Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.2174/0126667975274574231110055223
Calvin R. Wei, Godwin C Lang'at
The Covid-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to healthcare systems across the world, with rising cases of coronavirus infections leading to reduced hospital visits. The IPC interventions implemented by governments, such as restrictions of movements, curfews, school closures, and limited social gatherings, also impacted the provision of medical services in hospitals. In the Kenyan case, medical facilities and non-profit organizations became innovative and utilized telehealth to conduct patient consultations, perform diagnostic procedures, and provide treatment using ICT tools.
{"title":"Utilization of Telehealth in Kenya During COVID-19","authors":"Calvin R. Wei, Godwin C Lang'at","doi":"10.2174/0126667975274574231110055223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975274574231110055223","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to healthcare systems across the world, with rising cases of coronavirus infections leading to reduced hospital visits. The IPC interventions implemented by governments, such as restrictions of movements, curfews, school closures, and limited social gatherings, also impacted the provision of medical services in hospitals. In the Kenyan case, medical facilities and non-profit organizations became innovative and utilized telehealth to conduct patient consultations, perform diagnostic procedures, and provide treatment using ICT tools.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mpro protease, an enzyme found in coronaviruses (PDB codes: 6LU7 and 2GTB), provides a unique way to recognize potentially active substances. All of the suggested drugs shared an ethanolamine/propylamine bridge, consisting of two to three lengths of carbon atoms, to treat COVID-19 patients. Because of this, the author chose to conduct the study using ascorbic acid, also known as R-5-(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one, a potent immune system booster for combating coronavirus. In this study, ascorbic acid is used to identify new potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme using molecular docking, the Lipinski rule for drug-likeness, physiochemical property by Molinspiration, ADMET by Pre ADMET server, and Osiris property explorer for toxicity analysis in comparison to proposed drug therapy. The receptor-binding site in the active sites of Mpro protease (PDB codes: 6LU7 and 2GTB) was predicted using molecular docking studies using the GOLD, v5.2.2 program (Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking). Ascorbic acid derivatives' physiochemical properties, druglikeness, ADME, and toxicity were further examined using Molinspiration, OSIRIS Property Explorer, and Pre ADMET service. The findings result showed that molecules 16 and 17 had outstanding gold score/energy score with 6LU7 (52.45 & 51.45/-15.16 &-17.32 kJ/mol, respectively) and 2GTB (55.09 & 54.79/- 11.86 & -16.31 kJ/mol, respectively). All molecules were found with zero violation of Lipinski rules and showed good bioavailability via the oral route. In comparison to the proposed drugs, the compounds 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, and 17 had good drug scores and received excellent drug-likeness ratings. The compounds 14, 15, 16, and 17 were observed as remarkable inhibitors for CYP 450 3A4, CYP 450 2C9 and CYP 450 2C19 and substrates for CYP 450 3A4 and CYP 450 2D6. In the molecular docking study, compound 17 showed outstanding gold/energy values as well as excellent bioactivity scores against GPCR ligands, protease inhibitors, and kinase inhibitors. Drug-related attributes were obtained using OSIRIS property explorer and pre-ADME, which showed compound 17 to have an excellent drug score, no toxicity, and drug-likeness.
