Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.2174/0126667975265630231025112858
K. Kranthi Kumar, Sunil Kumar Kadiri, Sampath. A. G
Background: SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019, and after that, it spread quickly around the world. The virus could spread to millions of individuals since there were no particular treatments or preventative measures. The COVID-19 infection is often treated with current drugs such as Remdesivir, steroids, tocilizumab, favipiravir, and ivermectin. However, the immunosuppressive effects of these medicines might worsen COVID-19 symptoms and put the lives of immunocompromised individuals in peril. Thus, it is important to sustain a robust immune system when undergoing therapy for COVID-19. Herbal treatment has the potential to accomplish this objective. Objective: The current investigation involves the preparation of polyherbal syrup containing various medicinal plants such as ephedra, diascorea, ginger, echinacea, garlic, rhubarb, and glycyrrhiza for the effective control of the COVID-19 infection. Methods: All varieties of the individual plant powders (200 g) were treated to a 7 day maceration in aqueous ethanol (70:30) in a percolator at room temperature with intermittent vigorous shaking at room temperature and storage of the extract in a dark room. The mixture was run through a muslin cloth and then a Whatman qualitative grade 1 filter paper to produce the filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated to a thick paste-like consistency at 370 °C under decreased pressure in a rota evaporator connected to a vacuum pump. After that, each individual extract was collected and kept in airtight jars at 4°C. According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, simple syrup (66.67% w/v) of polyherbal extract was prepared. The oral administration of polyherbal syrup was carried out at varied doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml to infected golden Syrian hamsters from the 7th day for one week after infection reached its peak. Results: When compared to the infection control group, the results revealed that the viral load was significantly reduced by 79.1% when treated with polyherbal syrup. A histological examination of the infected hamster lung on days 7, 10, and 13 demonstrated that polyherbal syrup significantly decreased viral load in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: It is inferred that the polyherbal syrup formulation demonstrates efficacy in the prevention of COVID-19 infection during its first stages and may serve as a potential contender for SARSCoV- 2 due to its immunomodulatory properties.
{"title":"Polyherbal Syrup for Coronavirus Infection: Formulation and Evaluation","authors":"K. Kranthi Kumar, Sunil Kumar Kadiri, Sampath. A. G","doi":"10.2174/0126667975265630231025112858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975265630231025112858","url":null,"abstract":"Background: SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019, and after that, it spread quickly around the world. The virus could spread to millions of individuals since there were no particular treatments or preventative measures. The COVID-19 infection is often treated with current drugs such as Remdesivir, steroids, tocilizumab, favipiravir, and ivermectin. However, the immunosuppressive effects of these medicines might worsen COVID-19 symptoms and put the lives of immunocompromised individuals in peril. Thus, it is important to sustain a robust immune system when undergoing therapy for COVID-19. Herbal treatment has the potential to accomplish this objective. Objective: The current investigation involves the preparation of polyherbal syrup containing various medicinal plants such as ephedra, diascorea, ginger, echinacea, garlic, rhubarb, and glycyrrhiza for the effective control of the COVID-19 infection. Methods: All varieties of the individual plant powders (200 g) were treated to a 7 day maceration in aqueous ethanol (70:30) in a percolator at room temperature with intermittent vigorous shaking at room temperature and storage of the extract in a dark room. The mixture was run through a muslin cloth and then a Whatman qualitative grade 1 filter paper to produce the filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated to a thick paste-like consistency at 370 °C under decreased pressure in a rota evaporator connected to a vacuum pump. After that, each individual extract was collected and kept in airtight jars at 4°C. According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, simple syrup (66.67% w/v) of polyherbal extract was prepared. The oral administration of polyherbal syrup was carried out at varied doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml to infected golden Syrian hamsters from the 7th day for one week after infection reached its peak. Results: When compared to the infection control group, the results revealed that the viral load was significantly reduced by 79.1% when treated with polyherbal syrup. A histological examination of the infected hamster lung on days 7, 10, and 13 demonstrated that polyherbal syrup significantly decreased viral load in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: It is inferred that the polyherbal syrup formulation demonstrates efficacy in the prevention of COVID-19 infection during its first stages and may serve as a potential contender for SARSCoV- 2 due to its immunomodulatory properties.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)-related pandemic disease COVID-19, which began in China in 2019, became the leading cause of fatalities globally. The transmission rate of the virus is directly proportional to the so-called ‘dance dynamic’ energy of the spike protein as this phenomenon favours the ligand-receptor binding. The clinical spectrum of the COVID-19 disease, which includes (inflammation, cytokine storm, and multi-organ dysfunction), puts Corona Warriors active in various aspects of the disease, such as the efficient management of critically ill COVID-19 patients, in danger of losing their lives. Due to its effects on an ancient oxygen-independent glycolytic pathway, anti-inflammatory properties, and competitive interaction with viral proteins, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which is being developed in India at the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), has emerged as a ground-breaking agent for COVID-19 treatment. After a virus gains entry into host cells, it is found that metabolic reprogramming takes place to meet the nutritional and energy requirements for virus reproduction. The recent approval of 2-DG for adjunctive emergency usage by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) may mark a turning point in the management of mild to moderate COVID-19 infection.
