Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666230109121939
A. Adhikari, B. B. K., G. Gyawali
The bile concretions formed inside the gallbladder are called gallstones. Gallstone disease is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden throughout the world. Approximately 10% to 20% of the world population and 4.87% in Nepal are suffering from a gallstone. The aim is to classify the gallstone samples based on morphological and cross-sectional evidences, and a comparative study of their chemical composition to understand the mechanism of formation. Two types of gallstones were studied; combined cholesterol gallstone and black pigment gallstone. SEM, UV-Vis, and EDS analyzed the gallstones for morphological and elemental study. The UV-Vis spectrum showed characteristic peaks for cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and copper bilirubinate. SEM image of combined cholesterol gallstone reveals that cholesterol is the major phase in the shell, whereas bilirubin is the major phase in the core. EDS detection of C and O as the major elements confirmed cholesterol, whereas the detection of C, O, N, and Ca as the major elements confirmed bilirubin. In the shell of the black pigment gallstone, cholesterol, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and bilirubinate were detected, whereas, in the core, bilirubinate of calcium and copper, cholesterol, protein, and calcium carbonate were detected. Cholesterol and bilirubin are the major components of the gallstones. Metals like Al, Ca and Cu play a crucial role in the initial formation of the gallstones. The combined cholesterol gallstone has a yellow pigment center composed mainly of unconjugated bilirubin and an outer shell primarily composed of cholesterol and calcium carbonate. Precipitation of bilirubinate of calcium and copper is important during the formation of black PGS.
{"title":"Chemical Analysis of Gallstones of Nepali Patients","authors":"A. Adhikari, B. B. K., G. Gyawali","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666230109121939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666230109121939","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The bile concretions formed inside the gallbladder are called gallstones. Gallstone disease is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden throughout the world. Approximately 10% to 20% of the world population and 4.87% in Nepal are suffering from a gallstone.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim is to classify the gallstone samples based on morphological and cross-sectional evidences, and a comparative study of their chemical composition to understand the mechanism of formation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Two types of gallstones were studied; combined cholesterol gallstone and black pigment gallstone. SEM, UV-Vis, and EDS analyzed the gallstones for morphological and elemental study.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The UV-Vis spectrum showed characteristic peaks for cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and copper bilirubinate. SEM image of combined cholesterol gallstone reveals that cholesterol is the major phase in the shell, whereas bilirubin is the major phase in the core. EDS detection of C and O as the major elements confirmed cholesterol, whereas the detection of C, O, N, and Ca as the major elements confirmed bilirubin. In the shell of the black pigment gallstone, cholesterol, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and bilirubinate were detected, whereas, in the core, bilirubinate of calcium and copper, cholesterol, protein, and calcium carbonate were detected.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Cholesterol and bilirubin are the major components of the gallstones. Metals like Al, Ca and Cu play a crucial role in the initial formation of the gallstones. The combined cholesterol gallstone has a yellow pigment center composed mainly of unconjugated bilirubin and an outer shell primarily composed of cholesterol and calcium carbonate. Precipitation of bilirubinate of calcium and copper is important during the formation of black PGS.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76786289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-04DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666230104123153
Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami, B. Natarajan, Saravanakumar Arthnari, Jeseeta Suresh, Nirmal Aranvindaraj
In order to tackle multifactorial illnesses, the importance of bioactive peptides in nano drug delivery systems is emphasised. Multifactorial diseases are primarily brought on by protein misfolding. Therefore, pharmaceutical formulations are recommended to deliver a successful treatment. Difficulties hinder its application in delivering raw peptides with poor bioavailability, absorption, and circulation time, making it a difficult assignment for researchers. Recently, bioactive peptides have become increasingly important in therapy. In addition, several bioactive proteins have poor absorption characteristics in the GIT. These issues can be resolved by creating nano-based peptide-based delivery systems that encapsulate, retain, protect, and transport bioactive peptides. The focus of the proposed review paper is to provide an overview of peptides, commercialization concerns, and their related attempts to develop into novel peptide-based nanoformulations.
