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Studying the chemical and phase compositions of a chromium-nickel-manganese steel after operation at elevated temperatures in corrosive environments 研究了铬镍锰钢在腐蚀环境中高温作用后的化学成分和相组成
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.3.017-030
N. B. Pugacheva, B. Guzanov
In recent years, chromium-nickel-manganese corrosion-resistant steels have been widely used in construction for the manufacture of stair railings and fences, elevators, and heat exchangers used for heat recovery in office premises and in production, including in metallurgical workshops. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the chemical and phase compositions of the 12Cr15Mn9NiCu corrosion-resistant steel (Russian analogue of the AISI 201 steel) after commercial operation in structural components of the heat exchanger of a metallurgical workshop. It was found that, during operation, all the studied fragments of the 12Cr15Mn2NiCu steel heat exchanger underwent intense oxidation with the formation of chromium and manganese oxides both on the surface and along the boundaries of the austenite grain. Diffusive penetration of sulfur into the steel with the formation of MnS particles, as well as carbonization of the surface layers, was recorded. As a result, the content of chromium and manganese in the steel significantly decreased, the amount of carbon increased, and the structure changed from austenitic to martensitic with a hardness of 532 HV 5 (48 HRC). Several investigated fragments retained austenite with oxidized grain boundaries. The austenite grain size ranged from 0.031 mm to 0.088 mm, with hardness ranging from 156 to 212 HV 5. It is shown that the use of the 12Cr15Mn9NiCu corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel-manganese steel intended for the manufacture of heat exchangers for metallurgical production is extremely inappropriate.
近年来,铬镍锰耐腐蚀钢已广泛应用于建筑中,用于制造楼梯栏杆和围栏,电梯以及用于办公场所和生产(包括冶金车间)的热回收的热交换器。本研究的目的是确定12Cr15Mn9NiCu耐腐蚀钢(俄罗斯类似于AISI 201钢)在冶金车间换热器结构部件商业化运行后的化学成分和相组成的变化。研究发现,在工作过程中,12Cr15Mn2NiCu钢换热器的所有研究碎片都发生了强烈的氧化,在表面和沿奥氏体晶粒边界都形成了铬和锰氧化物。随着MnS颗粒的形成,硫扩散渗透到钢中,以及表层的碳化,被记录下来。结果表明,钢中铬、锰含量显著降低,碳含量增加,组织由奥氏体变为马氏体,硬度为532 HV 5 (48 HRC)。一些被调查的碎片保留了氧化晶界的奥氏体。奥氏体晶粒尺寸为0.031 ~ 0.088 mm,硬度为156 ~ 212 hv5。结果表明,使用12Cr15Mn9NiCu耐腐蚀铬镍锰钢制造冶金生产的热交换器是极不合适的。
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引用次数: 0
Information and analytical tools for assessing the structural survivability and safety of technological equipment 用于评估技术设备结构生存能力和安全性的信息和分析工具
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.4.050-061
E. M. Reizmunt, S. Doronin, E. Moskvichev
The tasks of information and computational support for the analysis of the survivability and safety of power shells of technical objects are formulated, aimed at studying their properties taking into account damages and abnormal effects. To solve them, algorithms and computational tools have been developed, aimed at analyzing damage and assessing the risk of re-occurrence of accidents at technical objects, modeling the structural and mechanical heterogeneity of welded joints and calculating their crack resistance, parametric modeling of welded joints with defects, analyzing the sensitivity of structures to defects, damages, and off-design effects, and evaluating their survivability and safety. Information support has been developed, which contains a systematic list of factors reducing survivability and safety, the results of experimental studies of the crack resistance of welded joints and the survivability of shells with a developing macrocrack, as well as the accumulated results of solving model and applied problems on analyzing the properties of damaged shell structures, as reference data.