{"title":"Amidst Cytokine Storm in Metabolic Diseases: Can 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2- DG) Cure COVID-19?","authors":"Shweta Shrivastava, Ayush Kumar, Manish Kumar Jeengar, Elsy Xavier, Prashant Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/0126667975246836231019052126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975246836231019052126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)-related pandemic disease COVID-19, which began in China in 2019, became the leading cause of fatalities globally. The transmission rate of the virus is directly proportional to the so-called ‘dance dynamic’ energy of the spike protein as this phenomenon favours the ligand-receptor binding. The clinical spectrum of the COVID-19 disease, which includes (inflammation, cytokine storm, and multi-organ dysfunction), puts Corona Warriors active in various aspects of the disease, such as the efficient management of critically ill COVID-19 patients, in danger of losing their lives. Due to its effects on an ancient oxygen-independent glycolytic pathway, anti-inflammatory properties, and competitive interaction with viral proteins, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which is being developed in India at the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), has emerged as a ground-breaking agent for COVID-19 treatment. After a virus gains entry into host cells, it is found that metabolic reprogramming takes place to meet the nutritional and energy requirements for virus reproduction. The recent approval of 2-DG for adjunctive emergency usage by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) may mark a turning point in the management of mild to moderate COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136316943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.2174/0126667975259658231003074600
Utkarsh Sharma, Shikha Sharma
abstract: Health professionals have been confronted with a series of challenges because of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To save the greatest number of lives possible, it is essential to make a prompt diagnosis and admission to the hospital, as well as to stratify risks, make efficient use of intensive care services, choose appropriate treatments, monitor patients, and ensure a prompt discharge. Laboratory markers, also known as biomarkers, can provide additional information that is objective and has the potential to significantly influence various aspects of patient care. Clinical assessment is necessary, but laboratory markers can provide this information. The COVID-19 virus is not an infection that causes the respiratory system; rather, it is a multisystem disease that is caused by a diffuse system-wide process that involves a complex interplay of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems in inflammatory and coagulative cascades. A wide variety of potential biomarkers have been uncovered because of a better understanding of the virus's effects on the body and how the body responds to them. Here, the pathophysiology and current data are examined in relation to various kinds of biomarkers, such as immunological and inflammation biomarkers, coagulation and hematological biomarkers, as well as cardiac, biochemical, and other biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the research on the association between biomarkers and clinical characteristics, viral load, treatment efficacy, and how this knowledge might most usefully contribute to patient care.