{"title":"Insights on Bioactive Peptide-loaded Nanoformulations","authors":"Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami, B. Natarajan, Saravanakumar Arthnari, Jeseeta Suresh, Nirmal Aranvindaraj","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666230104123153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666230104123153","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In order to tackle multifactorial illnesses, the importance of bioactive peptides in nano drug delivery systems is emphasised. Multifactorial diseases are primarily brought on by protein misfolding. Therefore, pharmaceutical formulations are recommended to deliver a successful treatment. Difficulties hinder its application in delivering raw peptides with poor bioavailability, absorption, and circulation time, making it a difficult assignment for researchers. Recently, bioactive peptides have become increasingly important in therapy. In addition, several bioactive proteins have poor absorption characteristics in the GIT. These issues can be resolved by creating nano-based peptide-based delivery systems that encapsulate, retain, protect, and transport bioactive peptides. The focus of the proposed review paper is to provide an overview of peptides, commercialization concerns, and their related attempts to develop into novel peptide-based nanoformulations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82034245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666221219095851
Khadijeh Eskandari, A. Banaei, Naimeh Mahheidari, J. Rashidiani, Mostafa Akbariqomi
Determination of glucose is crucial in chemical, biological, and clinical samples, food processing, and fermentation. Despite 50 years of reports on biosensor technology development, it is still important to research new glucose biosensors. The main purpose of this study is to design and build a simple and effective glucose biosensor based on Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica. In this study, the carbon paste electrodes of Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica were prepared and connected to the LCR meter by copper wire, and then the glucose was injected into solution in various concentrations, and capacitance changes were recorded in the LCR meter proportional to concentration changes of glucose in electrode surface. Also, glucose was detected by other methods such as impedance, optical density reader, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Biosensors with electrodes modified with Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica responded rapidly and with glucose sensitivity in the linear concentration range of 1.2-11.2 μg / ml and 2.5-15 μg / ml, respectively. Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica are good candidates for glucose detection as plant tissue. Also, producing and purifying plant extracts makes it possible to miniaturize the glucose biosensor with greater sensitivity.
{"title":"Novel Glucose Biosensor Based on Citrullus Colocynthis and Urtica Dioica","authors":"Khadijeh Eskandari, A. Banaei, Naimeh Mahheidari, J. Rashidiani, Mostafa Akbariqomi","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666221219095851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666221219095851","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Determination of glucose is crucial in chemical, biological, and clinical samples, food processing, and fermentation. Despite 50 years of reports on biosensor technology development, it is still important to research new glucose biosensors.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main purpose of this study is to design and build a simple and effective glucose biosensor based on Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, the carbon paste electrodes of Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica were prepared and connected to the LCR meter by copper wire, and then the glucose was injected into solution in various concentrations, and capacitance changes were recorded in the LCR meter proportional to concentration changes of glucose in electrode surface. Also, glucose was detected by other methods such as impedance, optical density reader, and UV-Vis spectroscopy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Biosensors with electrodes modified with Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica responded rapidly and with glucose sensitivity in the linear concentration range of 1.2-11.2 μg / ml and 2.5-15 μg / ml, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Citrullus colocynthis and Urtica dioica are good candidates for glucose detection as plant tissue. Also, producing and purifying plant extracts makes it possible to miniaturize the glucose biosensor with greater sensitivity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87526342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-16DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666221216092108
J. Das, S. Bordoloi, K. Pathak
The coronavirus pandemic hit the world with different variants of SARS-CoV-2; reliable therapeutics are needed every hour to control and minimize the infection. To date, the way to menace the chaos of post-Covid infection is not confined rationally. Researchers are still on their way to the progression of an efficient way to eradicate the disease. However, to prevent it from causing infection post-entry into the body, there have been a few strategies to maintain and boost the immune system. At the onset of infection when no antiviral therapeutics were available, convalescent plasma therapies as a proposed mechanism were adapted to treat the post-Covid infection. Researchers have formulated the administration of different types of vaccines based on attenuated or inactivated nucleic acids or subunits after approval from the FDA and still continue to find the best reliable vaccines for better enhancement in inducing immunogenicity of the immune system to fight against the disease. The covid-19 infection affects the gut and lung axis and there has been dysbiosis of microbiota which leads to cause secondary infections. To accomplish homeostasis of essential microbiota in the body, the administration of different strains of probiotic bacteria has been one way to induce immunogenicity and combat the disease.
