Aya A. Muhammed Saeed, A. A. Othman, Kaihan H. S. H Karim, Muhammed S. Rasheed, Farhang H. Awlqadr
The study of heavy metals in the human diet is important due to their dual effects as either essential or toxic to the human body. In this study, we determined the concentration of selected heavy metals in common potato and corn chips brands in Iraq markets. Ten common brands were selected and analyzed for their concentrations of the studied heavy metals by ICP-MS. The results shown that the average heavy metals level in potato and corn chips in (mg kg-1±SD) were 2.68±0.67 and 2.96±3.00 for Mn, 4.64±1.99 and 5.82±5.45 for Fe, 0.29±0.33 and 1.36±0.95 for Cu and 2.84±1.26 and 6.26±1.67 for Zn respectively. Corn chips were found to contain higher heavy metals than potato chips. The daily consumption of heavy metals from potato and corn chips (20 g daily intake) is lower than the recommended level set by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Also, Daily intake of these metals is lower than the oral suggested amount and the upper tolerable daily intake set by the US. The contamination risk for the Iraqi population especially children from heavy metals exposure by this study performs to be non-significant, emphasizing the need to conduct more studies and confirm examining of heavy metals in foodstuffs especially chips brands.
{"title":"Detection of Physiochemical and Some Heavy Metals in Potato and Corn Chips Products in Iraqi Markets with their Daily Intake","authors":"Aya A. Muhammed Saeed, A. A. Othman, Kaihan H. S. H Karim, Muhammed S. Rasheed, Farhang H. Awlqadr","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140206","url":null,"abstract":"The study of heavy metals in the human diet is important due to their dual effects as either essential or toxic to the human body. In this study, we determined the concentration of selected heavy metals in common potato and corn chips brands in Iraq markets. Ten common brands were selected and analyzed for their concentrations of the studied heavy metals by ICP-MS. The results shown that the average heavy metals level in potato and corn chips in (mg kg-1±SD) were 2.68±0.67 and 2.96±3.00 for Mn, 4.64±1.99 and 5.82±5.45 for Fe, 0.29±0.33 and 1.36±0.95 for Cu and 2.84±1.26 and 6.26±1.67 for Zn respectively. Corn chips were found to contain higher heavy metals than potato chips. The daily consumption of heavy metals from potato and corn chips (20 g daily intake) is lower than the recommended level set by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Also, Daily intake of these metals is lower than the oral suggested amount and the upper tolerable daily intake set by the US. The contamination risk for the Iraqi population especially children from heavy metals exposure by this study performs to be non-significant, emphasizing the need to conduct more studies and confirm examining of heavy metals in foodstuffs especially chips brands.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"30 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78019943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Ahmed AbdElmowla Ahmed, Abu Bakr Al-Sayed
This study was conducted by the faculty of Agriculture - University of Nile Valley during winter 2018/2019 to study the effect of three tractor forward speeds (5,7 and 9 km/h) on the performance parameters of the tractor (the draft force, wheel slippage, fuel consumption, field capacity and field efficiency). Tractor performance test was carried out when linked to three implements, which are disc plow, a disc harrow and ridger. The study was carried out on two different locations, location one has a sandy clay soil while location two has a clay texture. The results showed that the draft force, wheel slippage, effective field capacity and fuel consumption increased with an increase in speed. The disc plow with speed (9 km/hr) recorded the highest values of draft force and wheel slippage, while the ridger recorded the lowest values of these parameters for the same speed, except for effective field capacity. The ridger with speed (9km/hr) recorded the highest values of effective field capacity, while the disc plow recorded the lowest values of this parameter for the same speed. The Three implements with speed three (9 km/hr) recorded different values of fuel consumption. The statistical analysis showed that, the effect of forward speed was significant at a 1% level, while the effect of the implementing type showed no significant differences. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates.
