This paper investigates the thermal characteristic and heat generation mechanism of the lithium-ion battery during the aging cycles. The surface temperature distribution and the thermal characteristic of the battery were analyzed based on the infrared images. Results indicated that the surface temperature distribution of the battery is greatly dependent on the state of charge (SOC). The endothermic peak caused by the entropy heat coefficient of the reversible reaction heat gradually disappears as the increase of the discharge rate. The negative electrode has the highest temperature during the discharge process. The temperature rise of the battery gets higher as the battery ages, that is, the total heat output of the battery increases. However, the reversible reaction heat of the battery has little change with the increase of the aging cycles. The results of thermal behaviors analysis are conducive to understand the safety management and build a reliable thermal model for high energy density lithium-ion battery.
{"title":"Experimental Analysis on the Thermal Characteristics of the Lithium-ion Battery During the Aging Cycles","authors":"Yong Tian, Zhibing Zeng, Xiaoyu Li, Lijuan Xiang, Jindong Tian","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31809","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the thermal characteristic and heat generation mechanism of the lithium-ion battery during the aging cycles. The surface temperature distribution and the thermal characteristic of the battery were analyzed based on the infrared images. Results indicated that the surface temperature distribution of the battery is greatly dependent on the state of charge (SOC). The endothermic peak caused by the entropy heat coefficient of the reversible reaction heat gradually disappears as the increase of the discharge rate. The negative electrode has the highest temperature during the discharge process. The temperature rise of the battery gets higher as the battery ages, that is, the total heat output of the battery increases. However, the reversible reaction heat of the battery has little change with the increase of the aging cycles. The results of thermal behaviors analysis are conducive to understand the safety management and build a reliable thermal model for high energy density lithium-ion battery.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78964126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31749
Hewen Zhou, Q. Yang, Mengmeng Shi, Jiashuo Li, Haiping Yang, Federica Liberti, Pietro Bartoccid, F. Fantozzi
The amount of food waste in China's catering industry is approximately 17 to 18 Mt per year (about 20% of total food losses). China's National Development and Reform commission has currently ratified 100 pilot cities in five batches over 2011 to 2015 to implement food waste treatment projects. Almost the 80% of these projects is based on anaerobic digestion. So it is very important to understand clearly which is the environmental impact of these new bioenergy chains (especially in the small scale). For this reason a Life Cycle Assessment case study is presented in this work, based on a 156 kWe anaerobic digestion plant, fed with waste food produced by 29 canteens, which are present in the campus of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The obtained results show that, respect to the reference scenario, the presented case study has lower environmental burden in all the considered impact categories. When the waste food is compared with other feedstock to produce biogas, the only negative impact is on the eutrophication category. About 0.00084 kgPO4 3- are emitted per kWhe produced. This negative impact is mainly due to the reuse of the digestate as soil amendment.
{"title":"LCA Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion Plant Fed with Canteen Food Waste in a University in China","authors":"Hewen Zhou, Q. Yang, Mengmeng Shi, Jiashuo Li, Haiping Yang, Federica Liberti, Pietro Bartoccid, F. Fantozzi","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31749","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of food waste in China's catering industry is approximately 17 to 18 Mt per year (about 20% of total food losses). China's National Development and Reform commission has currently ratified 100 pilot cities in five batches over 2011 to 2015 to implement food waste treatment projects. Almost the 80% of these projects is based on anaerobic digestion. So it is very important to understand clearly which is the environmental impact of these new bioenergy chains (especially in the small scale). For this reason a Life Cycle Assessment case study is presented in this work, based on a 156 kWe anaerobic digestion plant, fed with waste food produced by 29 canteens, which are present in the campus of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The obtained results show that, respect to the reference scenario, the presented case study has lower environmental burden in all the considered impact categories. When the waste food is compared with other feedstock to produce biogas, the only negative impact is on the eutrophication category. About 0.00084 kgPO4 3- are emitted per kWhe produced. This negative impact is mainly due to the reuse of the digestate as soil amendment.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75917436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-performance permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) systems used in electric vehicle(EV) are required to deliver high efficiency over the wide speed and torque ranges. This paper proposes a novel efficiency optimization control strategy of PMSM system EV which can maximize the system efficiency in both steady and dynamic state. As the PMSM is directly connected with the load, caused the output torque of motor is a function of the rotate speed, this study is focused on the dynamic system model with the driving cycle which considers about motor copper loss, motor iron loss and inverter loss. Based on the dynamic system model, the proposed control strategy can optimize motor loss and inverter loss together, by which the system efficiency is increased over the whole operation duty. Compared with traditional control strategy, the proposed control strategy can decrease the energy consumption over the whole driving cycle. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results verifies the validity of proposed efficiency optimization control strategy.