{"title":"New SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitor by Ascorbic Acid: Design, Molecular docking, Lipinski’s Rule and ADMET Analysis","authors":"Mohammad Rashid, Md. Athar, Abdulrahman Salman Alazmi, Deepak Kumar, Raj Kumar, Keun Woo Lee, Aisha Alnami","doi":"10.2174/0126667975266805231107110146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975266805231107110146","url":null,"abstract":"Mpro protease, an enzyme found in coronaviruses (PDB codes: 6LU7 and 2GTB), provides a unique way to recognize potentially active substances. All of the suggested drugs shared an ethanolamine/propylamine bridge, consisting of two to three lengths of carbon atoms, to treat COVID-19 patients. Because of this, the author chose to conduct the study using ascorbic acid, also known as R-5-(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one, a potent immune system booster for combating coronavirus. In this study, ascorbic acid is used to identify new potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme using molecular docking, the Lipinski rule for drug-likeness, physiochemical property by Molinspiration, ADMET by Pre ADMET server, and Osiris property explorer for toxicity analysis in comparison to proposed drug therapy. The receptor-binding site in the active sites of Mpro protease (PDB codes: 6LU7 and 2GTB) was predicted using molecular docking studies using the GOLD, v5.2.2 program (Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking). Ascorbic acid derivatives' physiochemical properties, druglikeness, ADME, and toxicity were further examined using Molinspiration, OSIRIS Property Explorer, and Pre ADMET service. The findings result showed that molecules 16 and 17 had outstanding gold score/energy score with 6LU7 (52.45 & 51.45/-15.16 &-17.32 kJ/mol, respectively) and 2GTB (55.09 & 54.79/- 11.86 & -16.31 kJ/mol, respectively). All molecules were found with zero violation of Lipinski rules and showed good bioavailability via the oral route. In comparison to the proposed drugs, the compounds 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, and 17 had good drug scores and received excellent drug-likeness ratings. The compounds 14, 15, 16, and 17 were observed as remarkable inhibitors for CYP 450 3A4, CYP 450 2C9 and CYP 450 2C19 and substrates for CYP 450 3A4 and CYP 450 2D6. In the molecular docking study, compound 17 showed outstanding gold/energy values as well as excellent bioactivity scores against GPCR ligands, protease inhibitors, and kinase inhibitors. Drug-related attributes were obtained using OSIRIS property explorer and pre-ADME, which showed compound 17 to have an excellent drug score, no toxicity, and drug-likeness.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.2174/0126667975271719231107052426
Aliasghar Hemmati, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani
The COVID-19 infection is rapidly spreading worldwide. Treating this new viral infection is a great challenge worldwide. There is no specific and approved medication for its treatment, so some medications are considered off-label. Antivirals, corticosteroids, antimalarial agents, and antibiotics are proposed in different countries to treat COVID-19. This narrative review discussed the off-label use of medications for COVID-19 and the beneficial and adverse effects of them. Evidence was collected and sorted from the literature ranging from 2019 to 2022 on scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus with suitable keywords. All papers, namely systematic reviews, case studies, and clinical guidelines, were evaluated. Antimalarial agents, antivirals, antibiotics, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, biological medicines, Ivermectin, and melatonin were reviewed in this study. Some medications have direct antiviral effects, and many can reduce infection symptoms and hospitalization. In some clinical trial trials, even some of them, such as corticosteroids, can lower death rates, particularly during the cytokine storm period. However, the effectiveness of some medications has not been understood. Besides, the side effects of off-label use of these medications must be considered a serious concern. There are no proven medications for COVID-19 yet. Off-label use of medications is a double-edged sword that can have advantages outweighing its disadvantages. The COVID-19 crisis taught us many lessons about dealing with health-related crises and their treatment management. One of the most important lessons is paying more attention to the discovery and development of novel drugs and vaccines based on modern technology.