{"title":"Effect of Forward Speed and Soil Type in Massey Ferguson Tractor (Model 290) Performance","authors":"Mohammed Ahmed AbdElmowla Ahmed, Abu Bakr Al-Sayed","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140204","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted by the faculty of Agriculture - University of Nile Valley during winter 2018/2019 to study the effect of three tractor forward speeds (5,7 and 9 km/h) on the performance parameters of the tractor (the draft force, wheel slippage, fuel consumption, field capacity and field efficiency). Tractor performance test was carried out when linked to three implements, which are disc plow, a disc harrow and ridger. The study was carried out on two different locations, location one has a sandy clay soil while location two has a clay texture. The results showed that the draft force, wheel slippage, effective field capacity and fuel consumption increased with an increase in speed. The disc plow with speed (9 km/hr) recorded the highest values of draft force and wheel slippage, while the ridger recorded the lowest values of these parameters for the same speed, except for effective field capacity. The ridger with speed (9km/hr) recorded the highest values of effective field capacity, while the disc plow recorded the lowest values of this parameter for the same speed. The Three implements with speed three (9 km/hr) recorded different values of fuel consumption. The statistical analysis showed that, the effect of forward speed was significant at a 1% level, while the effect of the implementing type showed no significant differences. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83465308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dlkhwaz Ahmed Hama, Ali Muhi Aldeen Omar Aljabary, A. A. Othman, H. Mhamad
The drying process plays an important role in heat-sensitive product dehydration. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three species of mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L. (Black mulberry), Morus alba L. (White mulberry), and Morus alba L. (White shahtoot) grown in Halabja, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Four levels of ascorbic acid treatment at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% lthen, divided into two groups; the first dried under solar radiation the second dried by one of the very high-quality machines (oven) for drying all kinds of vegetables and fruits. The mulberry fruits were harvested at the ripening stage by hand in April 2021 from the trees 10 years old. The results appeared that black mulberry is significantly superior that has higher moisture and total sugars content while having the lowest ash content and polyphenol oxidase activity on the two other species. Additionally, the ascorbic acid treatment significantly decreased total sugars content and peroxidase activity, while significantly increasing moisture content and polyphenol oxidase activity in fruits as compared to untreated fruits. Furthermore, sun drying significantly increased the fruits content of moisture, ash, total sugars, and polyphenol oxidase activity as compared to oven drying.
{"title":"Response of Black (Morus nigra), White and White Shahtoot (Morus alba) Mulberry Fruits to Ascorbic Acid Treatment and Drying Methods","authors":"Dlkhwaz Ahmed Hama, Ali Muhi Aldeen Omar Aljabary, A. A. Othman, H. Mhamad","doi":"10.52951/dasj.221402114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.221402114","url":null,"abstract":"The drying process plays an important role in heat-sensitive product dehydration. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three species of mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L. (Black mulberry), Morus alba L. (White mulberry), and Morus alba L. (White shahtoot) grown in Halabja, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Four levels of ascorbic acid treatment at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% lthen, divided into two groups; the first dried under solar radiation the second dried by one of the very high-quality machines (oven) for drying all kinds of vegetables and fruits. The mulberry fruits were harvested at the ripening stage by hand in April 2021 from the trees 10 years old. The results appeared that black mulberry is significantly superior that has higher moisture and total sugars content while having the lowest ash content and polyphenol oxidase activity on the two other species. Additionally, the ascorbic acid treatment significantly decreased total sugars content and peroxidase activity, while significantly increasing moisture content and polyphenol oxidase activity in fruits as compared to untreated fruits. Furthermore, sun drying significantly increased the fruits content of moisture, ash, total sugars, and polyphenol oxidase activity as compared to oven drying.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77721512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study identified the fisherfolks’ perception of artisanal fishing enterprises in North-Central, Nigeria. Information were collected with the use of questionnaire and analysed using frequency count, percentage, mean score and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that 68.4 % of the respondents preferred fishing grounds, about 59.4 % of the respondents preferred group discussion and visit by extension agents and about 61.5 % of the respondents preferred radio. About 38.9 % of the respondents indicated the evening as the preferred time to acquire training. The result showed that 92.8 % of the respondents had knowledge of the basic safety and precaution measure. Fish products should be free of any chemical (x ̅=4.47) was the highest-ranked perception statement. The result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ perception of fishing enterprise and knowledge of sustainable fishery practices (r= 0.119; p= 0.001) at 1 percent level of significance. The study recommended that there should be the provision of training in the low knowledge areas on sustainable fishery practices and extension service delivery should be timely.
