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Can You Get Work if You Network? The Role of Networks in Job Access for French Youth 如果你有人脉,你能找到工作吗?网络在法国青年就业机会中的作用
Fathi Fakhfakh, A. Vignes, Jihan Ghrairi
French youth suffer from a high level of unemployment. This article evaluates how different social and individual characteristics influence job access channels. We distinguish between school and social networks and show that workers use networks differently depending on their characteristics. Using the French Enquete Emploi, we estimate a multinomial probit model controlling for selection. Our findings show that school networks help graduates, whereas social networks are more fruitful for the low educated. Being a woman or having non-French parents reduces the probability of finding a job through either network. Public institutions appear to be particularly important for disadvantaged areas.
法国年轻人的失业率很高。本文评估了不同的社会和个人特征如何影响工作获取渠道。我们区分了学校网络和社会网络,并表明工人根据他们的特点不同地使用网络。使用法国Enquete employei,我们估计了一个控制选择的多项概率模型。我们的研究结果表明,学校网络对毕业生有帮助,而社会网络对受教育程度低的人更有成效。身为女性或父母不是法国人会降低通过这两种社交网络找到工作的可能性。公共机构似乎对处境不利的地区特别重要。
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引用次数: 0
High School Value-Added and Labor Market Outcomes 高中增值和劳动力市场结果
Evan Totty
This paper contributes to the sparse literature on the lasting impact of teacher and school value-added on adult outcomes by estimating value-added scores for high schools and linking these scores to a student-level dataset on college performance. After controlling for detailed student and high school characteristics, one standard deviation increase in high school value-added increases the probability of graduating from college by six percentage points and final GPA by 0.05-0.08 points on a 4.0 scale. Most of the GPA impact occurs in early semesters. There is some evidence that the impact may be largest for male students and Black students.
本文通过估算高中的增值分数,并将这些分数与大学表现的学生水平数据集联系起来,为关于教师和学校增值对成人结果的持久影响的稀疏文献做出了贡献。在控制了详细的学生和高中特征之后,高中增值每增加一个标准差,大学毕业的概率就会增加6个百分点,最终GPA也会增加0.05-0.08分(满分4.0)。GPA的影响主要发生在前几个学期。有证据表明,对男学生和黑人学生的影响可能最大。
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引用次数: 0
Spillover Effects within Families: Evidence from Teen Mothers and Their Siblings’ Performance from High School Through College 家庭内部溢出效应:来自青少年母亲及其兄弟姐妹从高中到大学表现的证据
Jennifer A Heissel
The U.S. teen birth rate remains high relative to other industrialized countries. Despite extensive literature on teen mothers and their children, almost no research has examined the rest of the mother’s family. I address this gap, finding that teen birth negatively affects the mother’s younger siblings. To estimate this effect, I use several matched control methods, all of which compare siblings of teen mothers to similar students in other families. I show that it is important to control for pre-existing downward trajectories in these families, both for estimating sibling spillovers and for estimating the effect on the mother herself.