{"title":"Efficiency Optimization Control of Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor","authors":"Chengming Zhang, Jiwei Cao, Qingbo Guo, Liyi Li, Mingyi Wang, Jiaxi Liu","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31816","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) systems used in electric vehicle(EV) are required to deliver high efficiency over the wide speed and torque ranges. This paper proposes a novel efficiency optimization control strategy of PMSM system EV which can maximize the system efficiency in both steady and dynamic state. As the PMSM is directly connected with the load, caused the output torque of motor is a function of the rotate speed, this study is focused on the dynamic system model with the driving cycle which considers about motor copper loss, motor iron loss and inverter loss. Based on the dynamic system model, the proposed control strategy can optimize motor loss and inverter loss together, by which the system efficiency is increased over the whole operation duty. Compared with traditional control strategy, the proposed control strategy can decrease the energy consumption over the whole driving cycle. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results verifies the validity of proposed efficiency optimization control strategy.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86307504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31817
Hao Lei, Xiaokai Chen, R. Xiong
The relationship between open-circuit-voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) has shown a considerable influence on the accuracy of SOC estimation. In this study, in order to deal with the uncertainty and inconsistency of the OCV curve in the battery pack, a novel method for SOC estimation based on the general OCV is proposed. The general OCV unifies the OCV curves of all the cells in the battery pack and can be used to solve the OCV derivative in EKF-based SOC estimation, but it brings model deviation meanwhile. Therefore, the battery model is corrected by the model bias, which is obtained by online identification with other model parameters. The case study results show that the results of SOC estimation is accurate and stable, with the maximum absolute error less than 6% at 0°C, 4% at 25°C and 45°C.
{"title":"A Novel Method for Estimating State-of-Charge of Lithium-ion Battery Pack Based on General Open Circuit Voltage","authors":"Hao Lei, Xiaokai Chen, R. Xiong","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31817","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between open-circuit-voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) has shown a considerable influence on the accuracy of SOC estimation. In this study, in order to deal with the uncertainty and inconsistency of the OCV curve in the battery pack, a novel method for SOC estimation based on the general OCV is proposed. The general OCV unifies the OCV curves of all the cells in the battery pack and can be used to solve the OCV derivative in EKF-based SOC estimation, but it brings model deviation meanwhile. Therefore, the battery model is corrected by the model bias, which is obtained by online identification with other model parameters. The case study results show that the results of SOC estimation is accurate and stable, with the maximum absolute error less than 6% at 0°C, 4% at 25°C and 45°C.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83911653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automatic lane change is a complex and essential part of autonomous vehicle control. Existing researches on autonomous vehicle technology mainly focused on avoiding obstacles, but few studies have focused on the issue of dynamic lane change. Moreover, existing dynamic lane-changing models were based on some certain assumptions. Considering that the actual road is not a complete straight line and the function of the road cannot be accurately established, this paper establishes a cubic polynomial path planning model based on discrete global trajectory points. Then, in order to ensure the trajectory’s safety, comfort and efficiency, an all-sided trajectory optimization function is proposed. At last, simulation verifications are carried out. Results show that the proposed method can generate a splendid lanechanging trajectory.