{"title":"Fisherfolks’ Perception on Artisanal Fishing Enterprise in North Central, Nigeria","authors":"J. Ifabiyi, R. S. Adisa","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140213","url":null,"abstract":"The study identified the fisherfolks’ perception of artisanal fishing enterprises in North-Central, Nigeria. Information were collected with the use of questionnaire and analysed using frequency count, percentage, mean score and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that 68.4 % of the respondents preferred fishing grounds, about 59.4 % of the respondents preferred group discussion and visit by extension agents and about 61.5 % of the respondents preferred radio. About 38.9 % of the respondents indicated the evening as the preferred time to acquire training. The result showed that 92.8 % of the respondents had knowledge of the basic safety and precaution measure. Fish products should be free of any chemical (x ̅=4.47) was the highest-ranked perception statement. The result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ perception of fishing enterprise and knowledge of sustainable fishery practices (r= 0.119; p= 0.001) at 1 percent level of significance. The study recommended that there should be the provision of training in the low knowledge areas on sustainable fishery practices and extension service delivery should be timely.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86846498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this review paper was to assess the effect of aflatoxin contamination in dairy products and its toxicity on public health in the Ethiopian dairy sector. Feed contamination by mycotoxins causes serious issues with the economy, food security, and safety. The economic impact can take different forms, direct market costs of missed trade or lower profits resulting from the rejection of contaminated animal products, reduced productivity, animal death, particularly in more sensitive calves, and increased treatment. Nougcake, which is often used as feed for dairy animals, is a significant source of aflatoxin contamination in the peri-urban dairy value chain in Addis Ababa. Aflatoxin AFM is the primary hydroxylated AFB metabolite in milk from cows that were discharged after consuming a meal contaminated with AFB for 12 hours. Prolonged or chronic exposure to aflatoxins has a number of harmful effects on health, including potent carcinogens and may affect all organ systems, especially the liver and kidneys; that cause liver cancer, mutagenic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects on cattle. According to Brazilian law, the maximum permitted levels for liquid milk, milk powder, and cheese are 0.5mg/kg,5.0mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg, respectively. As a result, there is increased aflatoxin contamination in both humans and animals. In conclusion, as compared to other countries, the effect of aflatoxin contamination and its toxicity was higher in Ethiopian dairy sector. In order to regulate aflatoxin contamination all coordinated efforts from all relevant groups should work together and further intervention should be implemented via policymakers, dairy sectors, Government and non-Governmental organizations.
{"title":"Effect of Aflatoxin Contamination in Dairy Products and its Toxicity on Public Health: The Case of Ethiopian Dairy Sector: A review","authors":"Abera Fekata Dinkissa, Y. Hailu","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140208","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this review paper was to assess the effect of aflatoxin contamination in dairy products and its toxicity on public health in the Ethiopian dairy sector. Feed contamination by mycotoxins causes serious issues with the economy, food security, and safety. The economic impact can take different forms, direct market costs of missed trade or lower profits resulting from the rejection of contaminated animal products, reduced productivity, animal death, particularly in more sensitive calves, and increased treatment. Nougcake, which is often used as feed for dairy animals, is a significant source of aflatoxin contamination in the peri-urban dairy value chain in Addis Ababa. Aflatoxin AFM is the primary hydroxylated AFB metabolite in milk from cows that were discharged after consuming a meal contaminated with AFB for 12 hours. Prolonged or chronic exposure to aflatoxins has a number of harmful effects on health, including potent carcinogens and may affect all organ systems, especially the liver and kidneys; that cause liver cancer, mutagenic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects on cattle. According to Brazilian law, the maximum permitted levels for liquid milk, milk powder, and cheese are 0.5mg/kg,5.0mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg, respectively. As a result, there is increased aflatoxin contamination in both humans and animals. In conclusion, as compared to other countries, the effect of aflatoxin contamination and its toxicity was higher in Ethiopian dairy sector. In order to regulate aflatoxin contamination all coordinated efforts from all relevant groups should work together and further intervention should be implemented via policymakers, dairy sectors, Government and non-Governmental organizations.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79604582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of Mineral fertilizer and Sorbitol Sugar on the growth, and yield produced by chili pepper plant Barbarian F1, A factorial experiment with two factors, Mineral Fertilizer concentration 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 g L-1 and Sorbitol Sugar 0 and 10 g L-1 was used in the term of (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed significant superiority of Mineral Fertilizer at 1.5 ml-1 in the plant height (59.62 cm plant-1 ), number of main branches plant-1 (5.600 branch plant-1), total leaf area (21.100 dm2 plant-1), number of fruits plant (88.25 fruit plant-1). One plant yield (0.718 kg plant-1) and total yield (23.94 tons hectare-1). The result also showed a significant increase of Sorbitol sugar in concentration 10 g L-1 in the plant height, number of branches1, total leaf area by balance, number of fruits, (58.63cm, 5.493 branch plants-1, 21.98dm2, 84.78 fruit plant-1, 0.685 kg plant-1, and 23.03 ton hectare-1 respectively). The interaction indicated that both variables were significant for all the studied traits, indicated that the response of pepper to the first variable is related to the second one. Thus, the research has concluded that the Interaction of variables, mineral fertilizer (1.5 g L-1) and Sorbitol Sugar 10 g l-1 has a great combination to increase the growth and the yield of chili pepper.
