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Volumes Ratio Optimization in a Cascade Anaerobic Digestion System Producing Hydrogen and Methane 产氢和甲烷的级联厌氧消化系统的体积比优化
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0014
E. Chorukova, I. Simeonov, L. Kabaivanova
Abstract As focus of humans has turned to renewable energy, the role of anaerobic digestion has started to become economically viable. Reducing the volume of agro-wastes for the generation of gaseous and liquid fractions with energy carriers and valuable products is an enormous challenge. A two-stage anaerobic digestion process consisting of hydrogenic stage followed by methanogenic stage was studied in a laboratory scale. Five simple nonlinear models of this continuous cascade process were studied in order to determine the optimal ratio of working volumes of bioreactors, in view of maximising energy production. This ratio was reported for all adopted models. The optimal ratio (maximal energy production criterion) depends of the adopted mathematical model. Static characteristics of both bioreactors were obtained using Symbolyc toolbox of Matlab. Numerical experiments concerning dynamics of the main variables of both bioreactors for these models using Simulink of Matlab are performed for different step changes of the dilution rate of the first bioreactor, together with the influence of the substrate (acetate) inhibition for one of the models. The value of the constant of inhibition plays an important role on the admissible interval of the dilution rate. The developed idea could serve for optimally designed experiments of anaerobic digestion for production of hydrogen and methane from lignocelluloses wastes (wheat straw) in two phase process.
随着人类对可再生能源的关注,厌氧消化的作用开始在经济上可行。减少农业废弃物的体积以产生具有能量载体和有价值产品的气态和液态馏分是一项巨大的挑战。在实验室规模上研究了由产氢阶段和产甲烷阶段组成的两阶段厌氧消化过程。研究了该连续级联过程的五个简单非线性模型,以确定生物反应器的最佳工作体积比,以最大限度地提高能源产量。所有采用的模型都报告了这一比率。最优比值(最大产能准则)取决于所采用的数学模型。利用Matlab的symbolc工具箱获得了两种生物反应器的静态特性。利用Matlab的Simulink对两种模型的两个生物反应器主要变量的动力学进行了数值实验,并对第一反应器稀释率的不同阶跃变化以及底物(醋酸盐)抑制对其中一种模型的影响进行了数值实验。抑制常数的取值对稀释率的容许区间有重要影响。该思路可用于优化设计木质纤维素废弃物(麦草)两相厌氧消化制氢和甲烷的实验。
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引用次数: 5
The Issue of Shading Photovoltaic Installation Caused by Dust Accumulation on the Glass Surface 玻璃表面积灰引起的遮阳光伏安装问题
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0013
M. Rudnicka, E. Klugmann-Radziemska
Abstract The issue of accumulation of dust and other pollutants on the surface of photovoltaic modules was thoroughly analysed over the years. One of the first surveys in this field of knowledge linked pollutant accumulation on the module surface with transmittance loss of its glass covering, which leads to lessened amount of solar radiation reaching solar cells. First stage of this accumulation process is linear transparency loss, and second stage - molecule agglomeration and settlement some grains on the already existing layer of dust. Additionally, the pace of working parameters reduction for photovoltaic installation is influenced by the type of dust itself. Molecules with smaller grains cover the surface much more densely, therefore limiting the amount of light passing though the top glass layer far more than molecules with bigger grains. The aim of the carried out study was to find the relationship between dust surface density and change in electrical parameters. Such approach makes it possible to compare electrical and physical parameters of different photovoltaic modules. Additionally, glass coverage itself was noted to have a significant impact on the overall decrease in working parameters of PV modules.