与其他工业化国家相比,美国青少年生育率仍然很高。尽管有大量关于青少年母亲和她们的孩子的文献,但几乎没有研究调查过母亲家庭的其他成员。我解决了这个差距,发现青少年生育对母亲的弟弟妹妹产生了负面影响。为了估计这种影响,我使用了几种匹配的控制方法,所有这些方法都将青少年母亲的兄弟姐妹与其他家庭的类似学生进行比较。我表明,控制这些家庭中预先存在的下行轨迹是很重要的,无论是估计兄弟姐妹的溢出效应还是估计对母亲本人的影响。
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引用次数: 0
노인가구의 부채부담과 부채상환가능성 분석: 노인가구 유형에 따른 비교 (Debt Burden and Debt Repayment Possibility of Elderly Households: Comparison of Elderly Household Types) 老年人家庭负债负担与负债偿还可能性分析:老年人家庭类型的比较(Debt Burden and Debt Repayment Possibility of Elderly Households: Comparison of Elderly Household Types)
Da-Eun Jung, Kyung-Wook Cha
Korean Abstract: 본 연구에서는 노인가구의 유형을 부부노인가구, 여성노인가구, 남성노인가구로 구분하여, 부채보유 여부와 부채보유액이 유의한 차이가 있는지 검증하고, 유형별 노인가구를 대상으로 부채보유 여부에 따른 가계 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 부채를 보유한 노인가구를 대상으로 가구유형별 가계 특성을 비교하였고, 부채부담지표와 부채상환가능성을 비교하였다. 2014년 노인실태조사 원자료를 사용하였고, 동거 가구원이 없는 노인가구 6,340가구의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부부노인가구의 33.7%, 남성노인가구의 24.1%, 여성노인가구의 16.8%가 부채를 보유하고 있었으며, 부채보유액 평균은 각각 8,616만원, 5,829만원, 4,184만원이었다. 둘째, 부채보유가구는 부채미보유가구 보다 평균연령이 낮고, 교육수준은 높았다. 부채보유가구는 부채미보유가구 보다 연간소득, 연간소비지출, 총자산, 부동산자산이 유의하게 많았다. 여성노인가구와 남성노인가구의 경우, 부채보유가구의 소득 대비 소비지출의 비중이 부채미보유가구 보다 높아, 부채상환의 여력이 부족함을 보여주었다. 모든 유형의 부채보유가구에서 총자산 대비 부동산자산의 비중이 90%에 이르러, 유동성이 취약한 구조를 나타냈다. 셋째, 부부노인가구의 79.1%가 총자산 대비 총부채의 준거기준을 총족한 반면, 남성노인가구는 57.1%만이 충족하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 현재의 근로․사업소득, 연금소득, 사적, 공적이전소득을 유지한다고 가정할 때, 부부노인가구의 65.3%, 여성노인가구의 63.3%, 남성노인가구의 70.5%가 총자산을 처분하여 부채상환이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 근로․사업소득이 중단되는 경우를 가정하면, 부부노인가구의 44.9%, 여성노인가구의 53.3%, 남성노인가구의 55.2%가 부채상환이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. English Abstract: This study compared the percentage of debt holdings and the amount of debt by elderly household types - elderly couple household, female-elderly household, and male- elderly household, and compared socioeconomic, financial characteristics, and the level of life satisfaction between debt holding households and the others. Also, this study analyzed debt burden index (total asset to total debt ratio, financial asset to total debt ratio), and the possibility of debt repayment. Using the 2014 Survey of the Elderly, data from 6,340 elderly households were analyzed. The findings are as follows. About 33.7% of elderly couple households, 24.1% of male-elderly households, and 16.8% of female-elderly households had debt, and average amount of debt was 86.2million won, 58.3million won and 41.8 million won, respectively. Elderly householders who had debt were older, highly educated than those who did not, and had significantly higher income, consumption expenditure, total assets and real estates than the others. For all types of elderly households, the proportion of real estate in total assets reached 90%. About 79.1% of elderly couple households met the guideline of total asset to total debt ratio, while 57.1% of male-elderly households did. Assuming that the current labor and business income, pension income, private and public transfer income were maintained, it would be possible to repay the debt by disposing of their total assets for 65.3% of elderly couple households, 63.3% of female-elderly households, and 70.5% of male-elderly households. If they lost their labor and business income, 44.9% of the elderly couple households, 53.3% of female-elderly households and 55.2% of male-elderly households could repay the debt.