{"title":"Off-label Use of Medicines in COVID-19: A Lesson For Future","authors":"Aliasghar Hemmati, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani","doi":"10.2174/0126667975271719231107052426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975271719231107052426","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 infection is rapidly spreading worldwide. Treating this new viral infection is a great challenge worldwide. There is no specific and approved medication for its treatment, so some medications are considered off-label. Antivirals, corticosteroids, antimalarial agents, and antibiotics are proposed in different countries to treat COVID-19. This narrative review discussed the off-label use of medications for COVID-19 and the beneficial and adverse effects of them. Evidence was collected and sorted from the literature ranging from 2019 to 2022 on scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus with suitable keywords. All papers, namely systematic reviews, case studies, and clinical guidelines, were evaluated. Antimalarial agents, antivirals, antibiotics, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, biological medicines, Ivermectin, and melatonin were reviewed in this study. Some medications have direct antiviral effects, and many can reduce infection symptoms and hospitalization. In some clinical trial trials, even some of them, such as corticosteroids, can lower death rates, particularly during the cytokine storm period. However, the effectiveness of some medications has not been understood. Besides, the side effects of off-label use of these medications must be considered a serious concern. There are no proven medications for COVID-19 yet. Off-label use of medications is a double-edged sword that can have advantages outweighing its disadvantages. The COVID-19 crisis taught us many lessons about dealing with health-related crises and their treatment management. One of the most important lessons is paying more attention to the discovery and development of novel drugs and vaccines based on modern technology.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.2174/0126667975271636231109051950
M. Yadollahzadeh, Somayyeh Nasiripour, Najmeh Moradi Shahrbabak, N. Rezaie, M. Farrokhpour, Mehdi Azimi, S. Izadi, Farhad Zamani, Maryam Farasatinasab, Hootan Diba
Anti-inflammatory agents have been proposed to improve oxygenation and mortality rates in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This study has assessed the impact of colchicine as a coadjuvant inflammatory agent to infliximab in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. In this randomized, open-label clinical trial, 63 severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients according to the criteria of the National Institutes of Health, 18 to 85 years old, with an increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels, were randomized to receive colchicine 1 mg for 7 days and infliximab as a single dose of 300 mg on the first day of treatment or infliximab as a single dose of 300 mg on the first day. The primary outcomes assessed were oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lung infiltrate) after seven days, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates. Secondary outcomes included laboratory data and drug safety after 7 days. 52 patients with similar baseline characteristics completed the study. There were no significant differences in oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lung infiltrate) after seven days, median ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates between the two groups. Laboratory data showed no differences between both the groups seven days after the treatment. Also, no serious side effects were observed during the study among the two groups, except for one patient, who experienced diarrhea. Our results cannot support the addition of colchicine to promote the improvement of clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
{"title":"Colchicine with Infliximab Compared to Infliximab in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: An Open-label Randomized Trial","authors":"M. Yadollahzadeh, Somayyeh Nasiripour, Najmeh Moradi Shahrbabak, N. Rezaie, M. Farrokhpour, Mehdi Azimi, S. Izadi, Farhad Zamani, Maryam Farasatinasab, Hootan Diba","doi":"10.2174/0126667975271636231109051950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975271636231109051950","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-inflammatory agents have been proposed to improve oxygenation and mortality rates in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This study has assessed the impact of colchicine as a coadjuvant inflammatory agent to infliximab in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. In this randomized, open-label clinical trial, 63 severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients according to the criteria of the National Institutes of Health, 18 to 85 years old, with an increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels, were randomized to receive colchicine 1 mg for 7 days and infliximab as a single dose of 300 mg on the first day of treatment or infliximab as a single dose of 300 mg on the first day. The primary outcomes assessed were oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lung infiltrate) after seven days, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates. Secondary outcomes included laboratory data and drug safety after 7 days. 52 patients with similar baseline characteristics completed the study. There were no significant differences in oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lung infiltrate) after seven days, median ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates between the two groups. Laboratory data showed no differences between both the groups seven days after the treatment. Also, no serious side effects were observed during the study among the two groups, except for one patient, who experienced diarrhea. Our results cannot support the addition of colchicine to promote the improvement of clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.2174/0126667975269003231109044945