制定了技术对象动力壳生存性和安全性分析的信息和计算支持任务,旨在研究其在考虑损伤和异常影响的情况下的性能。为了解决这些问题,已经开发了算法和计算工具,旨在分析技术对象的损伤并评估事故再次发生的风险,对焊接接头的结构和力学非均质性进行建模并计算其抗裂性,对有缺陷的焊接接头进行参数化建模,分析结构对缺陷、损伤和非设计效应的敏感性,并评估其生存性和安全性。建立了降低生存能力和安全性的因素的系统列表、具有发展大裂纹的焊接接头抗裂性和壳的生存能力的试验研究结果,以及在分析损伤壳结构性能方面解决模型和应用问题的积累成果,作为参考数据。
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引用次数: 0
Neutron studies of the V-4Ti-4Cr alloy V-4Ti-4Cr合金的中子研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.3.031-044
S. Bogdanov, I. F. Berger, V. Bobrovskii, V. Voronin, V. D. Parkhomenko, V. Chernov
Competitive economic indicators for fast-neuron power reactors can be achieved with high coefficients of fuel burnout, which requires remarkable enhancement of radiation resistance of fuel pin claddings. Nowadays, low-activation vanadium alloys are projected as promising fuel cladding materials in view of their high radiation and thermal resistance in wide temperature and damage dose ranges. Neutron diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering are employed to study the microstructure of the V-4Ti-4Cr alloy subjected to irradiation with fast neutrons in the fluence range up to 1·1020 cm−2. Minor phases precipitated in the system are structurally characterized. The applicability and prospects of neutron diffraction methods in terms of studying the radiation behavior of this kind of alloys are shown.
高燃料燃尽系数可以实现具有竞争力的快神经元动力堆经济指标,这就要求燃料销包壳的抗辐射性能得到显著提高。目前,低活化钒合金因其在较宽的温度和损伤剂量范围内具有较高的辐射和耐热性,被认为是一种很有前途的燃料包壳材料。利用中子衍射和小角中子散射研究了快中子辐照下V-4Ti-4Cr合金的微观结构。体系中析出的少量相具有结构特征。指出了中子衍射方法在研究该类合金辐射行为方面的适用性和应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical study of the Ekman angle for the Benard–Marangoni convective flow of viscous incompressible fluid 粘性不可压缩流体Benard-Marangoni对流的Ekman角分析研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.4.34-49
A. Gorshkov, E. Prosviryakov
The paper considers the convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid over a rotating surface. It studies the angle between the fluid velocity vector in the upper layer and the temperature gradient vector on the free surface. For the study, an analytical solution to the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations is constructed, which describes the stratified Ekman flow taking into account two components of the Coriolis force. The temperature gradient and the conditions of Marangoni thermocapillary convection are set at the upper (free) boundary, and the condition of fluid adhesion is set on the lower (solid) boundary. The representation of velocities in the form of linear functions of horizontal coordinates is used. It is shown that, when the flow depth tends to infinity, the angle between the upper layer fluid velocity vector and the temperature gradient vector tends to π/2 .
本文研究粘性不可压缩流体在旋转表面上的对流流动。它研究了上层流体速度矢量与自由表面温度梯度矢量之间的夹角。本文构造了考虑科里奥利力两个分量的分层Ekman流的Oberbeck-Boussinesq方程的解析解。温度梯度和Marangoni热毛细对流条件设置在上边界(自由),流体粘附条件设置在下边界(固体)。用水平坐标的线性函数表示速度。结果表明,当流动深度趋于无穷大时,上层流体速度矢量与温度梯度矢量之间的夹角趋于π/2。
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引用次数: 0
Gravitational principle of minimum pressure for incompressible flows 不可压缩流体最小压力的重力原理
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.2.022-029
E. Prosviryakov
We consider the flows of ideal (Euler equations) and Newtonian viscous (Navier–Stokes equations) incompressible fluids in the gravitational field of mass forces. In this case, the gravitational field created by the liquid itself (self-gravity) is also taken into account. It is shown that some well-known principles of maximum pressure, according to which either the pressure is constant in the flow region, or the minimum pressure is reached at the boundary of this region if the forces of self-gravity are taken into account, exclude the case of constant pressure. It is also demonstrated that self-gravity makes it impossible for waves and solitons to pass with pressure minima to the surface of a body flown around by a viscous fluid.