摘要:对多年来光伏组件表面粉尘等污染物积累问题进行了深入分析。这一知识领域的首批调查之一将组件表面的污染物积累与其玻璃覆盖物的透射率损失联系起来,这导致到达太阳能电池的太阳辐射量减少。这种积累过程的第一阶段是线性透明度损失,第二阶段是分子聚集和一些颗粒沉降在已经存在的粉尘层上。此外,光伏装置工作参数降低的速度受粉尘本身类型的影响。颗粒较小的分子覆盖在玻璃表面的密度要大得多,因此比颗粒较大的分子更能限制通过玻璃顶层的光量。进行研究的目的是找出粉尘表面密度与电气参数变化之间的关系。这种方法使得比较不同光伏组件的电学和物理参数成为可能。此外,玻璃覆盖本身对光伏组件工作参数的整体降低有重大影响。
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引用次数: 1
Compost Produced with Addition of Sewage Sludge as a Source of Fe and Mn for Plants 污泥添加作为植物铁锰来源的堆肥研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0019
K. Gondek, M. Mierzwa-Hersztek, M. Kopeć, I. Spałek
Abstract Direct application of sewage sludge to soil is controversial due to, among others, its highly variable composition, odour, and risks for health. The obtained composts with the addition of sewage sludge were tested for the contents and availability of manganese and iron. Once composts were applied to the soil, their effect on the content and availability of Mn and Fe in soil and bioaccumulation in the plant were determined. The addition of sewage sludge enriched composts with manganese and iron, but did not increase the content of water-extracted forms of Mn and Fe. The compost with addition of biochar had more organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe. Composts amended with sewage sludge had lower effect on the amount of Poa pratensis L. biomass than maize straw compost. The content of Mn and Fe in Poa pratensis L. was in the range permissible for biomass used as fodder. Smaller addition of all composts to the soil significantly increased the content of mobile manganese forms; however, neither the type nor the dose had effect on the content of iron mobile forms. There was no significant differences in the content of organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe in soil after the application of composts.
污水污泥直接应用于土壤是有争议的,其中包括其高度可变的成分、气味和健康风险。对添加污泥后得到的堆肥进行了锰、铁含量和有效度的测定。堆肥施用后,测定其对土壤中锰和铁的含量和有效性以及植物体内生物积累的影响。污泥的添加使堆肥中锰和铁含量增加,但没有增加水提态锰和铁的含量。添加生物炭的堆肥具有更多的有机结合形式的锰和铁。污泥改性堆肥对草地Poa生物量的影响低于玉米秸秆堆肥。草芥中锰、铁含量在生物质饲料允许范围内。土壤中所有堆肥添加量较小,均显著增加了流动态锰的含量;然而,类型和剂量对铁的流动形态含量没有影响。施用堆肥后,土壤中Mn和Fe的有机质结合形态含量无显著差异。
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引用次数: 4
Mycoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Cadmium and Lead by Trichoderma sp. 木霉修复镉、铅污染土壤的研究。
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0020
K. Bandurska, P. Krupa, A. Berdowska, I. Jatulewicz, I. Zawierucha
Abstract Conducted research determined the effect of the Trichoderma fungi on the presence of cadmium and lead ions in the soil contaminated by mentioned elements. The aim of the study was to demonstrate whether the fungi of this kind can contribute to remediation of soil by the immobilization of heavy metals. Experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions. The vaccine containing spores of Trichoderma asperellum was introduced into the soil contaminated with cadmium and lead by direct injection. Analyses of the soluble fraction of selected heavy metals were performed after 3 and 15 days of cultivation using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Statistical significant positive effects on the immobilization of lead ions and no statistical differences in inhibition of cadmium translocation were observed. The results showed that Trichoderma fungi are suited to support the process of environment remediation by removal of lead. This suggests possible application of Trichoderma asperellum in mycoremediation and supporting role in phytoremediation of soil.