{"title":"Biomarkers can Predict COVID-19 Disease","authors":"Utkarsh Sharma, Shikha Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0126667975259658231003074600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975259658231003074600","url":null,"abstract":"abstract: Health professionals have been confronted with a series of challenges because of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To save the greatest number of lives possible, it is essential to make a prompt diagnosis and admission to the hospital, as well as to stratify risks, make efficient use of intensive care services, choose appropriate treatments, monitor patients, and ensure a prompt discharge. Laboratory markers, also known as biomarkers, can provide additional information that is objective and has the potential to significantly influence various aspects of patient care. Clinical assessment is necessary, but laboratory markers can provide this information. The COVID-19 virus is not an infection that causes the respiratory system; rather, it is a multisystem disease that is caused by a diffuse system-wide process that involves a complex interplay of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems in inflammatory and coagulative cascades. A wide variety of potential biomarkers have been uncovered because of a better understanding of the virus's effects on the body and how the body responds to them. Here, the pathophysiology and current data are examined in relation to various kinds of biomarkers, such as immunological and inflammation biomarkers, coagulation and hematological biomarkers, as well as cardiac, biochemical, and other biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the research on the association between biomarkers and clinical characteristics, viral load, treatment efficacy, and how this knowledge might most usefully contribute to patient care.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.2174/0126667975261384231010181117
Sunil Junapudi, Yasodha Krishna Janapati, Susmitha Uppugalla, Timothy Harris, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Latif
Background: Coronavirus is a zoonotic disease and transmits between animals and humans. The disease known as COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since its outbreak. In addition to vaccines, a combination of antiretroviral agents, chloroquine derivatives, and vitamins are being used to treat SARS-CoV-2.
Method: We performed molecular docking analysis of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) using a series of flavonoid derivatives and vitamins. The X-ray crystallographic 3D structures of COVID-19 main protease in complex with an inhibitor N3 (PDB code: 6LU7, resolution 2.16 Å complexed with a selective substance) were downloaded from the online Protein Data Bank. The structures of the ligands and protein were constructed using ChemDrawUltra 8.0. The docking process, interactions, and binding of ligands were visualized using the software Molegro Virtual Dockings (MVD). The physicochemical and toxicity characteristics of tested flavonoid derivatives and vitamins were determined using Swiss-ADME and pkCSM online software. We found that molecular docking scores were between -64.42 and –172.00 Kcal/mol. The H-bonding and steric interactions were compared with other flavonoid derivatives. The ADMET parameters suggested that compounds 4, 68, 90, 92, and 94 have a higher GI rate.
Results: Our results also indicated that compound 78 was more potent and had higher skin permeation than other flavonoid derivatives. The study showed that the compounds 5, 28, 74, 78, and folic acid fitted well in the active site of COVID-19 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) and interacted with the residues in the active site, which are essential for their biological activity.
Conclusion: Therefore, compounds 5, 28, 74, and 78 and folic acid can be a COVID-19 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) and might be used in the treatment of COVID-19 infection.
{"title":"Molecular Docking Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor N3 (6LU7) against Selected Flavonoids and Vitamins","authors":"Sunil Junapudi, Yasodha Krishna Janapati, Susmitha Uppugalla, Timothy Harris, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Latif","doi":"10.2174/0126667975261384231010181117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975261384231010181117","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus is a zoonotic disease and transmits between animals and humans. The disease known as COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since its outbreak. In addition to vaccines, a combination of antiretroviral agents, chloroquine derivatives, and vitamins are being used to treat SARS-CoV-2. <P> </P> Method: We performed molecular docking analysis of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) using a series of flavonoid derivatives and vitamins. The X-ray crystallographic 3D structures of COVID-19 main protease in complex with an inhibitor N3 (PDB code: 6LU7, resolution 2.16 Å complexed with a selective substance) were downloaded from the online Protein Data Bank. The structures of the ligands and protein were constructed using ChemDrawUltra 8.0. The docking process, interactions, and binding of ligands were visualized using the software Molegro Virtual Dockings (MVD). The physicochemical and toxicity characteristics of tested flavonoid derivatives and vitamins were determined using Swiss-ADME and pkCSM online software. We found that molecular docking scores were between -64.42 and –172.00 Kcal/mol. The H-bonding and steric interactions were compared with other flavonoid derivatives. The ADMET parameters suggested that compounds 4, 68, 90, 92, and 94 have a higher GI rate. <P> </P> Results: Our results also indicated that compound 78 was more potent and had higher skin permeation than other flavonoid derivatives. The study showed that the compounds 5, 28, 74, 78, and folic acid fitted well in the active site of COVID-19 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) and interacted with the residues in the active site, which are essential for their biological activity. <P> </P> Conclusion: Therefore, compounds 5, 28, 74, and 78 and folic acid can be a COVID-19 inhibitor N3 (6LU7) and might be used in the treatment of COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.2174/0126667975267580231020111734
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Muhammad Salman, Yusra Habib Khan, Muhammad Hammad Butt
