable gas can affect the interfacial evaporation and condensation processes that control tank self-pressurization and pressure control during subsequent storage. The Zero Boil-Off Tank-Noncondensable (ZBOT-NC) Experiment and its associated computational model development effort are carried out to study these phenomena. In this work, we present a Sharp Interface CFD (SI-CFD) model which is applied to the two-phase and two-component simulant fluid system used in the ZBOT-NC Experiment with Perfluoro-n-Pentane (PnP) as the simulant low-boiling point phase change fluid, and Xenon as the noncondensable gas. The SI-CFD model solves the continuity, momentum, energy, species, and turbulence equations in the vapor and liquid phases while providing very accurate temperature and species gradient calculations at the interface. In developing this model, particular attention was focused on the precise determination of the molar concentrations of the vapor and the noncondensable gas at the interface in order to correctly predict the vapor “Stefan wind” in the ullage, as well as the extent of the accumulation of the noncondensable gas at the phase front. Detailed microgravity and 1g numerical simulations and analyses are presented to show the characteristics of the noncondensable gas induced transport resistance in the ullage, along with the thermocapillary (Marangoni) convection in the liquid and their impact on the interfacial heat and mass transfer during tank self-pressurization and jet mixing pressure control. The results of these simulations indicate that, in 1g, the presence of the noncondensable gas affects pressure control noticeably but its impact on self-pressurization is minimal. However, in microgravity, the noncondensable gas seems to have a noticeable impact during self-pressurization while its effect on jet mixing pressure control is significant and considerably more pronounced than on earth.
{"title":"Sharp interface CFD analysis of noncondensable gas effects on 1g and microgravity tank self-pressurization and pressure control","authors":"Mohammad Kassemi , Sonya Hylton","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In future refueling depot and space operations, noncondensable gases (NCG)s may be used as pressurants to extract liquid propellant for tank-to-tank transfer and engine start-up operations. Once it is present in the ullage, the noncondensable gas can affect the interfacial evaporation and condensation processes that control tank self-pressurization and pressure control during subsequent storage. The Zero Boil-Off Tank-Noncondensable (ZBOT-NC) Experiment and its associated computational model development effort are carried out to study these phenomena. In this work, we present a Sharp Interface CFD (SI-CFD) model which is applied to the two-phase and two-component simulant fluid system used in the ZBOT-NC Experiment with Perfluoro-n-Pentane (PnP) as the <em>simulant</em> low-boiling point phase change fluid, and Xenon as the noncondensable gas. The SI-CFD model solves the continuity, momentum, energy, species, and turbulence equations in the vapor and liquid phases while providing very accurate temperature and species gradient calculations at the interface. In developing this model, particular attention was focused on the precise determination of the molar concentrations of the vapor and the noncondensable gas at the interface in order to correctly predict the vapor “Stefan wind” in the ullage, as well as the extent of the accumulation of the noncondensable gas at the phase front. Detailed microgravity and 1g numerical simulations and analyses are presented to show the characteristics of the noncondensable gas induced transport resistance in the ullage, along with the thermocapillary (Marangoni) convection in the liquid and their impact on the interfacial heat and mass transfer during tank self-pressurization and jet mixing pressure control. The results of these simulations indicate that, in 1g, the presence of the noncondensable gas affects pressure control noticeably but its impact on self-pressurization is minimal. However, in microgravity, the noncondensable gas seems to have a noticeable impact during self-pressurization while its effect on jet mixing pressure control is significant and considerably more pronounced than on earth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104231
Ruize Li , Bo Wang , Haoren Wang , Zhicai Zhang , Keying Qian , Qinyu Zhao , Wei Chao , Wenqing Dong , Qiang Cao , Tao Jin , Zhihua Gan
Gifford-McMahon (G-M) type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures (LHe-PTCs) are characterized by their high reliability, long operational lifetime, low vibration, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference. These advantages make them irreplaceable in quantum physics, precision measurement, and advanced instrumentation. As modern scientific research advances toward larger scales and higher precision, increasingly stringent demands now emphasize the cooling capacity and efficiency of LHe-PTCs. This review systematically reviews the development of LHe-PTCs, focusing on two key directions: achieving higher cooling capacities and improving efficiency. The performance data of LHe-PTC commercial products are comprehensively summarized and compared. Although some progress has been achieved in improving the cooling capacity, the relative Carnot efficiency of the second-stage has remained around 1% over the past three decades, which has constrained the large-scale application of LHe-PTCs. In light of this research status, this review summarizes the progress on mechanisms of how real gas effect and the finite specific heat capacity of regenerator materials reduce cooling efficiency. Advances in efficiency improving methods including system coupling and the utilization of intermediate cooling power are highlighted. The challenges currently encountered and the future directions have been outlined. This study aims to guide the design of next-generation LHe-PTCs with higher cooling capacity and efficiency and serve as a valuable reference for researchers in quantum physics and scientific instrumentation.