为研究矿肥和山梨醇糖对辣椒品种Barbarian F1生长及产量的影响，采用矿肥浓度0、0.5、1、1.25、1.5 g L-1和山梨醇糖0、10 g L-1 2因素的因子试验，在RCBD条件下进行3个重复。结果表明，1.5 ml-1矿物肥在株高(59.62 cm)、主枝数(5.600枝)、总叶面积(21.100 dm2)、果实数(88.25个)等方面均具有显著优势。单株产量(0.718 kg plant-1)和总产量(23.94吨公顷-1)。山梨醇糖浓度为10 g L-1时，株高、分枝数1、平衡总叶面积、果实数分别显著增加58.63cm、5.493株-1、21.98dm2、84.78株-1、0.685 kg株-1和23.03 t公顷-1。交互作用表明，两个变量对所有性状的影响均显著，表明辣椒对第一个变量的响应与第二个变量相关。综上所述，矿物肥(1.5 g L-1)和山梨醇糖(10 g L-1)的交互作用对辣椒的生长和产量有很大的促进作用。
{"title":"Effect of Spraying Mineral Fertilizer and Sorbitol Sugar on Growth and Yield of Capsicum frutescens L.","authors":"Ban Saeed Abbas Al-Azzawi","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140201","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of Mineral fertilizer and Sorbitol Sugar on the growth, and yield produced by chili pepper plant Barbarian F1, A factorial experiment with two factors, Mineral Fertilizer concentration 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 g L-1 and Sorbitol Sugar 0 and 10 g L-1 was used in the term of (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed significant superiority of Mineral Fertilizer at 1.5 ml-1 in the plant height (59.62 cm plant-1 ), number of main branches plant-1 (5.600 branch plant-1), total leaf area (21.100 dm2 plant-1), number of fruits plant (88.25 fruit plant-1). One plant yield (0.718 kg plant-1) and total yield (23.94 tons hectare-1). The result also showed a significant increase of Sorbitol sugar in concentration 10 g L-1 in the plant height, number of branches1, total leaf area by balance, number of fruits, (58.63cm, 5.493 branch plants-1, 21.98dm2, 84.78 fruit plant-1, 0.685 kg plant-1, and 23.03 ton hectare-1 respectively). The interaction indicated that both variables were significant for all the studied traits, indicated that the response of pepper to the first variable is related to the second one. Thus, the research has concluded that the Interaction of variables, mineral fertilizer (1.5 g L-1) and Sorbitol Sugar 10 g l-1 has a great combination to increase the growth and the yield of chili pepper.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80173924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhizosphere is a bio–influenced zone of soil where the interaction of microorganism and plant roots occurred tailored by the activity of soil enzymes. The activity of the enzymes depends largely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil environment. Experiment was carried out to examine the activity of phosphomonoesterases in the rhizosphere of cassava planted in two sites (Samaru and Minjibir) located in savanna ecologies of Nigeria. Soils from rhizosphere of the cassava were sampled from each treatment in an experiment involving split plot design. The treatments included 3 main plots (phosphorus rates at 0, 17.5 and 35 kg P2O5 ha–1) and 3 sub–plots (mycorrhizal inoculants: Glomygel and Mycodrip; and a Control). The Result of the analysis indicated higher activities of the phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases) in Samaru site than Minjibir. The former recorded higher acid and alkaline phosphates activities over the latter with a magnitude of 96.84% and 43.65% respectively. This is attributed to the variability in the soil characteristics between the two sites. The main effect of P fertilizer indicated that 0 kg P2O5 ha–1 recorded a significantly (p<0.05) higher phosphomonoesterases activity than application of 17.5 and 35 kg P2O5 ha–1. Inoculation with mycorrhizae also increased the activities of the phosphomonoesterases in both sites which indicate increase mycorrhizal colonization as a result of inoculation. It is concluded therefore, that the activity of phosphomonoesterases in the rhizosphere can be affected by fertilization as well as enhanced by inoculation with the influence of soil characteristics.