H. Al-Madhagi
Not applicble
不适用
{"title":"Why Poor Countries were the Least Affected by COVID-19?","authors":"H. Al-Madhagi","doi":"10.2174/0126667975269003231109044945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975269003231109044945","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec> <jats:title /> <jats:p>Not applicble</jats:p> </jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 continues to wreak havoc on the global population. Infection with SARSCoV- 2 can be mild, severe, and even life-threatening. It is associated with cytokine storm, lung and even heart damage. With no specific treatment available for this contagious disease, induction of herd immunity through vaccination is being perceived as the only way out through this pandemic. Throughout the world, research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working independently or in collaboration to accelerate the process of COVID-19 vaccine development. Different countries have already started vaccination drives on a large scale to combat the disease. Today, we have a few approved vaccines, some are conventional, while others are subunit protein or nucleotide vaccines. This review describes the various vaccination strategies adopted the clinical and preclinical trials in developing some of the approved COVID-19 vaccines that are being administered around the world. The review also focuses on the challenges and adverse effects reported post-vaccination. Some of the proposed therapies for COVID-19 have also been elucidated. The effectiveness and safety of vaccines towards SARS-CoV-2 new variants suggest that more research in the field needs to be continued in the future.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Status and Challenges in the Genesis of COVID 19 Vaccination Strategies","authors":"Munmun Banerjee, Sonia Chadha, Somali Sanyal, Sayali Mukherjee","doi":"10.2174/0126667975269506231108053010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975269506231108053010","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 continues to wreak havoc on the global population. Infection with SARSCoV- 2 can be mild, severe, and even life-threatening. It is associated with cytokine storm, lung and even heart damage. With no specific treatment available for this contagious disease, induction of herd immunity through vaccination is being perceived as the only way out through this pandemic. Throughout the world, research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working independently or in collaboration to accelerate the process of COVID-19 vaccine development. Different countries have already started vaccination drives on a large scale to combat the disease. Today, we have a few approved vaccines, some are conventional, while others are subunit protein or nucleotide vaccines. This review describes the various vaccination strategies adopted the clinical and preclinical trials in developing some of the approved COVID-19 vaccines that are being administered around the world. The review also focuses on the challenges and adverse effects reported post-vaccination. Some of the proposed therapies for COVID-19 have also been elucidated. The effectiveness and safety of vaccines towards SARS-CoV-2 new variants suggest that more research in the field needs to be continued in the future.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.2174/0126667975253901231108092829
Anil Sao, Tulsidas Nimbekar, Garla Venkateswarlu, Mohit Mishra, Aditya Kate, Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan, C. M. Chakole
The entire world witnessed the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. It has become deadly everywhere across the globe. COVID-19 mortality varies across age groups and has been linked to an individual's innate immunity. In contrast, it was more lethal in immunocompromised people. The spread of viruses is slowed by both passive immunity and vaccine-aided acquired immunity. However, vaccine-induced immunity is transient, and there is no assurance that vaccinemediated antibodies will be effective against all future virus mutants. As a result, natural immunity boosters have become essential supplements that must be used nowadays to stay immunized against such infections. In Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Indian spices have been used for a long time to boost the immune system and fight off different diseases. This review aims to disseminate information about traditional natural medicine in repurposing as an immunity booster and for antiviral effects in COVID-19. Using published articles from recent years, the in silico docking study, survey-based study, and in vitro and preclinical research work on selected traditional herbs for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and antiviral properties are summarized. Withania somnifera, Piper nigrum, Emblica officinalis, Andrographis paniculate, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper longum, and Curcuma longa are some of the most commonly used natural spices studied extensively and hence selected in this review. This context summarizes selected plants showing immunomodulatory and antiviral effects in experimental animals, simulation, and clinical studies. By virtue of antiviral potential, the chosen herbs could be used for repurposing in COVID-19 management after thorough clinical investigations.