{"title":"Is it the Right Time to Coin the Term “Expanded COVID Syndrome (ECS)”?","authors":"Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Muhammad Salman, Yusra Habib Khan, Muhammad Hammad Butt","doi":"10.2174/0126667975267580231020111734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975267580231020111734","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title />\u0000<jats:p />\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In response to the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, researchers have been conducting extensive investigations into potential drug candidates for combating coronavirus infections. One such focus has been on the ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium. While various components of Borassus flabellifer have been explored for their pharmaceutical applications, the potential of the haustorium remains relatively unexplored in this context. Objective: This study aimed to assess the phytocompounds from Borassus flabellifer haustorium using GC MS analysis, evaluate their drug-likeness properties, and perform molecular docking against crucial proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, namely the Main protease (6LU7), Spike trimer (7AD1), and ACE2 receptor (1R42). The goal was to identify promising compounds with good binding affinity as potential candidates for preventing coronavirus infection. Methods: The ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium underwent GC-MS analysis to identify phytocompounds. Drug-likeness properties of screened compounds were assessed using the Swiss ADME, followed by molecular docking against COVID-19 protein targets using PyRx. Results: The phytocompounds from Borassus flabellifer haustorium namely Phenanthro[1,2-b]furan10,11-dione, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-, Ethanone, 1-phenyl-2-(4,5-diphenyl-2- imidazolylthio)-, and Thiazolo[3.2-a]benzimidazol-3(2H)-one, 2-(4-acetoxybenzylideno)-, exhibit binding affinities of -7.3, -8.8, and -7.3 for the Main protease, -8, -8.5, and -9.2 for the Spike protein, and -8, -8.1, and -7.9 for the ACE2 receptor, respectively exhibited favourable interactions with COVID-19 protein targets. This suggests their potential as promising drug candidates for preventing coronavirus infection. Despite limited previous exploration, the haustorium emerges as a rich source of such candidates. Conclusion: The study underscores the significance of investigating the haustorium of Borassus flabellifer identified in this study holds promise as a potential breakthrough treatment for COVID19-associated disease and the need for further investigations and experimental studies is warranted to validate these findings.
{"title":"Phytochemical Profiling of Borassus flabellifer Haustorium and its Potential Role in Combating COVID-19-Associated Encephalopathy: A Computational Perspective","authors":"Noorul Samsoon Maharifa Haja Mohaideen, Hemalatha Srinivasan","doi":"10.2174/0126667975267554231013112949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975267554231013112949","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In response to the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, researchers have been conducting extensive investigations into potential drug candidates for combating coronavirus infections. One such focus has been on the ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium. While various components of Borassus flabellifer have been explored for their pharmaceutical applications, the potential of the haustorium remains relatively unexplored in this context. Objective: This study aimed to assess the phytocompounds from Borassus flabellifer haustorium using GC MS analysis, evaluate their drug-likeness properties, and perform molecular docking against crucial proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, namely the Main protease (6LU7), Spike trimer (7AD1), and ACE2 receptor (1R42). The goal was to identify promising compounds with good binding affinity as potential candidates for preventing coronavirus infection. Methods: The ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium underwent GC-MS analysis to identify phytocompounds. Drug-likeness properties of screened compounds were assessed using the Swiss ADME, followed by molecular docking against COVID-19 protein targets using PyRx. Results: The phytocompounds from Borassus flabellifer haustorium namely Phenanthro[1,2-b]furan10,11-dione, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-, Ethanone, 1-phenyl-2-(4,5-diphenyl-2- imidazolylthio)-, and Thiazolo[3.2-a]benzimidazol-3(2H)-one, 2-(4-acetoxybenzylideno)-, exhibit binding affinities of -7.3, -8.8, and -7.3 for the Main protease, -8, -8.5, and -9.2 for the Spike protein, and -8, -8.1, and -7.9 for the ACE2 receptor, respectively exhibited favourable interactions with COVID-19 protein targets. This suggests their potential as promising drug candidates for preventing coronavirus infection. Despite limited previous exploration, the haustorium emerges as a rich source of such candidates. Conclusion: The study underscores the significance of investigating the haustorium of Borassus flabellifer identified in this study holds promise as a potential breakthrough treatment for COVID19-associated disease and the need for further investigations and experimental studies is warranted to validate these findings.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135414574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstarct: In the pandemic era of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to develop a safe and effective vaccine to prevent different variants/strains of COVID-19. The developed vaccine must have the potency of sustained/controlled drug release into the body. The emergency is reinforced by detailed scientific knowledge in the genomic field, which eases the rapid development of an effective vaccine using novel approaches that enhance large-scale production, manufacturing, and testing analysis. This manuscript concludes the various variants of COVID-19 and types of COVID-19 vaccines available in the pharmaceutical market with their pricing details and even discusses their efficacy against various COVID-19 variants. Global partnerships with other pharmaceutical industries and countries have played a significant role in distributing and deploying the vaccine among the masses. Social support, relaxation exercise, psychological counseling, parents’ role, psychiatrist help, family support, yoga, meditation, exercise, and a balanced diet reduce psychosocial stress and promote health.