{"title":"G-M type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures: Progress, challenges and prospects","authors":"Ruize Li , Bo Wang , Haoren Wang , Zhicai Zhang , Keying Qian , Qinyu Zhao , Wei Chao , Wenqing Dong , Qiang Cao , Tao Jin , Zhihua Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gifford-McMahon (G-M) type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures (LHe-PTCs) are characterized by their high reliability, long operational lifetime, low vibration, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference. These advantages make them irreplaceable in quantum physics, precision measurement, and advanced instrumentation. As modern scientific research advances toward larger scales and higher precision, increasingly stringent demands now emphasize the cooling capacity and efficiency of LHe-PTCs. This review systematically reviews the development of LHe-PTCs, focusing on two key directions: achieving higher cooling capacities and improving efficiency. The performance data of LHe-PTC commercial products are comprehensively summarized and compared. Although some progress has been achieved in improving the cooling capacity, the relative Carnot efficiency of the second-stage has remained around 1% over the past three decades, which has constrained the large-scale application of LHe-PTCs. In light of this research status, this review summarizes the progress on mechanisms of how real gas effect and the finite specific heat capacity of regenerator materials reduce cooling efficiency. Advances in efficiency improving methods including system coupling and the utilization of intermediate cooling power are highlighted. The challenges currently encountered and the future directions have been outlined. This study aims to guide the design of next-generation LHe-PTCs with higher cooling capacity and efficiency and serve as a valuable reference for researchers in quantum physics and scientific instrumentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104190
JH. Wan , YS. Chen , X. Wang , C. Zhou , XT. Zhang , H. Jin , F. Liu , JG. Qin , HJ. Liu , P. Gao
Rare-earth-based barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductors have shown impressive performance in current transport capability and mechanical force tolerance in high magnetic field conditions, so their application as layer-wound insert magnets for the construction of a high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) superconducting magnet is reasonably expected. However, the inhomogeneous stress distribution induced by the screening current, coupled with significant vertical magnetic field exposure at the end of the magnet, poses threats to the mechanical stability of the layer-wound insert magnet. Meanwhile, the quench protection in REBCO magnets is a critical problem; adopting no-insulation winding methods can provide the magnet with self-protecting capability. To verify the feasibility of the manufacturing process for the layer-wound magnet and to accumulate technological experience for the subsequent construction of NMR magnets, a layer-wound no-insulation (LW-NI) insert magnet was fabricated with REBCO-coated conductors. The winding has an inner diameter of 40 mm, an outer diameter of 42 mm, and a total height of 66 mm; nine layers of the insert magnet were wound with 16 turns per layer. The layer-wound magnet successfully energised with a current of 480 A (1 µV/cm quench criterion) and generated a self-field of 1.13 T in the axial direction of the magnet in an external 14 T background magnetic field (15.13 T in total) at 4.2 K.