{"title":"An Insight into the immunomodulatory effects of Probiotics in the prevention of Covid-19 disease","authors":"J. Das, S. Bordoloi, K. Pathak","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666221216092108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666221216092108","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The coronavirus pandemic hit the world with different variants of SARS-CoV-2; reliable therapeutics are needed every hour to control and minimize the infection. To date, the way to menace the chaos of post-Covid infection is not confined rationally. Researchers are still on their way to the progression of an efficient way to eradicate the disease. However, to prevent it from causing infection post-entry into the body, there have been a few strategies to maintain and boost the immune system. At the onset of infection when no antiviral therapeutics were available, convalescent plasma therapies as a proposed mechanism were adapted to treat the post-Covid infection. Researchers have formulated the administration of different types of vaccines based on attenuated or inactivated nucleic acids or subunits after approval from the FDA and still continue to find the best reliable vaccines for better enhancement in inducing immunogenicity of the immune system to fight against the disease. The covid-19 infection affects the gut and lung axis and there has been dysbiosis of microbiota which leads to cause secondary infections. To accomplish homeostasis of essential microbiota in the body, the administration of different strains of probiotic bacteria has been one way to induce immunogenicity and combat the disease.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84720008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-16DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666221216093202
A. Abdullah, Taufiq Ahmad Syauqi, Hau Seung Jeremy Wong, Nur Syuhada Izwani Ab Satar, Noramirah Faqihah Yusri, Nur Azura Azami, Nurul Julia Akmar
Yeasts with high protein content are used as single-cell proteins due to their nutritional values and rare pathogenicity. However, the nucleic acid of the yeasts must be removed before consumption to avoid hazards to health. Wickerhamomyces anomalus is an authorized bio-preservative with promising antifungal activity and safety. However, its high protein content associated with high nucleic acid content results in high nitrogen content that imposes additional downstream processing costs due to the nucleic acid removal step required to prevent uric acid precipitation which leads to various health concerns. The objectives were to (i) isolate a novel Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain with low nitrogen content and (ii) to optimize the production of W. anomalus biomass through response surface methodology (RSM). The novel Wickerhamomyces sp. USMAST-TP1 with low nitrogen content was isolated from fermented food and its biomass was optimized through RSM. Wickerhamomyces sp. USMAST-TP1 showed promising tolerance to glycerine pitch with a higher composition of growth-inhibiting impurities where its biomass was not negatively affected by excessive glycerine pitch supply. Upon optimization through RSM, 11.4 g/L biomass harboring protein content of 13% was achieved. The >17-fold lower nitrogen content of 2% indicated low nucleic acid content compared to common W. anomalus strains, thus the costly nucleic acid purification steps can be excluded, easing applications in agro-food industries.