我们考虑了理想(欧拉方程)和牛顿粘性(纳维-斯托克斯方程)不可压缩流体在质量力引力场中的流动。在这种情况下,液体本身产生的引力场(自重力)也被考虑在内。结果表明,一些著名的最大压力原理排除了压力恒定的情况。根据最大压力原理,流动区域内的压力是恒定的,或者在考虑自重力作用的情况下,在该区域的边界处达到最小压力。还证明了自重力使波和孤子不可能以最小压力通过被粘性流体环绕的物体表面。
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引用次数: 0
Erosion resistance of a combined multilayer coating protecting critical parts of modern gas turbine engines 现代燃气涡轮发动机关键部件复合多层涂层的抗侵蚀性能
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.2.006-021
B. Guzanov, N. B. Pugacheva, T. Bykova
Comprehensive studies of the chemical composition, microstructure, and thickness of a combined multilayer coating on a heat-resistant nickel alloy are presented. The distribution pat-tern of chemical elements over the coating thickness for all the layers, namely the inner aluminosili-cated layer, the plasma sublayer, and the outer heat-insulating layer, has been established. Surface roughness was determined at all the stages of coating application and after testing. The results of comparative tests of corrosion-erosion resistance and resistance to burn-through of a diffusion aluminosilicide coating, a two-layer heat-insulating coating, and a combined multilayer coating are presented. High heat-shielding properties of a combined multilayer coating on a heat-resistant nickel alloy have been discovered.
对耐热镍合金复合多层涂层的化学成分、显微组织和厚度进行了全面的研究。建立了化学元素在涂层厚度上的分布规律,即内层硅酸铝层、等离子体亚层和外层隔热层。在涂层应用的所有阶段和测试后测量表面粗糙度。介绍了扩散型硅化铝涂层、双层隔热涂层和多层复合隔热涂层的耐蚀性和耐烧透性对比试验结果。发现了耐热镍合金复合多层涂层的高热屏蔽性能。
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引用次数: 0
An extremum problem for a linear integro-differential system describing creeping flows of a viscoelastic fluid 描述粘弹性流体蠕变流动的线性积分-微分系统的极值问题
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.2.052-063
M. A. Artemov, E. Baranovskii
We consider an optimal control problem for an integro-differential system (with a quadratic cost functional) modeling a three-dimensional creeping flow of an incompressible viscoelastic fluid in a bounded domain with impermeable solid walls. The fluid flow is controlled by the time-dependent external force. The concept of the control operator is proposed. We prove a theorem on the existence of a unique optimal control under the assumption that the set of admissible controls is convex and that it is closed in a suitable function space. Moreover, we obtain a variational ine-quality for the optimal control. The proof of this theorem is based on the application of the Faedo–Galerkin approximation scheme taking into account energy estimates of approximate solutions and using the lemma on the existence and uniqueness of the metric projection of a point onto a closed convex set in a real Hilbert space.
我们考虑了一个最优控制问题的积分-微分系统(具有二次代价函数),该系统模拟了不可压缩粘弹性流体在具有不渗透固体壁的有界区域内的三维蠕动流动。流体的流动受随时间变化的外力控制。提出了控制算子的概念。在允许控制集是凸的并且在合适的函数空间中是闭的前提下,证明了唯一最优控制的存在性定理。此外,我们还得到了最优控制的变分质量。该定理的证明基于考虑近似解的能量估计的Faedo-Galerkin近似格式的应用,并利用实Hilbert空间中点在闭凸集上的度量投影的存在唯一性引理。
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引用次数: 0
Exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for describing an isobaric one-directional vertical vortex flow of a fluid 描述流体等压单向垂直涡旋流动的Navier-Stokes方程的精确解
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.2.030-051
N. Burmasheva, E. Prosviryakov
The article proposes a family of exact solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations for describing isobaric inhomogeneous unidirectional fluid motions. Due to the incompressibility equation, the velocity of the inhomogeneous Couette flow depends on two coordinates and time. The expression for the velocity field has a wide functional arbitrariness. This exact solution is obtained by the method of separation of variables, and both algebraic operations (additivity and multiplicativity) are used to substantiate the importance of modifying the classical Couette flow. The article contains extensive bibliographic information that makes it possible to trace a change in the exact Couette solution for various areas of the hydrodynamics of a Newtonian incompressible fluid. The fluid flow is described by a polynomial depending on one variable (horizontal coordinate). The coefficients of the polynomial functionally depend on the second (vertical) coordinate and time; they are determined by a chain of the simplest homogeneous and inhomogeneous partial differential parabolic-type equations. The chain of equations is obtained by the method of undetermined coefficients after substituting the exact solution into the Navier–Stokes equation. An algorithm for integrating a system of ordinary differential equations for studying the steady motion of a viscous fluid is presented. In this case, all the functions defining velocity are polynomials. It is shown that the topology of the vorticity vector and shear stresses has a complex structure even without convective mixing (creeping flow).