{"title":"Exploring the Efficacy of Traditional Herbs in Combating COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Anil Sao, Tulsidas Nimbekar, Garla Venkateswarlu, Mohit Mishra, Aditya Kate, Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan, C. M. Chakole","doi":"10.2174/0126667975253901231108092829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975253901231108092829","url":null,"abstract":"The entire world witnessed the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. It has become deadly everywhere across the globe. COVID-19 mortality varies across age groups and has been linked to an individual's innate immunity. In contrast, it was more lethal in immunocompromised people. The spread of viruses is slowed by both passive immunity and vaccine-aided acquired immunity. However, vaccine-induced immunity is transient, and there is no assurance that vaccinemediated antibodies will be effective against all future virus mutants. As a result, natural immunity boosters have become essential supplements that must be used nowadays to stay immunized against such infections. In Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Indian spices have been used for a long time to boost the immune system and fight off different diseases. This review aims to disseminate information about traditional natural medicine in repurposing as an immunity booster and for antiviral effects in COVID-19. Using published articles from recent years, the in silico docking study, survey-based study, and in vitro and preclinical research work on selected traditional herbs for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and antiviral properties are summarized. Withania somnifera, Piper nigrum, Emblica officinalis, Andrographis paniculate, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Piper longum, and Curcuma longa are some of the most commonly used natural spices studied extensively and hence selected in this review. This context summarizes selected plants showing immunomodulatory and antiviral effects in experimental animals, simulation, and clinical studies. By virtue of antiviral potential, the chosen herbs could be used for repurposing in COVID-19 management after thorough clinical investigations.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, higher Enterococcus bloodstream infections (BSI) rates have been reported. To establish whether these infections actually increased, we compared the incidence of Enterococcal infections before (September 2019 to February 2020) and during the pandemic (April 2020 to March 2022). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center converted into a COVID-19 facility. All clinical samples received in our laboratory during the study period were included. Results: In the six months preceding the pandemic, 2,243 samples were positive for bacterial growth; of the isolated organisms, 100 were Enterococcus species. During the pandemic, 39 out of 996 positive samples were Enterococcus. E. faecium was the most common isolate, 79/99 and 37/39. BSI was the most common overall infection (554/996; 55.6%) compared to the period before it (287/2243; 12.79%). Enterococcus species accounted for 30 out of 554 (5.41%) BSI in COVID-19 patients and 21/287 in the period before it (7.31%). Ten out of 39 (25.64%) isolates were vancomycin-resistant compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (9/21; 42.8%). There was an increase in antimicrobial resistance in the pandemic, except for linezolid and high-level aminoglycoside. Conclusion: Although we noted a higher percentage of BSIs, Enterococci were isolated from a lesser rate of COVID-19 patients from our center compared to pre-pandemic times. The plausible reasons for this could be the protective gut microbiota in the Indian population, and no increase in Enterococcus species in the environment of patients.
{"title":"Enterococcal Infections: A Comparative Analysis between the Pandemic and the Pre-pandemic Period","authors":"Neha Sharad, Smriti Srivastava, Vandana V Kiro, Sharin Varma, Sharad Srivastav, Aparna Ningombam, Rajesh Malhotra, Purva Mathur","doi":"10.2174/0126667975266889231102063923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975266889231102063923","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, higher Enterococcus bloodstream infections (BSI) rates have been reported. To establish whether these infections actually increased, we compared the incidence of Enterococcal infections before (September 2019 to February 2020) and during the pandemic (April 2020 to March 2022). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center converted into a COVID-19 facility. All clinical samples received in our laboratory during the study period were included. Results: In the six months preceding the pandemic, 2,243 samples were positive for bacterial growth; of the isolated organisms, 100 were Enterococcus species. During the pandemic, 39 out of 996 positive samples were Enterococcus. E. faecium was the most common isolate, 79/99 and 37/39. BSI was the most common overall infection (554/996; 55.6%) compared to the period before it (287/2243; 12.79%). Enterococcus species accounted for 30 out of 554 (5.41%) BSI in COVID-19 patients and 21/287 in the period before it (7.31%). Ten out of 39 (25.64%) isolates were vancomycin-resistant compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (9/21; 42.8%). There was an increase in antimicrobial resistance in the pandemic, except for linezolid and high-level aminoglycoside. Conclusion: Although we noted a higher percentage of BSIs, Enterococci were isolated from a lesser rate of COVID-19 patients from our center compared to pre-pandemic times. The plausible reasons for this could be the protective gut microbiota in the Indian population, and no increase in Enterococcus species in the environment of patients.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135683736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.2174/0126667975250575231018111950