根际是土壤中受生物影响的区域，微生物与植物根系的相互作用是由土壤酶的活性决定的。酶的活性在很大程度上取决于土壤环境的物理和化学特性。在尼日利亚萨玛鲁和明吉比尔两个热带稀树草原生态区进行了木薯根际磷单酯酶活性测定试验。采用分块设计，对每个处理的木薯根际土壤进行取样。处理包括3个主区(0、17.5和35 kg P2O5 hm - 1施磷量)和3个子区(菌根接种剂:Glomygel和Mycodrip;和Control)。分析结果表明，萨马鲁地区的磷酸单酯酶(酸性和碱性磷酸酶)活性高于敏吉比尔地区。前者的酸性和碱性磷酸盐活性高于后者，分别为96.84%和43.65%。这是由于两个地点之间土壤特征的差异。磷肥的主效应表明，0 kg P2O5 ha-1显著(P <0.05)高于17.5和35 kg P2O5 ha-1。接种菌根也增加了这两个位点的磷酸单酯酶活性，这表明接种增加了菌根定植。综上所述，在土壤特性的影响下，根际磷单酯酶活性既受施肥的影响，又受接种的增强。
{"title":"Phosphomonoesterases Activity in Phosphorus-fertilized and Mycorrhizae-inoculated Cassava’s Rhizosphere in Two Savanna Agro–ecologies of Nigeria","authors":"I. Aliyu, A. Gabasawa","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140212","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizosphere is a bio–influenced zone of soil where the interaction of microorganism and plant roots occurred tailored by the activity of soil enzymes. The activity of the enzymes depends largely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil environment. Experiment was carried out to examine the activity of phosphomonoesterases in the rhizosphere of cassava planted in two sites (Samaru and Minjibir) located in savanna ecologies of Nigeria. Soils from rhizosphere of the cassava were sampled from each treatment in an experiment involving split plot design. The treatments included 3 main plots (phosphorus rates at 0, 17.5 and 35 kg P2O5 ha–1) and 3 sub–plots (mycorrhizal inoculants: Glomygel and Mycodrip; and a Control). The Result of the analysis indicated higher activities of the phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases) in Samaru site than Minjibir. The former recorded higher acid and alkaline phosphates activities over the latter with a magnitude of 96.84% and 43.65% respectively. This is attributed to the variability in the soil characteristics between the two sites. The main effect of P fertilizer indicated that 0 kg P2O5 ha–1 recorded a significantly (p<0.05) higher phosphomonoesterases activity than application of 17.5 and 35 kg P2O5 ha–1. Inoculation with mycorrhizae also increased the activities of the phosphomonoesterases in both sites which indicate increase mycorrhizal colonization as a result of inoculation. It is concluded therefore, that the activity of phosphomonoesterases in the rhizosphere can be affected by fertilization as well as enhanced by inoculation with the influence of soil characteristics.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82086938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to assess the lactation, reproductive performance, and disorders of dairy cows in Waliso and Ilu districts. A total of 122 respondents who participated in the production of dairy cattle were chosen at random and proportional to their size. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version20. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results such as overall means, standard error (SE), graphs, tables, frequency, and percentage. Daily milk yield of local breed cow was1.890±0.05liters/per/cow/day, while cross breed dairy cows7.410±0.31liters/ cow/day. Cross breed dairy cows produced (1978.4597±0.98) liters/ lactation/cow and native breed cows produced (429.78±17.10) liters /lactation/cow on average. Results showed that local and cross breed dairy cows had lactations length of 7.58±0.05 and 8.90±0.29 months per lactation per year. The average reproductive performance of local and cross breed dairy cows was (AFS) 44.88±0.57and 24.43±0.29 months, (AFC)53.94±0.56and 33.43±0.29 months, (CI)14.35±0.41) and 14.35±0.41months, (DO)161±0.41 and 140±0.49) days, and (NSPC)1.69±0.06 and1.70±0.10 times, respectively. Daily milk yields, average milk yields, and lactation lengths were significantly (P0.05) different between the two Districts. The overall percentages of stillbirths, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, abortions, and mastitis were 8%, 6.35 %, 6.66 %, 12.15 %, and 11.8%, respectively. In inclusion, it could be concluded that the productive lactation, reproductive performance and disorder are relatively low. Thus, indicating that it is an urgent need for well-coordinated efforts of all concerned bodies to boost the productive and reproductive performance there by enhances the livelihood of the dairy farmers.