{"title":"Sustainable bioconversion of glycerine pitch into the novel Wickerhamomyces anomalus bio-preservative","authors":"A. Abdullah, Taufiq Ahmad Syauqi, Hau Seung Jeremy Wong, Nur Syuhada Izwani Ab Satar, Noramirah Faqihah Yusri, Nur Azura Azami, Nurul Julia Akmar","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666221216093202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666221216093202","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Yeasts with high protein content are used as single-cell proteins due to their nutritional values and rare pathogenicity. However, the nucleic acid of the yeasts must be removed before consumption to avoid hazards to health. Wickerhamomyces anomalus is an authorized bio-preservative with promising antifungal activity and safety. However, its high protein content associated with high nucleic acid content results in high nitrogen content that imposes additional downstream processing costs due to the nucleic acid removal step required to prevent uric acid precipitation which leads to various health concerns.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objectives were to (i) isolate a novel Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain with low nitrogen content and (ii) to optimize the production of W. anomalus biomass through response surface methodology (RSM).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The novel Wickerhamomyces sp. USMAST-TP1 with low nitrogen content was isolated from fermented food and its biomass was optimized through RSM.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Wickerhamomyces sp. USMAST-TP1 showed promising tolerance to glycerine pitch with a higher composition of growth-inhibiting impurities where its biomass was not negatively affected by excessive glycerine pitch supply. Upon optimization through RSM, 11.4 g/L biomass harboring protein content of 13% was achieved.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The >17-fold lower nitrogen content of 2% indicated low nucleic acid content compared to common W. anomalus strains, thus the costly nucleic acid purification steps can be excluded, easing applications in agro-food industries.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"46 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85680659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666221201152211
K. K. Sadasivuni, M. Geetha, Maryam Al-Ejji, Nandagopal Sivadas, M. Z. K. Baig, Tamanna Jannat Promi, Sumayya Ali Ahmad, Sara Alabed, D. Hijazi, Fatimatulzahraa Alsaedi, Faozia Nasser Al-Shaibah
Energy generation from renewable sources and effective management are two critical challenges for sustainable development. Biofuel Cells (BFCs) provide an effectice solution by combining these two tasks. BFCs are defined by the catalyst used in the fuel cell and can directly generate electricity from biological substances. Various nontoxic chemical fuels, such as glucose, lactate, urate, alcohol, amines, starch, and fructose, can be used in BFCs and have specific components to oxide fuels. Widely available fuel sources and moderate operational conditions make them promise in renewable energy generation, remote device power sources, etc. Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) use enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize the fuel rather than precious metals. The shortcoming of the EBFCs system leads to integrated miniaturization issues, lower power density, poor operational stability, lower voltage output, lower energy density, inadequate durability, instability in the long-term application, and incomplete fuel oxidation. This necessitates the development of non-enzymatic biofuel cells (NEBFCs). The review paper extensively studies NEBFCs and its various synthetic strategies and catalytic characteristics. This paper reviews the use of nanocomposites as biocatalysts in biofuel cells and the principle of biofuel cells as well as their construction elements. This review briefly presents recent technologies developed to improve the biocatalytic properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, implantability, and mechanical flexibility of BFCs.
{"title":"Review of Progress and Prospects in Research on Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Biofuel Cells; Specific Emphasis on 2D Nanomaterials","authors":"K. K. Sadasivuni, M. Geetha, Maryam Al-Ejji, Nandagopal Sivadas, M. Z. K. Baig, Tamanna Jannat Promi, Sumayya Ali Ahmad, Sara Alabed, D. Hijazi, Fatimatulzahraa Alsaedi, Faozia Nasser Al-Shaibah","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666221201152211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666221201152211","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Energy generation from renewable sources and effective management are two critical challenges for sustainable development. Biofuel Cells (BFCs) provide an effectice solution by combining these two tasks. BFCs are defined by the catalyst used in the fuel cell and can directly generate electricity from biological substances. Various nontoxic chemical fuels, such as glucose, lactate, urate, alcohol, amines, starch, and fructose, can be used in BFCs and have specific components to oxide fuels. Widely available fuel sources and moderate operational conditions make them promise in renewable energy generation, remote device power sources, etc. Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) use enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize the fuel rather than precious metals. The shortcoming of the EBFCs system leads to integrated miniaturization issues, lower power density, poor operational stability, lower voltage output, lower energy density, inadequate durability, instability in the long-term application, and incomplete fuel oxidation. This necessitates the development of non-enzymatic biofuel cells (NEBFCs). The review paper extensively studies NEBFCs and its various synthetic strategies and catalytic characteristics. This paper reviews the use of nanocomposites as biocatalysts in biofuel cells and the principle of biofuel cells as well as their construction elements. This review briefly presents recent technologies developed to improve the biocatalytic properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, implantability, and mechanical flexibility of BFCs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87019251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.2174/2211550112666221117091252