{"title":"COVID-19: Different Strains of Corona, Vaccine Efficacy, Treatment, Medical Ethics, and Future Perspectives","authors":"Sonia Singh, Ashima Ahuja, Raghavan Ramankutty, sarada Ramaswamy","doi":"10.2174/0126667975265095231019065626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975265095231019065626","url":null,"abstract":"Abstarct: In the pandemic era of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to develop a safe and effective vaccine to prevent different variants/strains of COVID-19. The developed vaccine must have the potency of sustained/controlled drug release into the body. The emergency is reinforced by detailed scientific knowledge in the genomic field, which eases the rapid development of an effective vaccine using novel approaches that enhance large-scale production, manufacturing, and testing analysis. This manuscript concludes the various variants of COVID-19 and types of COVID-19 vaccines available in the pharmaceutical market with their pricing details and even discusses their efficacy against various COVID-19 variants. Global partnerships with other pharmaceutical industries and countries have played a significant role in distributing and deploying the vaccine among the masses. Social support, relaxation exercise, psychological counseling, parents’ role, psychiatrist help, family support, yoga, meditation, exercise, and a balanced diet reduce psychosocial stress and promote health.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.2174/0126667975260543231011113718
Jagadeesha Poyya, Ananda Danagoudar, Chandrasekhar G Joshi, Ajay S Khandagale, Raju N. G
Background: The SARS-CoV2 was responsible for the pandemic situation across the world. SARS-CoV2 is an RNA virus, and its replication depends on RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp). Hence, blocking of RdRP would be an alternative strategy to inhibit the virus multiplication without affecting the host physiology. Objective: The current study investigated the inhibitory effect of bioactive compound F3 isolated from P. citrinum CGJ-C2 and its in-silico derivates against RdRp of COVID using computational methods. Methods: Compound F3 and its derivatives were generated computationally, and the crystal structure of RdRp was processed prior to docking. The RdRp and the bioactive compounds were docked using Glide with three levels of precisions. Post-docking MMGBSA analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulations were carried out to study the stability of the docking interactions. Results: Based on the Glide XP score and MMGBSA analysis of fifteen ligands, three leads were selected, compound F3 (-8.655 Kcal/mol), D-1(-8.295 Kcal/mol), and D-14(-8.262 Kcal/mol). These leads (Compound F3, D-1, and D-14) were further evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulations studies showed the stable bonding interaction between LYS500 and ARG569 residues of RdRp with the three lead molecules. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the potential of compounds in terms of binding, interaction stability, and structural integrity. Therefore, these leads can be chosen for further studies in in vitro and in vivo to develop a novel anti-SARS-CoV2 agent with minimal side effects.