{"title":"A Pragmatic Dynamic Lane-changing Trajectory Planning Model for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Yonggang Liu, Xiao Wang, Liang Li, Shuo Cheng, Zheng Chen","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31790","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic lane change is a complex and essential part of autonomous vehicle control. Existing researches on autonomous vehicle technology mainly focused on avoiding obstacles, but few studies have focused on the issue of dynamic lane change. Moreover, existing dynamic lane-changing models were based on some certain assumptions. Considering that the actual road is not a complete straight line and the function of the road cannot be accurately established, this paper establishes a cubic polynomial path planning model based on discrete global trajectory points. Then, in order to ensure the trajectory’s safety, comfort and efficiency, an all-sided trajectory optimization function is proposed. At last, simulation verifications are carried out. Results show that the proposed method can generate a splendid lanechanging trajectory.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"No. 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73170947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31785
Chunsheng Wang, Jiamin Li, Yukun Hu, Xin Zhang, L. Varga
In any isolated small power system employing a mix of renewable energy (RE) technology and legacy technology, frequency deviation is inevitable due to RE fluctuations and load demand variations. Therefore, an appropriate frequency control scheme is essential. This paper presents an Equivalent-Input-Disturbance (EID) control for load frequency control of isolated small hybrid renewable energy power system. EID method is applied to regulate the output power of the diesel generator and electric vehicle (EV) to maintain the power balance and ultimately maintain the frequency within normal range. Simulation studies show that this strategy has higher flexibility and control performance than the traditional PI method.
{"title":"Load Frequency Control Based on Equivalent-input-disturbance Method for Isolated Small Hybrid Power System","authors":"Chunsheng Wang, Jiamin Li, Yukun Hu, Xin Zhang, L. Varga","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31785","url":null,"abstract":"In any isolated small power system employing a mix of renewable energy (RE) technology and legacy technology, frequency deviation is inevitable due to RE fluctuations and load demand variations. Therefore, an appropriate frequency control scheme is essential. This paper presents an Equivalent-Input-Disturbance (EID) control for load frequency control of isolated small hybrid renewable energy power system. EID method is applied to regulate the output power of the diesel generator and electric vehicle (EV) to maintain the power balance and ultimately maintain the frequency within normal range. Simulation studies show that this strategy has higher flexibility and control performance than the traditional PI method.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74856923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31825
J. Yao, Yukun Hu, Shengchun Liu, Hailong Li
The massive use of renewable energy has driven the development of energy storage. Compressed CO2 energy storage technology is a promising technology. To gain a deeper understanding of the process of compressing carbon dioxide energy storage (CCES) technology, in order to support technological advances, this paper experimentally studied the performance of compressed CO2 energy storage system. The key parameters, such as the pressure of the storage tanks, the power consumption of the compressor, and the power of the expander were investigated.
{"title":"An Experimental Study on Compressed Carbon dioxide Energy Storage","authors":"J. Yao, Yukun Hu, Shengchun Liu, Hailong Li","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31825","url":null,"abstract":"The massive use of renewable energy has driven the development of energy storage. Compressed CO2 energy storage technology is a promising technology. To gain a deeper understanding of the process of compressing carbon dioxide energy storage (CCES) technology, in order to support technological advances, this paper experimentally studied the performance of compressed CO2 energy storage system. The key parameters, such as the pressure of the storage tanks, the power consumption of the compressor, and the power of the expander were investigated.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73930989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31644
Zeyu Chen, R. Xiong, Bo Zhang, X. Cai
External short circuit (ESC) is one of the most ubiquitous faults that may occur during the battery utilization in electric vehicles (EVs). ESC causes the high temperature rise and may destroy the battery if it lasts long enough. However, the damage generation characters between the ESC occurrence and the battery destruction are not clear. In this study, the ESC characters under the varying duration time and the damage impacts are investigated. A novel experimental study on the ESC with incremental duration is proposed and the damage effects are analyzed via the changes of the battery characters, Secondly, the battery destruction is proved to be abruptly generated right after a critical time. The electrochemical mechanism implied with critical time is analyzed. Finally, the curved surface of the ESC critical time against the varying battery working conditions is disclosed.