korean abstract:本研究中对老人家庭的类型夫妻老人家庭,和老人的家庭,划分为男性老人家庭负债是否拥有和부채보유액留意是否有差异,验证类型是否拥有面向老人家庭负债带来的家庭特性进行了比较。另外,以拥有负债的老人家庭为对象,比较了不同家庭类型的家庭特性,比较了负债负担指标和负债偿还可能性。2014年使用老人实态调查原始资料,分析无同居家庭成员的老人家庭6340户。本研究的主要结果如下。第一,夫妻老人家庭的33.7%、男性老人家庭的24.1%、女性老人家庭的16.8%拥有负债,负债拥有额平均分别为8616万韩元、5829万韩元、4184万韩元。第二,负债家庭比未负债家庭平均年龄低,教育水平高。负债拥有家庭的年收入、年消费支出、总资产、房地产资产明显多于负债未拥有家庭。从女性老人家庭和男性老人家庭的情况来看,负债家庭的收入对比消费支出的比重高于未负债家庭,表明负债偿还能力不足。在所有类型的负债家庭中,房地产资产占总资产的比重达到90%,表现出流动性脆弱的结构。第三,79.1%的夫妻老人家庭满足总资产对比总负债的标准,而男性老人家庭只满足57.1%。第四,假设维持现在的劳动、事业收入、年金收入、私人、公共转移收入,夫妻老人家庭的65.3%、女性老人家庭的63.3%、男性老人家庭的70.5%可以处理总资产偿还债务。假设劳动和事业收入中断,夫妻老人家庭的44.9%、女性老人家庭的53.3%、男性老人家庭的55.2%可以偿还债务。english abstract:This study compared the percentage of debt holdings and the amount of debt by elderly household types -elderly couple household, female-elderly household, and male-elderly householdthe level of life satisfaction between debt holding households and the others。Also, this study analyzed debt burden index (total asset to total debt ratio, financial asset to total debt ratio), and the possibility of debt repayment。Using the 2014 Survey of the Elderly, data from 6340 Elderly households were analyzed。The findings are as follows。About 33.7% of elderly couple households, 24.1% of male-elderly households, and 16.8% of female-elderly households had debt, and average amount of debt was 86.2million won;58.3million won and 41.8 million won, respectively。Elderly householders who had debt were older, highly educated than those who did not, and had significantly higher income, consumption expenditure, total assets and real estates than the others。For all types of elderly households, the proportion of real estate in total assets reached 90%About 79.1% of elderly couple households met the guideline of total asset to total debt ratio, while 57.1% of male-elderly households did。Assuming that the current labor and business income, pension income, private and public transfer income were maintainedit would be possible to repay the debt by disposing of their total assets for 65.3% of elderly couple households, 63.3% of female-elderly households, and 70.5% of male-elderly households。If they lost their labor and business income, 44.9% of the elderly couple households, 53.3% of female-elderly households and 55.2% of male-elderly households could repay the debt。
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引用次数: 0
Sex Differences in the Effects of Personal Resources, Family Resources, and Multiple Partners on Fertility 个人资源、家庭资源和多配偶对生育影响的性别差异
R. Hopcroft
This paper examines the association of personal and family income and wealth on completed fertility and number of child bearing unions for men and women using newly released data from 2014 wave of the Survey of Income and Program Participation by the U.S. Census that contain the first national measures of complete male and female fertility as well as measures of multi-partner fertility. Results show that personal income and net worth are positively associated with total fertility and number of child bearing unions for men and negatively associated with total fertility and number of child bearing unions for women. Family income is negatively associated with fertility and number of child bearing unions for men and positively associated with total fertility for women. These results suggest that the source of income and wealth (either from the individual him or herself or from the individual’s family) influences the fertility of men and women very differently and conform to evolutionary predictions concerning the role of male and female status in fertility behavior.
本文使用2014年美国人口普查收入和计划参与调查新发布的数据,研究了个人和家庭收入和财富与男性和女性完整生育率和生育联盟数量的关系,该调查包含了第一个全国性的男性和女性完整生育率指标以及多伴侣生育率指标。结果表明,个人收入和净资产与男性总生育率和生育联盟数呈正相关,与女性总生育率和生育联盟数负相关。家庭收入与男子的生育率和生育数目负相关,与妇女的总生育率正相关。这些结果表明,收入和财富的来源(来自个人本人或来自个人家庭)对男性和女性生育能力的影响非常不同,符合关于男性和女性地位在生育行为中的作用的进化预测。
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引用次数: 0
The Employment Elasticity of the Minimum Wage: Is It Just Politics after All? 最低工资的就业弹性:这到底只是政治吗?
Jesse Wursten
The effect of minimum wages on employment is highly disputed. The main questions in the literature are on how to deal with spatial heterogeneity and dynamics. We use statistical (multi-factor error models) and economic (political ideology as control variable) methods to address the first. Furthermore, we extend the models to a dynamic setting to estimate more long term effects. We find that these enriched models all suggest there are no economically significant negative employment effects attached to moderate increases in the minimum wage.