本研究的目的是评估瓦利索和伊卢地区奶牛的泌乳、繁殖性能和疾病。随机选取122名参与奶牛生产的回答者，并按其体型比例进行调查。收集的数据使用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version20进行分析。描述性统计用于总结结果，如总体均值、标准误差(SE)、图表、表格、频率和百分比。地方品种奶牛日产奶量为1.890±0.05升/头/头/天，杂交奶牛日产奶量为7.410±0.31升/头/天。杂交奶牛平均产奶量为(1978.4597±0.98)升/头奶牛，本地奶牛平均产奶量为(429.78±17.10)升/头奶牛。结果表明，本地奶牛和杂交奶牛的泌乳时长分别为7.58±0.05个月和8.90±0.29个月/年。本地和杂交奶牛的平均繁殖性能分别为(AFS) 44.88±0.57和24.43±0.29个月，(AFC)53.94±0.56和33.43±0.29个月，(CI)14.35±0.41个月和14.35±0.41个月，(DO)161±0.41和140±0.49)天，(NSPC)1.69±0.06和1.70±0.10次。两区奶牛日产奶量、平均产奶量、泌乳时长差异显著(P0.05)。死产、难产、胎膜残留、流产和乳腺炎的总体比例分别为8%、6.35%、6.66%、12.15%和11.8%。综上所述，母猪的泌乳量、繁殖性能和紊乱程度均较低。因此，迫切需要所有相关机构的良好协调努力，通过改善奶农的生计来提高生产和繁殖绩效。
{"title":"Analysis of Lactation, Reproductive Performance and Disorders of Dairy Cows in Waliso and Ilu Districts Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Abera Fekata Dinkissa, U. G. Girgo","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22140202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140202","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the lactation, reproductive performance, and disorders of dairy cows in Waliso and Ilu districts. A total of 122 respondents who participated in the production of dairy cattle were chosen at random and proportional to their size. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version20. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results such as overall means, standard error (SE), graphs, tables, frequency, and percentage. Daily milk yield of local breed cow was1.890±0.05liters/per/cow/day, while cross breed dairy cows7.410±0.31liters/ cow/day. Cross breed dairy cows produced (1978.4597±0.98) liters/ lactation/cow and native breed cows produced (429.78±17.10) liters /lactation/cow on average. Results showed that local and cross breed dairy cows had lactations length of 7.58±0.05 and 8.90±0.29 months per lactation per year. The average reproductive performance of local and cross breed dairy cows was (AFS) 44.88±0.57and 24.43±0.29 months, (AFC)53.94±0.56and 33.43±0.29 months, (CI)14.35±0.41) and 14.35±0.41months, (DO)161±0.41 and 140±0.49) days, and (NSPC)1.69±0.06 and1.70±0.10 times, respectively. Daily milk yields, average milk yields, and lactation lengths were significantly (P0.05) different between the two Districts. The overall percentages of stillbirths, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, abortions, and mastitis were 8%, 6.35 %, 6.66 %, 12.15 %, and 11.8%, respectively. In inclusion, it could be concluded that the productive lactation, reproductive performance and disorder are relatively low. Thus, indicating that it is an urgent need for well-coordinated efforts of all concerned bodies to boost the productive and reproductive performance there by enhances the livelihood of the dairy farmers.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81191367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Boumaaza, Abdelhamid Gacemi, M. Benada, S. Boudalia, I. Benzohra, H. Belaidi, Omar Khaladi
Plant extracts and essential oils are promising new sources of non-toxic alternatives to chemicals substances. They are used for their antimicrobial properties against plant diseases of fungal origin, against bacterial, and those of virus origin. This study was carried out to study the antifungal activity of Artemisia herba-alba, Foeniculum vulgare and Citrus sinensis essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation. Antifungal activity of essential oil was investigated by macro-broth method of dilution by a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against this pathogen. The yield of essential oil obtained by steam distillation of Foeniculum vulgare samples was 2.31% greater than that obtained from Citrus sinensis sample which was 1.8%, followed by Artemisia herba alba samples 1.22%. Regarding antifungal activity, the results revealed a better inhibitory activity of Artemisia herba alba against the tested strainsat the lowest LC50 values (0.1 µl/ml). On the other hand, Foeniculum vulgare, Artemisia herba alba and Citrus sinensis essential oils show similar MICs of mycelial growth against this pathogen. The value of the MIC and CMF is greater than 50 µl/ml for the three essential oils.