{"title":"Design and construction of a small-scale layer-wound no-insulation (LW-NI) insert magnet with REBCO-coated conductors operating in a background magnetic field exceeding 15 T","authors":"JH. Wan , YS. Chen , X. Wang , C. Zhou , XT. Zhang , H. Jin , F. Liu , JG. Qin , HJ. Liu , P. Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare-earth-based barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductors have shown impressive performance in current transport capability and mechanical force tolerance in high magnetic field conditions, so their application as layer-wound insert magnets for the construction of a high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) superconducting magnet is reasonably expected. However, the inhomogeneous stress distribution induced by the screening current, coupled with significant vertical magnetic field exposure at the end of the magnet, poses threats to the mechanical stability of the layer-wound insert magnet. Meanwhile, the quench protection in REBCO magnets is a critical problem; adopting no-insulation winding methods can provide the magnet with self-protecting capability. To verify the feasibility of the manufacturing process for the layer-wound magnet and to accumulate technological experience for the subsequent construction of NMR magnets, a layer-wound no-insulation (LW-NI) insert magnet was fabricated with REBCO-coated conductors. The winding has an inner diameter of 40 mm, an outer diameter of 42 mm, and a total height of 66 mm; nine layers of the insert magnet were wound with 16 turns per layer. The layer-wound magnet successfully energised with a current of 480 A (1 µV/cm quench criterion) and generated a self-field of 1.13 T in the axial direction of the magnet in an external 14 T background magnetic field (15.13 T in total) at 4.2 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coriolis flow meters are increasingly utilized in cryogenic liquid applications for precise mass flow rate measurement. However, zero drift, induced by significant temperature variations, compromises measurement stability and accuracy. Our work aims to establish a theoretical framework considering temperature variations to understand and mitigate zero drift in cryogenic conditions. The effects of driver offset, sensor offset, and asymmetry in mass, damping, and stiffness matrices at pipe nodes are analyzed across various structural models to assess the zero point. A computational method using finite element modeling is developed to correct thermal stresses and strains. Zero-drift values, reflecting zero-point responses to temperature changes, are calculated in the liquid nitrogen applications. Results reveal the impact of asymmetric structures on temperature-induced zero drift and identify variations in zero drift across different structural models. A correction method utilizing mean response values at multiple positions as coefficients is established, enabling quantitative correction and evaluation to mitigate zero drift.
{"title":"Influence mechanism of temperature-induced zero drift on cryogenic Coriolis flow meters","authors":"Zhengnan Xu, Jianzhen Li, Xiangxiang Pei, Zidong Zhao, Xiaobin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coriolis flow meters are increasingly utilized in cryogenic liquid applications for precise mass flow rate measurement. However, zero drift, induced by significant temperature variations, compromises measurement stability and accuracy. Our work aims to establish a theoretical framework considering temperature variations to understand and mitigate zero drift in cryogenic conditions. The effects of driver offset, sensor offset, and asymmetry in mass, damping, and stiffness matrices at pipe nodes are analyzed across various structural models to assess the zero point. A computational method using finite element modeling is developed to correct thermal stresses and strains. Zero-drift values, reflecting zero-point responses to temperature changes, are calculated in the liquid nitrogen applications. Results reveal the impact of asymmetric structures on temperature-induced zero drift and identify variations in zero drift across different structural models. A correction method utilizing mean response values at multiple positions as coefficients is established, enabling quantitative correction and evaluation to mitigate zero drift.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104199
Weronika Głuchowska , Thomas Hanhart , Tomasz Banaszkiewicz , Philippe Benoit , Benoit Curé , Maciej Chorowski , Alexey Dudarev , Anna Kario , Matthias Mentink , Jasper Van Der Werf
Due to helium’s limited accessibility and non-renewable nature, superconducting systems need more sustainable alternatives to cryogenic plants, which feature elevated helium losses. Cryogenic systems based on commercially available cryocoolers are seen as a promising solution. In this paper, a remote cooling loop driven by a cryocooler and cold circulator is introduced, and an experimental study of the heat exchanger serving as the cryocooler-to-gas thermal interface is presented. This thermal interface is intended for integration into a remote cooling system, which is designed to intercept the 300 W heat load from 3 kA hybrid current leads. The heat exchanger successfully maintained a gas outlet temperature below 50 K under 300 W. A mathematical model is developed to forecast both the gas outlet temperatures and the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger for a given geometry, and validation is conducted using experimental data. Furthermore, an experimental verification of the isentropic efficiency of the selected cold circulator is included. Finally, an estimation of the mass flow within the hydraulic system is presented and compared with the measured results.