最低工资对就业的影响备受争议。文献中的主要问题是如何处理空间异质性和动态。我们使用统计(多因素误差模型)和经济(政治意识形态作为控制变量)方法来解决第一个问题。此外,我们将模型扩展到动态设置,以估计更长期的影响。我们发现,这些丰富的模型都表明,适度提高最低工资并没有经济上显著的负面就业效应。
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引用次数: 3
The Medical Care Costs of Youth Obesity: An Instrumental Variables Approach 青少年肥胖的医疗费用:工具变量方法
Adam I. Biener, J. Cawley, C. Meyerhoefer
This paper is the first to use the method of instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the impact of obesity on medical costs in order to address the endogeneity of weight and to reduce the bias from reporting error in weight. Models are estimated using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2000-2005. The IV model, which exploits genetic variation in weight as a natural experiment, yields estimates of the impact of obesity on medical costs that are considerably higher than the correlations reported in the previous literature. For example, obesity is associated with $676 higher annual medical care costs, but the IV results indicate that obesity raises annual medical costs by $2,826 (in 2005 dollars). The estimated annual cost of treating obesity in the U.S. adult non-institutionalized population is $168.4 billion or 16.5% of national spending on medical care. These results imply that the previous literature has underestimated the medical costs of obesity, resulting in underestimates of the cost effectiveness of anti-obesity interventions and the economic rationale for government intervention to reduce obesity-related externalities.
本文首次使用工具变量(IV)方法来估计肥胖对医疗费用的影响,以解决体重的内生性问题,并减少体重报告误差的偏倚。模型的估计使用2000-2005年医疗支出小组调查的数据。IV模型利用体重的遗传变异作为自然实验,得出的肥胖对医疗费用影响的估计比以前文献中报道的相关性要高得多。例如,肥胖与每年676美元的医疗费用相关,但IV的结果表明,肥胖使每年的医疗费用增加了2,826美元(以2005年的美元计算)。据估计,美国非医疗机构成年人口每年用于治疗肥胖的费用为1684亿美元,占全国医疗保健支出的16.5%。这些结果表明,以前的文献低估了肥胖的医疗成本,从而低估了反肥胖干预措施的成本效益和政府干预减少肥胖相关外部性的经济依据。
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引用次数: 21
Consumption and Income Inequality in the U.S. Since the 1960s 20世纪60年代以来美国的消费和收入不平等
Bruce D. Meyer, James X. Sullivan
Official income inequality statistics indicate a sharp rise in inequality over the past five decades. These statistics do not accurately reflect inequality because income is poorly measured, particularly in the tails of the distribution, and current income differs from permanent income, failing to capture the consumption paid for through borrowing and dissaving and the consumption of durables such as houses and cars. We examine income inequality between 1963 and 2014 using the Current Population Survey and consumption inequality between 1960 and 2014 using the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We construct improved measures of consumption, focusing on its well-measured components that are reported at a high and stable rate relative to national accounts. While overall income inequality (as measured by the 90/10 ratio) rose over the past five decades, the rise in overall consumption inequality was small. The patterns for the two measures differ by decade, and they moved in opposite directions after 2006. Income inequality rose in both the top and bottom halves of the distribution, but increases in consumption inequality are only evident in the top half. The differences are also concentrated in single parent families and single individuals. Although changing demographics can account for some of the changes in consumption inequality, they account for little of the changes in income inequality. Consumption smoothing cannot explain the differences between income and consumption at the very bottom, but the declining quality of income data can. Asset price changes likely account for some of the differences between the measures in recent years for the top half of the distribution.