T. Chakraborty, B. Patra, Sutripto Ghosh
Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that are commonly used to treat humans, animals, and fish, as well as to research susceptibility patterns in a variety of bacteria. With the rising number of diseases and the emergence of new infections, many drugs for humans, animals, fish, and plants are being developed. However, with the development of pharmaceuticals came the advent of a phenomenon known as drug resistance, which has alarmed scientists and researchers all around the world. The building of resistance in genes that code for specific drugs, plasmids, or transposons, the action of multidrug efflux pumps, changes in chromosomal genes, or the Staphylococci cassette chromosome can all produce it. Staphylococcus aureus, the most common Gram-positive bacteria, has a multidrug-resistant phenotype that reveals its pathogenicity. Staphylococcus sp. possesses a variety of transmissible genes that cause them to be resistant to treatments such as antibiotics. The discovery of antibiotics by Alexander Fleming has long been a boon in the fight against bacterial illnesses. Drug-resistant bacteria have emerged as a result of antibiotic overuse and suboptimal usage, attracting the attention of scientists throughout the world. Therefore, as a first step in combating drug-resistant bacteria, it is obvious that widespread efforts to curb antibiotic abuse are required. This review focuses on and brings to society the prevalence of different multidrug resistant genes in Staphylococcus aureus and their transmission.
{"title":"Prevalence and Transmission of multi drug resistance gene in Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"T. Chakraborty, B. Patra, Sutripto Ghosh","doi":"10.2174/2211550112666221117091252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550112666221117091252","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that are commonly used to treat humans, animals, and fish, as well as to research susceptibility patterns in a variety of bacteria. With the rising number of diseases and the emergence of new infections, many drugs for humans, animals, fish, and plants are being developed. However, with the development of pharmaceuticals came the advent of a phenomenon known as drug resistance, which has alarmed scientists and researchers all around the world. The building of resistance in genes that code for specific drugs, plasmids, or transposons, the action of multidrug efflux pumps, changes in chromosomal genes, or the Staphylococci cassette chromosome can all produce it. Staphylococcus aureus, the most common Gram-positive bacteria, has a multidrug-resistant phenotype that reveals its pathogenicity. Staphylococcus sp. possesses a variety of transmissible genes that cause them to be resistant to treatments such as antibiotics. The discovery of antibiotics by Alexander Fleming has long been a boon in the fight against bacterial illnesses. Drug-resistant bacteria have emerged as a result of antibiotic overuse and suboptimal usage, attracting the attention of scientists throughout the world. Therefore, as a first step in combating drug-resistant bacteria, it is obvious that widespread efforts to curb antibiotic abuse are required. This review focuses on and brings to society the prevalence of different multidrug resistant genes in Staphylococcus aureus and their transmission.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87619055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220830123424
Waleed Ezzat Madboly, A. Abu‐Dief
Recently, different side effects have been produced after using antiviral drugs before activation of the immune system. Therefore, it is very important to use effective and non-invasive therapy showing fewer side effects when it is used for infected virus treatment. Here, in this study, we designated a new device termed a Life Restoration Device (LRD). The main function of LRD is to generate electric frequencies with lower and safer potential. These frequencies can effectively destroy the biological elements in the viruses, such as nucleic acid materials and viral cell membranes, but not the cellular plasma membrane of the infected eukaryotic cells. A designated glass tube was prepared for this purpose. The infected cell culture was located in the cell culture media and propagated viruses were poured into the glass tube. Additionally, two nickel-coated copper rods were inserted into both ends of the tube inside the cell culture media. Hereafter, the two nickel-coated copper rods were connected to the LRD. Using LRD, lower potential electric frequencies were generated and applied for 30 min and 60 min time points. The treatment of the cell culture containing MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with LRD for 30 min significantly reduced the viral infectivity by 83% and 22%, respectively. After 60 min of treatment with LRD the infectivity of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses was reduced by 21% and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, HIV and HBV infected blood showed a 95.5% and 100% viral inhibition rate after 2 h exposed to LRD. Additionally, based on the results of the electron microscopy of treated H5N1 virus and western blot analysis data of different types of viruses, the nucleic acid components of the treated viruses were reduced compared to the non-treated viruses. The low power electric frequencies produced by LRD can reduce the fluidity and osmosis of the viral envelope but not the plasma membrane of the infected cells. Treatment of different types of pathogenic viruses with electric stimulation produced by LRD is a new alternative to safe therapy but needs further investigations. The results of this study are important to develop an effective, safe, and alternative viral therapy.