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of a thermal interface and a cold circulator used in remote cooling loop driven by a cryocooler","authors":"Weronika Głuchowska , Thomas Hanhart , Tomasz Banaszkiewicz , Philippe Benoit , Benoit Curé , Maciej Chorowski , Alexey Dudarev , Anna Kario , Matthias Mentink , Jasper Van Der Werf","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to helium’s limited accessibility and non-renewable nature, superconducting systems need more sustainable alternatives to cryogenic plants, which feature elevated helium losses. Cryogenic systems based on commercially available cryocoolers are seen as a promising solution. In this paper, a remote cooling loop driven by a cryocooler and cold circulator is introduced, and an experimental study of the heat exchanger serving as the cryocooler-to-gas thermal interface is presented. This thermal interface is intended for integration into a remote cooling system, which is designed to intercept the 300 W heat load from 3 kA hybrid current leads. The heat exchanger successfully maintained a gas outlet temperature below 50 K under 300 W. A mathematical model is developed to forecast both the gas outlet temperatures and the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger for a given geometry, and validation is conducted using experimental data. Furthermore, an experimental verification of the isentropic efficiency of the selected cold circulator is included. Finally, an estimation of the mass flow within the hydraulic system is presented and compared with the measured results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104191
Yishan Chen , Xu Wang , Jiahao Wan , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Jinggang Qin , Chao Zhou , Huan Jin , Peng Gao
REBCO superconducting tapes possess high critical temperature, large engineering critical current density, and high critical magnetic field, making them essential for winding high-field magnets above 20 T. Layer-wound coils offer advantages such as fewer joints and reduced Joule heating but involve inevitable hard-way bending, which induces strain that degrades critical current and can cause irreversible damage at high strain levels. This study investigates the effect of hard-way bending radius on the current-carrying properties of REBCO tapes with different structures. Critical current measurements were conducted in liquid nitrogen, combined with theoretical calculations and finite element simulations to characterize strain distribution. The simulation accuracy was verified by the distributed optical fiber technique. Results reveal a nonlinear relationship between strain and hard-way bending radius, with strain concentrated at the tape edges. At a hard-way bending radius of 200 mm, the critical current of copper-plated tape decreased to 20 %, multi-filament tape to 18 %, while stainless steel-encapsulated tape retained 70 % of its critical current. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing layer-wound coil fabrication.
{"title":"Effect of hard-way bending strain on the current-carrying properties of the REBCO tape","authors":"Yishan Chen , Xu Wang , Jiahao Wan , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Jinggang Qin , Chao Zhou , Huan Jin , Peng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>RE</em>BCO superconducting tapes possess high critical temperature, large engineering critical current density, and high critical magnetic field, making them essential for winding high-field magnets above 20 T. Layer-wound coils offer advantages such as fewer joints and reduced Joule heating but involve inevitable hard-way bending, which induces strain that degrades critical current and can cause irreversible damage at high strain levels. This study investigates the effect of hard-way bending radius on the current-carrying properties of <em>RE</em>BCO tapes with different structures. Critical current measurements were conducted in liquid nitrogen, combined with theoretical calculations and finite element simulations to characterize strain distribution. The simulation accuracy was verified by the distributed optical fiber technique. Results reveal a nonlinear relationship between strain and hard-way bending radius, with strain concentrated at the tape edges. At a hard-way bending radius of 200 mm, the critical current of copper-plated tape decreased to 20 %, multi-filament tape to 18 %, while stainless steel-encapsulated tape retained 70 % of its critical current. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing layer-wound coil fabrication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104198
Tingwei Wan , Haojie Wang , Zuhua Chen , Yunhui Wang , Heng Tu , Zhenxing Li , Yanan Zhao , Jun Shen , Zhaojun Mo , Guochun Zhang
The gadolinium-rich phosphates, Gd8P2O17 and Gd3PO7, were successfully synthesized by the high-temperature solid-phase reaction method. Gd8P2O17 and Gd3PO7 crystallize in the monoclinic system. Their magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were systematically investigated by measuring magnetic susceptibility (χ) and magnetization (M). The phase transition temperatures for Gd3PO7 and Gd8P2O17 were observed to be below 2 K. The max magnetic entropy change () of Gd8P2O17 reaches 21.7 J·kg−1 K−1 at 2 K and 5 T, which is comparable to that of the commercial Gd3Ga5O12 under the same conditions. Gd3PO7 exhibits a of 10.3 J·kg−1 K−1 at 6 K and 5 T, similar to the value of LiDyP4O12 under the same conditions. Moreover, the relative cooling capacity (RCP) and refrigeration capacity (RC) values reach 165.05 and 123.94 J/kg for Gd3PO7 and 152.14 and 108.99 J/kg for Gd8P2O17 under the magnetic field changes of 5 T. These results indicate that Gd8P2O17 and Gd3PO7 may be promising candidates for ultra-low temperature magnetic refrigeration applications.