官方收入不平等统计数据显示,在过去50年里,不平等程度急剧上升。这些统计数据并不能准确反映不平等,因为收入的衡量方法很差,尤其是在分配的尾部,而且当前收入与永久收入不同,无法捕捉到通过借贷和储蓄支付的消费,以及房屋和汽车等耐用品的消费。我们使用当前人口调查来研究1963年至2014年之间的收入不平等,使用消费者支出调查来研究1960年至2014年之间的消费不平等。我们构建了改进的消费衡量标准,重点关注其衡量良好的组成部分,这些组成部分相对于国民账户以高而稳定的速度报告。虽然总体收入不平等(以90/10比率衡量)在过去50年有所上升,但总体消费不平等的上升幅度很小。这两种测量方法的模式在十年之间有所不同,在2006年之后,它们朝着相反的方向移动。收入不平等在收入分配的上半部分和下半部分都有所增加,但消费不平等的增加只在上半部分明显。这种差异也集中在单亲家庭和单身个人身上。虽然人口结构的变化可以解释消费不平等的一些变化,但它们对收入不平等的变化几乎没有影响。消费平滑不能解释最底层的收入和消费之间的差异,但收入数据质量的下降可以解释。资产价格的变化可能是近年来衡量上半部分财富分布的不同指标之间差异的部分原因。
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引用次数: 70
Stable Marriage with and Without Transferable Utility: Nonparametric Testable Implications 有或没有可转移效用的稳定婚姻:非参数可检验的含义
L. Cherchye, T. Demuynck, B. De Rock, Frederic Vermeulen
We show that transferable utility has no nonparametrically testable implications for marriage stability in settings with a single consumption observation per household and heterogeneous individual preferences across households. This completes the results of Cherchye, Demuynck, De Rock, and Vermeulen (2017), who characterized Pareto efficient household consumption under the assumption of marriage stability without transferable utility. First, we show that the nonparametric testable conditions established by these authors are not only necessary but also sufficient for rationalizability by a stable marriage matching. Next, we demonstrate that exactly the same testable implications hold with and without transferable utility between household members. We build on this last result to provide a primal and dual linear programming characterization of a stable matching allocation for the observational setting at hand. This provides an explicit specification of the marital surplus function rationalizing the observed matching behavior.
我们表明,在每个家庭的单一消费观察和不同家庭的个人偏好的情况下,可转移效用对婚姻稳定性没有非参数可检验的影响。这完善了Cherchye、Demuynck、De Rock和Vermeulen(2017)的结果,他们在没有可转移效用的婚姻稳定假设下描述了帕累托有效家庭消费。首先,我们证明了这些作者建立的非参数可检验条件对于稳定的婚姻匹配的合理性不仅是必要的,而且是充分的。接下来,我们证明了在家庭成员之间是否存在可转移效用的情况下,完全相同的可测试含义是成立的。我们在最后一个结果的基础上,为手头的观测设置提供了稳定匹配分配的原始和对偶线性规划表征。这为婚姻剩余函数提供了一个明确的规范,使观察到的匹配行为合理化。
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引用次数: 4
The Effects of Paternity Leave on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes 陪产假对生育率和劳动力市场结果的影响
Ĺıdia Farré, Libertad González
This paper studies the effects of a father quota in the parental leave period on households' labor market and fertility decisions. Identification is based on the 2007 reform of the Spanish family benefit system, which extended the sixteen weeks of paid parental leave by two additional weeks exclusively reserved for fathers and non- transferable to mothers. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that the reform substantially increased the take-up rate of fathers (by as much as 400%), as well as the re-employment probability of mothers shortly after childbirth (by about 11%). However, it did not affect parents' longer-term leave-taking or employment behavior. We also find that the introduction of the two weeks of paternity leave delayed higher- order births and reduced subsequent fertility among older women (by about 15%). These results suggest a limited scope for the father quota to alter household behaviors beyond the parental leave period and reduce gender inequality at the workplace.
本文研究了育婴假期间父亲配额对家庭劳动力市场和生育决策的影响。这一认定是基于2007年西班牙家庭福利制度的改革,该制度将16周的带薪育儿假延长了两周,这两周是专门为父亲保留的,不可转让给母亲。通过不连续回归设计,我们发现这项改革大大提高了父亲的就业率(高达400%),以及母亲在分娩后不久的再就业概率(约11%)。然而,这并不影响父母的长期休假或就业行为。我们还发现,两周陪产假的引入推迟了高阶生育,并降低了老年妇女随后的生育率(约15%)。这些结果表明,父亲配额在育儿假之后改变家庭行为和减少工作场所性别不平等的范围有限。
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引用次数: 11
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Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal
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