摘要本研究确定了木霉对镉、铅污染土壤中镉、铅离子的影响。本研究的目的是为了证明这种真菌是否可以通过固定重金属来修复土壤。实验是在实验室条件下进行的。将含曲霉木霉孢子的疫苗直接注射到镉、铅污染的土壤中。在培养3天和15天后,采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)对选定的重金属可溶性组分进行分析。对铅离子的固定化有统计学上显著的积极作用,对镉转运的抑制没有统计学上的差异。结果表明,木霉适合支持铅的环境修复过程。提示曲霉在真菌修复和土壤植物修复中的应用前景。
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引用次数: 4
Heat Recovery of Compost Reactors: Field Study of Operational Behaviour, Heating Power and Influence Factors 堆肥反应器的热回收:运行行为、加热功率及影响因素的实地研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0015
Nele Jaschke, T. Schmidt-Baum
Abstract This study evaluates the common process and set-up design of a static compost bioreactor for heat recovery. A technology, which fits the goal of a sustainable, growing bioeconomy which combines the utilization of compost heat and compost material. Interest on this technology has been growing the last years but precise data of pilot scale reactors is rare. Data is required to adjust the process for custom needs and further technical development. Therefore, lignin-cellulose based biomass was composted in unaerated cylindrical compost reactors size 20 to 70 m3 for 140 days. The biomass comes with C:N ratio of about 25:1, water content of 43-48 %, organic matter content of 40.6 % d.m. and calorific value of 8.3 MJ/kg d.m. Spatial distribution of temperature and gas concentration (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane) within the reactor shows methane production of the anaerobic core area. Maximum thermal power of 5.2 kW from a 63 m3 reactor with average temperature of heating flow about 40 °C was reached. Maximum recovered heating power of 4.8 MJ/kg d.m. was calculated for an operation of 6 month. This corresponds to 50 % of the measured calorific value. Biggest influence factors detected on the recovered heating power of the pilot scale reactor has been the size of reactor, the set up quality and the control of heat exchanger. The spatial correlation between heat production and aerobic digestion suggests a technical development in terms of aeration.
摘要本研究评估了用于热回收的静态堆肥生物反应器的常用工艺和设置设计。一种符合可持续发展的生物经济目标的技术,它结合了堆肥热量和堆肥材料的利用。近年来,人们对这项技术的兴趣不断增长,但中试规模反应堆的精确数据却很少。需要数据来调整流程以满足定制需求和进一步的技术发展。因此,木质素纤维素基生物质在未充气的圆柱形堆肥反应器中堆肥,尺寸为20至70 m3,持续140天。生物质碳氮比约为25:1,含水量43 ~ 48%,有机质含量40.6% d.m.,热值8.3 MJ/kg d.m.。反应器内温度和气体浓度(氧、二氧化碳、甲烷)的空间分布表明厌氧核心区产甲烷。在平均热流温度约为40℃的条件下,63 m3反应器的最大热功率为5.2 kW。运行6个月计算出最大回收热功率为4.8 MJ/kg d.m.。这相当于所测热值的50%。对中试反应器回收热功率影响最大的因素是反应器的尺寸、设置质量和换热器的控制。产热与有氧消化之间的空间相关性表明了曝气技术的发展。
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引用次数: 1
Removal of Lead(II) and Zinc(II) from Aqueous Solutions Applying Fibber Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 应用大麻纤维(Cannabis sativa L.)去除水溶液中的铅(II)和锌(II)
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0017
D. Paliulis
Abstract Lead and zinc are heavy metals with toxic properties. These chemical elements are found in wastewater. The article deals with the removal of lead(II) and zinc(II) ions from polluted water using adsorption. As object of researches was selected natural polymer - fibber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Big quantities of fibber hemp are produced as waste in textile, agricultural industry, and therefore their usage could help to solve two problems -reducing quantity of fibber hemp as waste and reducing of water pollution by heavy metals. Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions adsorption with fibber hemp was investigated for contact time, pH, and heavy metal ions concentration impact. Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions biosorption rate was highest within the first hour, with optimal their biosorption recorded at pH = 5.0. Highest lead and zinc ions removal efficiency was recorded after 240-480 min and reached 60.5 and 61.7 % respectively. This study demonstrated the applicability and effectiveness of fibber hemp in lead and zinc ions removal, which could be applied for the sewage treatment plant in small scale.