{"title":"Magnetocaloric effect in Gd8P2O17 and Gd3PO7","authors":"Tingwei Wan , Haojie Wang , Zuhua Chen , Yunhui Wang , Heng Tu , Zhenxing Li , Yanan Zhao , Jun Shen , Zhaojun Mo , Guochun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gadolinium-rich phosphates, Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> and Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub>, were successfully synthesized by the high-temperature solid-phase reaction method. Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> and Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub> crystallize in the monoclinic system. Their magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were systematically investigated by measuring magnetic susceptibility (χ) and magnetization (M). The phase transition temperatures for Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub> and Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> were observed to be below 2 K. The max magnetic entropy change (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>-ΔS</mi><mtext>M</mtext><mi>max</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) of Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> reaches 21.7 J·kg<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> at 2 K and 5 T, which is comparable to that of the commercial Gd<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> under the same conditions. Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub> exhibits a <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>-ΔS</mi><mtext>M</mtext><mi>max</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> of 10.3 J·kg<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> at 6 K and 5 T, similar to the value of LiDyP<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> under the same conditions. Moreover, the relative cooling capacity (RCP) and refrigeration capacity (RC) values reach 165.05 and 123.94 J/kg for Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub> and 152.14 and 108.99 J/kg for Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> under the magnetic field changes of 5 T. These results indicate that Gd<sub>8</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>17</sub> and Gd<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>7</sub> may be promising candidates for ultra-low temperature magnetic refrigeration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15Epub Date: 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104197
Yagang Shi , Weiping Chai , Shuping Chen , Dongsheng Ni , Xudong Wang , Jianlong Liu , Xiaowei Xu , Jiajian Ding , Meitang Tang , Lijun Mao , Jiancheng Yang
The cryocatcher serves as a crucial apparatus for mitigating the dynamic vacuum effects within a superconducting synchrotron. In anticipation of the stringent beam collimation demands imposed by the high-intensity beam operation in the forthcoming BRing-S project, a prototype cryocatcher has been meticulously designed and fabricated. This study is dedicated to an in-depth examination of the thermal design and cryogenic performance of the cryocatcher. A comprehensive thermodynamic model has been developed to facilitate finite element analysis and numerical simulations of the heat transfer mechanisms inherent in its critical components, including the target block, tension rods, thermal shield, beam chamber and bellows, the structure was optimized based on simulation results to minimize heat leakage. Additionally, this work systematically summarizes the thermal loads encountered at various temperature regimes. The cryocatcher subsequently underwent cooling tests, the results of which corroborate that the thermal design aligns with the predefined performance benchmarks. Consequently, this study has accumulated relevant experience for the subsequent formal research on cryocatcher and laid a foundation for the future online operation of cryocatcher.
{"title":"Thermal design and performance of cryocatcher for BRing-S","authors":"Yagang Shi , Weiping Chai , Shuping Chen , Dongsheng Ni , Xudong Wang , Jianlong Liu , Xiaowei Xu , Jiajian Ding , Meitang Tang , Lijun Mao , Jiancheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cryocatcher serves as a crucial apparatus for mitigating the dynamic vacuum effects within a superconducting synchrotron. In anticipation of the stringent beam collimation demands imposed by the high-intensity beam operation in the forthcoming BRing-S project, a prototype cryocatcher has been meticulously designed and fabricated. This study is dedicated to an in-depth examination of the thermal design and cryogenic performance of the cryocatcher. A comprehensive thermodynamic model has been developed to facilitate finite element analysis and numerical simulations of the heat transfer mechanisms inherent in its critical components, including the target block, tension rods, thermal shield, beam chamber and bellows, the structure was optimized based on simulation results to minimize heat leakage. Additionally, this work systematically summarizes the thermal loads encountered at various temperature regimes. The cryocatcher subsequently underwent cooling tests, the results of which corroborate that the thermal design aligns with the predefined performance benchmarks. Consequently, this study has accumulated relevant experience for the subsequent formal research on cryocatcher and laid a foundation for the future online operation of cryocatcher.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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