{"title":"Computational Investigation of Endophytic Fungal (Penicillium citrinum CGJ-C2) Compound and its In-silico Derivatives on the Inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV2","authors":"Jagadeesha Poyya, Ananda Danagoudar, Chandrasekhar G Joshi, Ajay S Khandagale, Raju N. G","doi":"10.2174/0126667975260543231011113718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975260543231011113718","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The SARS-CoV2 was responsible for the pandemic situation across the world. SARS-CoV2 is an RNA virus, and its replication depends on RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp). Hence, blocking of RdRP would be an alternative strategy to inhibit the virus multiplication without affecting the host physiology. Objective: The current study investigated the inhibitory effect of bioactive compound F3 isolated from P. citrinum CGJ-C2 and its in-silico derivates against RdRp of COVID using computational methods. Methods: Compound F3 and its derivatives were generated computationally, and the crystal structure of RdRp was processed prior to docking. The RdRp and the bioactive compounds were docked using Glide with three levels of precisions. Post-docking MMGBSA analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulations were carried out to study the stability of the docking interactions. Results: Based on the Glide XP score and MMGBSA analysis of fifteen ligands, three leads were selected, compound F3 (-8.655 Kcal/mol), D-1(-8.295 Kcal/mol), and D-14(-8.262 Kcal/mol). These leads (Compound F3, D-1, and D-14) were further evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulations studies showed the stable bonding interaction between LYS500 and ARG569 residues of RdRp with the three lead molecules. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the potential of compounds in terms of binding, interaction stability, and structural integrity. Therefore, these leads can be chosen for further studies in in vitro and in vivo to develop a novel anti-SARS-CoV2 agent with minimal side effects.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has reached an entirely new level of severity. It has jolted the entire world and caused pervasive chaos. A significant portion of the psychological responses thus far have been reactions to events in other countries, worries about the future, and responses to confinement. Initial and prominent responses to the pandemic in India have been appalling, with a sense of impending and palpable danger. Concerns based on facts coexist with those based on the abundance of information and misinformation disseminated by the media, particularly social media. Even with the stringent requirements for testing, many individuals still seek reassurance through testing. Despite the lack of general indications for their use, they stockpile pharmaceuticals out of dread of contracting the disease. In addition to recommendations regarding hand cleansing, there are uncer.tainties regarding whether to wear a mask, the type of mask to use, the distance to be maintained, and how to disinfect surfaces. There are legitimate concerns regarding employment losses and economic decline during and after the pandemic. Social isolation and social prejudice are not synonymous. Maintaining a distance of 1-2 meters is permissible for security purposes. In terms of status and opportunities, everyone should be treated equally. The situation calls for a cheerful tone of speech. Using expressions such as "the end of the world" and "the plague" is discouraged. Contamination caused by rumors must be avoided. It is essential to promote early detection and prevention. Those who have been afflicted with COVID-19 must share their accounts of compassion and struggle. Before COVID-19, only a minority of individuals with mental health issues were treated. According to studies, the pandemic has widened the mental health treatment divide, and outpatient mental health services have been particularly disrupted.
{"title":"Mental Health and Stigmatization Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Sunil Kumar Kadiri, Shakshi Mundhra, Prashant Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/0126667975250861231005103042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975250861231005103042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has reached an entirely new level of severity. It has jolted the entire world and caused pervasive chaos. A significant portion of the psychological responses thus far have been reactions to events in other countries, worries about the future, and responses to confinement. Initial and prominent responses to the pandemic in India have been appalling, with a sense of impending and palpable danger. Concerns based on facts coexist with those based on the abundance of information and misinformation disseminated by the media, particularly social media. Even with the stringent requirements for testing, many individuals still seek reassurance through testing. Despite the lack of general indications for their use, they stockpile pharmaceuticals out of dread of contracting the disease. In addition to recommendations regarding hand cleansing, there are uncer.tainties regarding whether to wear a mask, the type of mask to use, the distance to be maintained, and how to disinfect surfaces. There are legitimate concerns regarding employment losses and economic decline during and after the pandemic. Social isolation and social prejudice are not synonymous. Maintaining a distance of 1-2 meters is permissible for security purposes. In terms of status and opportunities, everyone should be treated equally. The situation calls for a cheerful tone of speech. Using expressions such as \"the end of the world\" and \"the plague\" is discouraged. Contamination caused by rumors must be avoided. It is essential to promote early detection and prevention. Those who have been afflicted with COVID-19 must share their accounts of compassion and struggle. Before COVID-19, only a minority of individuals with mental health issues were treated. According to studies, the pandemic has widened the mental health treatment divide, and outpatient mental health services have been particularly disrupted.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136357775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.2174/0126667975265782230925055259