本文提出了描述等压非均匀单向流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程的一组精确解。由于不可压缩性方程,非均匀库埃特流的速度依赖于两个坐标和时间。速度场的表达式具有广泛的泛函任意性。采用分离变量的方法得到了精确解,并利用可加性和可乘性两种代数运算证明了修正经典库埃特流的重要性。这篇文章包含了广泛的参考书目信息,使它有可能跟踪在精确的库埃特解决方案的变化,为流体力学的各个领域的牛顿不可压缩流体。流体流动由依赖于一个变量(水平坐标)的多项式来描述。多项式的系数在函数上依赖于第二(垂直)坐标和时间;它们由一系列最简单的齐次和非齐次偏微分抛物型方程确定。将精确解代入Navier-Stokes方程后,用待定系数法得到了方程链。提出了一种研究粘性流体稳态运动的常微分方程组的积分算法。在这种情况下,所有定义速度的函数都是多项式。结果表明,即使没有对流混合(蠕变流),涡度矢量和剪应力的拓扑结构也具有复杂的结构。
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引用次数: 2
Selection of complex equivalent stress for two different variants of the plane stress state 选取两种不同平面应力状态的复合等效应力
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2020.2.064-072
V. Nazarov
To describe the creep rupture process under complex stress, various equivalent stresses are considered. From them, the equivalent stress at which the total error of the difference between the experimental and theoretical values takes the smallest value among the considered equivalent stresses is selected. In this paper, three basic equivalent stresses are considered, as well as two complex equivalent stresses, which are a linear combination of the basic ones with one material parameter. The analysis of the total errors in the considered experimental data shows that, with the simultaneous effect of internal pressure and the axial force on the wall of tubular specimens (or biaxial tension of a plane element), a complex equivalent stress should be used in the form of a combination of the maximum normal stress and the Mises stress. For simultaneous torsion and tension of tubular specimens (or simultaneous tension and compression of a plane element), a complex equivalent stress should be used in the form of a combination of the maximum normal stress and the doubled maximum tangential stress.
为了描述复杂应力作用下的蠕变断裂过程,考虑了各种等效应力。从中选取在考虑的等效应力中,实验值与理论值之差的总误差最小的等效应力。本文考虑了三个基本等效应力,以及两个复合等效应力,它们是基本等效应力与一个材料参数的线性组合。考虑的实验数据的总误差分析表明,在管状试件壁面上同时存在内压和轴向力(或平面单元的双轴拉力)的情况下,应采用最大法向应力和米塞斯应力组合形式的复合等效应力。对于管状试件的同时扭转和拉伸(或平面单元的同时拉伸和压缩),应采用最大正应力和最大切向应力两倍的组合形式的复杂等效应力。
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引用次数: 0
On one problem of determining the optimal residual stress field 关于确定最优残余应力场的一个问题
Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2021.1.055-063
V. V. Struzhanov
An operator equation is obtained, the solution of which is an intrinsic (residual) stress tensor reducing the stress level to zero in a predetermined region of a rigidly loaded elastic body. It is shown that the operator of this equation is a contraction operator and, therefore, this equation can be solved by the method of successive approximations. An example is given.
得到了一个算子方程,其解为一个内禀(残余)应力张量,使刚性弹性体在预定区域内的应力水平降为零。证明了该方程的算子是一个收缩算子,因此该方程可以用逐次逼近法求解。给出了一个例子。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures
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