{"title":"Viral Infectivity Inhibition and Viral Biological Elements Destruction Using Safe and Low Power Electrons Generated by Life Restoration Device (LRD): In Vitro Study","authors":"Waleed Ezzat Madboly, A. Abu‐Dief","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220830123424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220830123424","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Recently, different side effects have been produced after using antiviral drugs before activation of the immune system. Therefore, it is very important to use effective and non-invasive therapy showing fewer side effects when it is used for infected virus treatment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Here, in this study, we designated a new device termed a Life Restoration Device (LRD). The main function of LRD is to generate electric frequencies with lower and safer potential. These frequencies can effectively destroy the biological elements in the viruses, such as nucleic acid materials and viral cell membranes, but not the cellular plasma membrane of the infected eukaryotic cells.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A designated glass tube was prepared for this purpose. The infected cell culture was located in the cell culture media and propagated viruses were poured into the glass tube. Additionally, two nickel-coated copper rods were inserted into both ends of the tube inside the cell culture media. Hereafter, the two nickel-coated copper rods were connected to the LRD. Using LRD, lower potential electric frequencies were generated and applied for 30 min and 60 min time points. The treatment of the cell culture containing MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with LRD for 30 min significantly reduced the viral infectivity by 83% and 22%, respectively. After 60 min of treatment with LRD the infectivity of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses was reduced by 21% and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, HIV and HBV infected blood showed a 95.5% and 100% viral inhibition rate after 2 h exposed to LRD. Additionally, based on the results of the electron microscopy of treated H5N1 virus and western blot analysis data of different types of viruses, the nucleic acid components of the treated viruses were reduced compared to the non-treated viruses. The low power electric frequencies produced by LRD can reduce the fluidity and osmosis of the viral envelope but not the plasma membrane of the infected cells.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Treatment of different types of pathogenic viruses with electric stimulation produced by LRD is a new alternative to safe therapy but needs further investigations. The results of this study are important to develop an effective, safe, and alternative viral therapy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81602621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220826102014
Anubhab Laha, Anchita Prasad, Kalash Baj, Nidhi Shukla, P. S. Solanki, R. Bandopadhyay, S. Nallapeta, K. Medicherla, Prashanth Suravajhala, V. Nigam
Laccases are among the oldest known multi copper enzymes from a diverse array of species including bacteria and fungi, and are of great importance in different industries like beverage, biosensors, textile, paper and pulp. From the aspect of origin, interestingly bacterial laccase is of two kinds namely, 3-domain conventional laccase and 2-domain small laccase. This enzyme is capable of degrading synthetic textile azo dyes, xenobiotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, biogenic amines etc. Over the last few years, laccase research has steadily grown based on biosensors and understanding the known unknowns. In this extensive review, we focus on classification, structural difference based on assorted origin and application that will help to know the unknown factors about this strenuous enzyme. Further for better understanding on origin-function relationship, hypothetical proteins of selected bacterial laccase are reviewed.