Ramesh M, Arunachalam Muthuraman, Krishnan Anand
Abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes ARDS, respiratory failure, organ failure, and even death. The immunopathology associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus involves an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, commonly referred to as a "cytokine storm." SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic kept the world silent since its emergence by engulfing most public activities. The symptoms of COVID-19 like coughing, fatigue, dysphagia, and poor appetite reduce the nutritional intake among the patients. Therefore, the nutritional status of the infected patients needs monitoring. The deficiency of nutrition puts the patients at high risk during clinical therapy. Moreover, insufficient micronutrients lead to weakened immune responses, causing improper cytokine secretion, changes in secretory antibody response, and reduced antibody affinity; all of which enhance the vulnerability of viral infections. As the pandemic is affecting a large number of people all over the world, there is an urgent requirement for newer therapies/therapeutics with nutritional information for hospitalized and recovered patients of COVID-19. Hospitalized patients are highly at risk of malnutrition, weight loss, muscle loss, etc. Therefore, nutritional support is essential for COVID-19 patients. Based on the recent reports obtained from the COVID-19 resources; the present review describes the various clinical therapies, the involvement of nutritional support, the role of diet, the modified lifestyle, and micronutrients (zinc, selenium, and vitamin D) in the management of COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Traditional Therapies Involving Nutrition for the Management of COVID-19","authors":"Ramesh M, Arunachalam Muthuraman, Krishnan Anand","doi":"10.2174/0126667975250575231018111950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975250575231018111950","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes ARDS, respiratory failure, organ failure, and even death. The immunopathology associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus involves an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, commonly referred to as a \"cytokine storm.\" SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic kept the world silent since its emergence by engulfing most public activities. The symptoms of COVID-19 like coughing, fatigue, dysphagia, and poor appetite reduce the nutritional intake among the patients. Therefore, the nutritional status of the infected patients needs monitoring. The deficiency of nutrition puts the patients at high risk during clinical therapy. Moreover, insufficient micronutrients lead to weakened immune responses, causing improper cytokine secretion, changes in secretory antibody response, and reduced antibody affinity; all of which enhance the vulnerability of viral infections. As the pandemic is affecting a large number of people all over the world, there is an urgent requirement for newer therapies/therapeutics with nutritional information for hospitalized and recovered patients of COVID-19. Hospitalized patients are highly at risk of malnutrition, weight loss, muscle loss, etc. Therefore, nutritional support is essential for COVID-19 patients. Based on the recent reports obtained from the COVID-19 resources; the present review describes the various clinical therapies, the involvement of nutritional support, the role of diet, the modified lifestyle, and micronutrients (zinc, selenium, and vitamin D) in the management of COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136316944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.2174/0126667975267350231025073121
Israel Mani, Manikandan B.N, Amarabalan B, Mohamudha Parveen R, Mohan Pandi
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of pandemic preparedness worldwide, following the devastating 1918 pandemic. The rapid spread of COVID-19, originating in China, led to its classification as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is a member of the Coronaviridae family, a large family of viruses that have undergone extensive mutation and evolution over time. Among the coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, a Betacoronavirus, has emerged as a highly virulent pathogen capable of causing severe illness and fatalities in both humans and animals. Since 1966, various types of coronaviruses have surfaced, each exhibiting distinct mutations and structural characteristics. These genetic changes have contributed to the enhanced potency of the virus, intensifying the global pandemic crisis we face today. In response, the pharmaceutical approach to combat COVID-19 encompasses a multifaceted strategy. This includes the development of novel antiviral drugs specifically targeting the virus, as well as the repurposing of existing medications to evaluate their effectiveness against the virus. Additionally, there is a growing interest in exploring the potential of herbal and traditional medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. Continued research and collaboration among scientists, healthcare professionals, and pharmaceutical companies are crucial in the quest to find effective treatments for COVID-19 and to mitigate the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks. It is imperative to recognize the power and adaptability of microorganisms, emphasizing the need for vigilance and caution in preventing and managing infectious diseases. By investing in robust pandemic preparedness, measures and fostering global cooperation, we can enhance our ability to respond effectively to emerging viral threats and safeguard public health.
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