{"title":"Impacts of External Short Circuit on Lithium-ion Battery Performance under Different Duration Time","authors":"Zeyu Chen, R. Xiong, Bo Zhang, X. Cai","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31644","url":null,"abstract":"External short circuit (ESC) is one of the most ubiquitous faults that may occur during the battery utilization in electric vehicles (EVs). ESC causes the high temperature rise and may destroy the battery if it lasts long enough. However, the damage generation characters between the ESC occurrence and the battery destruction are not clear. In this study, the ESC characters under the varying duration time and the damage impacts are investigated. A novel experimental study on the ESC with incremental duration is proposed and the damage effects are analyzed via the changes of the battery characters, Secondly, the battery destruction is proved to be abruptly generated right after a critical time. The electrochemical mechanism implied with critical time is analyzed. Finally, the curved surface of the ESC critical time against the varying battery working conditions is disclosed.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84089533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) is greatly crucial for safely and reliably charging and discharging the lithium-ion batteries, especially for those used in electric vehicles (EVs). Currently, a lot of algorithms have been proposed to estimate the battery SOC. In this paper, we compared four filter-based algorithms, including the standard particle filter (PF), the unscented Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman-particle filter (UPF), and the extended Kalman-particle filter (EPF), in terms of the estimate accuracy and convergence rate. The federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) and the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) were applied to evaluate the performance of these estimation algorithms. Comparison results showed that compared with the UKF, the PF can improve the estimate accuracy, however, it takes much more time to correct the initial SOC error. By introducing the EKF and UKF into the particle filter, the convergence rate can be greatly improved without the decrease in estimate accuracy, and convergence rate is very close to that of the UKF.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Four Filter-based Algorithms for State-of-charge Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries","authors":"Yong Tian, Zhibing Zeng, Lijuan Xiang, Xiaoyu Li, Jindong Tian","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31820","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) is greatly crucial for safely and reliably charging and discharging the lithium-ion batteries, especially for those used in electric vehicles (EVs). Currently, a lot of algorithms have been proposed to estimate the battery SOC. In this paper, we compared four filter-based algorithms, including the standard particle filter (PF), the unscented Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman-particle filter (UPF), and the extended Kalman-particle filter (EPF), in terms of the estimate accuracy and convergence rate. The federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) and the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) were applied to evaluate the performance of these estimation algorithms. Comparison results showed that compared with the UKF, the PF can improve the estimate accuracy, however, it takes much more time to correct the initial SOC error. By introducing the EKF and UKF into the particle filter, the convergence rate can be greatly improved without the decrease in estimate accuracy, and convergence rate is very close to that of the UKF.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76406353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31784
Song Qingchao, Chen Jiawei, M. Tan, He Jian, Cai Kuncheng
In this paper, a decentralized energy management strategy for the fuel cell-ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle. Without communication between the fuel cell unit and ultracapacitor unit, this strategy not only achieves fluctuating load power splitting and recycles braking energy, but also ensures the global stability of system, which is the novelty of this paper. Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.
{"title":"A Decentralized Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Vehicle","authors":"Song Qingchao, Chen Jiawei, M. Tan, He Jian, Cai Kuncheng","doi":"10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/iceee2019/31784","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a decentralized energy management strategy for the fuel cell-ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle. Without communication between the fuel cell unit and ultracapacitor unit, this strategy not only achieves fluctuating load power splitting and recycles braking energy, but also ensures the global stability of system, which is the novelty of this paper. Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.","PeriodicalId":11324,"journal":{"name":"DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences","volume":"230 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76942471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：