{"title":"Laccases as Gold Standard Enzymes for Biotechnology","authors":"Anubhab Laha, Anchita Prasad, Kalash Baj, Nidhi Shukla, P. S. Solanki, R. Bandopadhyay, S. Nallapeta, K. Medicherla, Prashanth Suravajhala, V. Nigam","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220826102014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220826102014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Laccases are among the oldest known multi copper enzymes from a diverse array of species including bacteria and fungi, and are of great importance in different industries like beverage, biosensors, textile, paper and pulp. From the aspect of origin, interestingly bacterial laccase is of two kinds namely, 3-domain conventional laccase and 2-domain small laccase. This enzyme is capable of degrading synthetic textile azo dyes, xenobiotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, biogenic amines etc. Over the last few years, laccase research has steadily grown based on biosensors and understanding the known unknowns.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this extensive review, we focus on classification, structural difference based on assorted origin and application that will help to know the unknown factors about this strenuous enzyme.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Further for better understanding on origin-function relationship, hypothetical proteins of selected bacterial laccase are reviewed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79467317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-06DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220806124652
Workinesh Dejene, Z. Yusuf, M. Desta, M. Idris, Sultan Seyida, Desta Dugasa
Banana peel (Musa Sp.) is nutritional and rich in phytochemical compounds than its pulp. All parts of the banana plant have medicinal applications.Damage from free radicals at the cellular level causes cell inflammation, increasing the risk of damage from sunlight, radiation, and related development of skin cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of unripe green and yellow ripened banana fruit peels and pulp oil extracts. The oil extraction was done in Soxhelt apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, percent free fatty acid, peroxide value, and free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined based on ascorbic acid content, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. The antimicrobial experiment was arranged in completely randomized factorial design with three replications. The result indicated that significantly the highest oil yield (2.60±0.21%), acid value (2.66±0.20%), free fatty acids (1.34±0.10%) were recorded for green peel oil extract. Significantly, the highest DPPH radical scavenginging activity was recorded for green peel (5.85%) followed by green pulp (4.80) and the least for yellow peel (4.50). Ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide scavenginging activity were siginificantly higher for yellow peel and green pulp oil extract extracts than green peel oil extract. The strongest antibacterial activity with the maximum zone of inhibition (15.5mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125µg/ml), and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration (0.25 µg/ml) was recorded for ripened peel oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The antifungal activity of the oil extract presented the highest zone of inhibition (15.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125 µg/ml) and corresponding minimum fungicidal concentration (0.25 µg/ml) was recorded for unripe green banana fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor. The result indicated that the banana fruit peel oilextracts demonstrated differential antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Thus, the banana peel waste oil extracts proved to have potential sustainable applications in nutritional and drug development technologies.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Unripe Green and Ripened Yellow Banana (Musa sp.) Peel and Pulp Oil Extracts","authors":"Workinesh Dejene, Z. Yusuf, M. Desta, M. Idris, Sultan Seyida, Desta Dugasa","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220806124652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220806124652","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Banana peel (Musa Sp.) is nutritional and rich in phytochemical compounds than its pulp. All parts of the banana plant have medicinal applications.Damage from free radicals at the cellular level causes cell inflammation, increasing the risk of damage from sunlight, radiation, and related development of skin cancer.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The purpose of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of unripe green and yellow ripened banana fruit peels and pulp oil extracts.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The oil extraction was done in Soxhelt apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, percent free fatty acid, peroxide value, and free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined based on ascorbic acid content, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. The antimicrobial experiment was arranged in completely randomized factorial design with three replications.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The result indicated that significantly the highest oil yield (2.60±0.21%), acid value (2.66±0.20%), free fatty acids (1.34±0.10%) were recorded for green peel oil extract. Significantly, the highest DPPH radical scavenginging activity was recorded for green peel (5.85%) followed by green pulp (4.80) and the least for yellow peel (4.50). Ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide scavenginging activity were siginificantly higher for yellow peel and green pulp oil extract extracts than green peel oil extract. The strongest antibacterial activity with the maximum zone of inhibition (15.5mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125µg/ml), and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration (0.25 µg/ml) was recorded for ripened peel oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The antifungal activity of the oil extract presented the highest zone of inhibition (15.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125 µg/ml) and corresponding minimum fungicidal concentration (0.25 µg/ml) was recorded for unripe green banana fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The result indicated that the banana fruit peel oilextracts demonstrated differential antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Thus, the banana peel waste oil extracts proved to have potential sustainable applications in nutritional and drug development technologies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"43 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80437871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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