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Essential Oils from Three Medicinal Plants Against Bayoud Disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)","authors":"B. Boumaaza, Abdelhamid Gacemi, M. Benada, S. Boudalia, I. Benzohra, H. Belaidi, Omar Khaladi","doi":"10.52951/dasj.22142003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22142003","url":null,"abstract":"Plant extracts and essential oils are promising new sources of non-toxic alternatives to chemicals substances. They are used for their antimicrobial properties against plant diseases of fungal origin, against bacterial, and those of virus origin. This study was carried out to study the antifungal activity of Artemisia herba-alba, Foeniculum vulgare and Citrus sinensis essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation. Antifungal activity of essential oil was investigated by macro-broth method of dilution by a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against this pathogen. The yield of essential oil obtained by steam distillation of Foeniculum vulgare samples was 2.31% greater than that obtained from Citrus sinensis sample which was 1.8%, followed by Artemisia herba alba samples 1.22%. Regarding antifungal activity, the results revealed a better inhibitory activity of Artemisia herba alba against the tested strainsat the lowest LC50 values (0.1 µl/ml). On the other hand, Foeniculum vulgare, Artemisia herba alba and Citrus sinensis essential oils show similar MICs of mycelial growth against this pathogen. The value of the MIC and CMF is greater than 50 µl/ml for the three essential oils.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74328957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The degradation and pollution of soil remain a significant environmental problem and its recovery is a worldwide concern. Global soil degradation has a serious adverse impact on food security, agricultural production, and human well-being; therefore, it requires immediate attention. This global problem is further exacerbated by the poisoning of soil with heavy metals, pesticides and persistent organic contaminants. The bioaccumulation of these pollutants in the soil increases the danger of food chain contamination. The need to produce more food and prevent further soil erosion severely hamper agricultural productivity. The revitalization of the contaminated soil resources could be feasible using nano-based soil remediation. Applications based on nanotechnology are inexpensive, easy to apply, and suggest more efficient treatment and remediation. The aims of this review to examine the potential of nano-based rehabilitation of soil polluted with pesticides, heavy metals and their residues as well as with persistent organic contaminants and to investigate how this technology can improve bioremediation and phytoremediation.
{"title":"A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SOIL POLLUTANTS REMEDIATION","authors":"M. Ahsan","doi":"10.56520/asj.v4i1.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56520/asj.v4i1.139","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation and pollution of soil remain a significant environmental problem and its recovery is a worldwide concern. Global soil degradation has a serious adverse impact on food security, agricultural production, and human well-being; therefore, it requires immediate attention. This global problem is further exacerbated by the poisoning of soil with heavy metals, pesticides and persistent organic contaminants. The bioaccumulation of these pollutants in the soil increases the danger of food chain contamination. The need to produce more food and prevent further soil erosion severely hamper agricultural productivity. The revitalization of the contaminated soil resources could be feasible using nano-based soil remediation. Applications based on nanotechnology are inexpensive, easy to apply, and suggest more efficient treatment and remediation. The aims of this review to examine the potential of nano-based rehabilitation of soil polluted with pesticides, heavy metals and their residues as well as with persistent organic contaminants and to investigate how this technology can improve bioremediation and phytoremediation.","PeriodicalId":11234,"journal":{"name":"Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85193127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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