Yulian Kyyak, Olga Barnett, Olha Labinska, Orysia Kysil, Marta Halkevych
Introduction:: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a global problem for the population of the whole world which has acquired the character of a pandemic. Under physiological conditions, in a healthy person, erythrocytes make up 96 % of all blood cells, leukocytes 3 %, and thrombocytes about 1 %. In healthy individuals, erythrocytes are mostly shaped like a biconcave disc and do not contain a nucleus. The diameter of the erythrocyte is 8 microns, but the peculiarities of the cell structure and the membrane structure ensure their great ability to deform and pass through capillaries with a narrow lumen of 2-3 microns. Therefore, the study of the morpho-functional state of blood cells, namely erythrocytes, in this category of patients is relevant and deserves further research. The Aim: To figure out the effect of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 on the ultrastructural blood cell changes, in particular erythrocytes, in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with COVID-19 who had an acute myocardial infarction were examined. The comparison group consisted of 10 people with acute myocardial infarction without symptoms of COVID-19. The average age of the patients was 62 ± 5,6 years. The functional state and ultrastructure of blood cells were studied using electron microscopy. Results:: In the presence of COVID-19, we detected both calcification and destruction of erythrocytes and platelets. Reticulocytes were detected much more often in these individuals than in the comparison group. In patients with acute myocardial infarction in the presence of type 2 diabetes and COVID-19, a significant number of markedly deformed, hemolyzed erythrocytes or with signs of acanthosis, which stuck together and with other destructively changed blood cells, were found. We also detected «neutrophils extracellular traps» (NETs). Conclusions:: Morphological changes of blood cells in COVID-19 varied according to the disease course and severity especially in the background of a weakened immune system in older and elderly people, in the presence of diabetes, excessive body weight, cardiovascular diseases and occupational hazards. Under the influence of COVID-19, blood cells are destroyed by apoptosis and necrosis. Therefore, hypoxia and ischemia of vital organs of the human body occur.
{"title":"Ultrastructural Blood Cell Changes in Patients with COVID-19","authors":"Yulian Kyyak, Olga Barnett, Olha Labinska, Orysia Kysil, Marta Halkevych","doi":"10.2174/0126667975265782230925055259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975265782230925055259","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a global problem for the population of the whole world which has acquired the character of a pandemic. Under physiological conditions, in a healthy person, erythrocytes make up 96 % of all blood cells, leukocytes 3 %, and thrombocytes about 1 %. In healthy individuals, erythrocytes are mostly shaped like a biconcave disc and do not contain a nucleus. The diameter of the erythrocyte is 8 microns, but the peculiarities of the cell structure and the membrane structure ensure their great ability to deform and pass through capillaries with a narrow lumen of 2-3 microns. Therefore, the study of the morpho-functional state of blood cells, namely erythrocytes, in this category of patients is relevant and deserves further research. The Aim: To figure out the effect of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 on the ultrastructural blood cell changes, in particular erythrocytes, in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with COVID-19 who had an acute myocardial infarction were examined. The comparison group consisted of 10 people with acute myocardial infarction without symptoms of COVID-19. The average age of the patients was 62 ± 5,6 years. The functional state and ultrastructure of blood cells were studied using electron microscopy. Results:: In the presence of COVID-19, we detected both calcification and destruction of erythrocytes and platelets. Reticulocytes were detected much more often in these individuals than in the comparison group. In patients with acute myocardial infarction in the presence of type 2 diabetes and COVID-19, a significant number of markedly deformed, hemolyzed erythrocytes or with signs of acanthosis, which stuck together and with other destructively changed blood cells, were found. We also detected «neutrophils extracellular traps» (NETs). Conclusions:: Morphological changes of blood cells in COVID-19 varied according to the disease course and severity especially in the background of a weakened immune system in older and elderly people, in the presence of diabetes, excessive body weight, cardiovascular diseases and occupational hazards. Under the influence of COVID-19, blood cells are destroyed by apoptosis and necrosis. Therefore, hypoxia and ischemia of vital organs of the human body occur.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135546669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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