摘要铅和锌是具有毒性的重金属。这些化学元素存在于废水中。本文研究了吸附法去除污染水中的铅(II)和锌(II)离子。以天然高分子纤维大麻(Cannabis sativa L.)为研究对象。纺织、农业生产中产生了大量的废麻纤维,利用废麻纤维可以解决减少废麻纤维的数量和减少重金属对水体的污染两个问题。研究了麻纤维对Pb(II)和Zn(II)离子的吸附作用,考察了接触时间、pH和重金属离子浓度的影响。Pb(II)和Zn(II)离子在第1 h内的生物吸附率最高,pH = 5.0时吸附效果最佳。在240 ~ 480 min时,对铅和锌离子的去除率最高,分别达到60.5%和61.7%。本研究验证了麻纤维去除铅、锌离子的适用性和有效性,可用于小型污水处理厂。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of Human Activities in the Coastal Zone of Laizhou Bay 人类活动对莱州湾海岸带的影响
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0016
Min Wang, Mei Han, Hongkuan Hui, Yunlong Li
Abstract The serious destruction of resources and environment in Laizhou Bay has attracted extensive attention of researchers. This study mainly analysed the changes of fish structure and environment in the coastal zone of Laizhou Bay caused by human activities. By consulting literatures and field measurements, the changes of dominant fish species, coastline and sea water intrusion were analysed. The results showed that dominant fish species in Laizhou Bay change from high-economic species to low-economic species under the influence of human activities, and the coastline erosion was serious, and the area of sea water intrusion was also increasing year by year. It is concluded from the research results that human activities had a significant impact on the structure of fish school and the environment. It is necessary to arrange human activities in an appropriate amount to reduce the overexploitation of resources in order to restore the fishery resources and environment in Laizhou Bay.
莱州湾资源环境的严重破坏引起了研究者的广泛关注。本研究主要分析了人类活动对莱州湾海岸带鱼类结构和环境的影响。通过查阅文献和实地测量,分析了优势鱼种、海岸线和海水入侵的变化。结果表明:在人类活动的影响下,莱州湾优势鱼类由高经济物种向低经济物种转变,海岸线侵蚀严重,海水入侵面积也逐年增加;研究结果表明,人类活动对鱼类种群结构和环境产生了重大影响。为了恢复莱州湾渔业资源和环境,有必要合理安排人类活动,减少资源的过度开发。
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引用次数: 1
Mobility of Potentially Toxic Elements from the Abandoned Uranium Mine’s Spoil Bank 废弃铀矿矿渣库中潜在有毒元素的迁移性
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0018
Lamlile Khumalo, G. Heltai, A. Várhegyi, M. Horváth
Abstract This study is part of the ongoing environmental monitoring program of the abandoned Mecsek uranium mine during the remediation period. During this program on the recultivated No.1 spoil bank, the radioactivity and the potentially toxic element (PTE) contents in the covering soil had shown some anomalies which refers to possible migration alongside the slope. Therefore, in a previous study, soil and plant samples were collected from top to bottom position of the slope and the total element content was determined by multi-elemental inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results have indicated that there was a high possibility for PTEs to be mobile and available for uptake by plants. To confirm this indication in the present study for the soil samples the BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to characterise the environmental mobility of PTEs, and it was compared with soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results indicated that the ratio of Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, and U in the non-residual fractions ranged between 36.8 to 100 % and increased from top to bottom direction. The comparison showed that the samples with the lowest pH and CEC had the most mobility of the PTEs. The distribution of U, Cd, Mn, Co, and Pb in fractions indicated that some parts of the spoil deposit require additional steps to hinder the migration through the covering soil layer, and the BCR sequential extraction procedure has proven to be useful in providing information for the planning and management of remediation operations.
本研究是Mecsek废弃铀矿修复期间环境监测项目的一部分。在复垦后的1号矸石滩上,覆盖土壤的放射性和潜在有毒元素(PTE)含量出现了一些异常,这是指可能沿坡迁移。因此,在之前的研究中,土壤和植物样品从坡顶向下采集,采用多元素电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定总元素含量。结果表明,pte极有可能是可移动的,可被植物吸收。为了证实本研究中土壤样品的这一指示,应用BCR顺序提取程序来表征pte的环境流动性,并将其与土壤pH和阳离子交换容量(CEC)进行比较。结果表明,非残留馏分中Cd、Co、Mn、Pb和U的比例在36.8% ~ 100%之间,且从上到下呈递增趋势。结果表明,pH和CEC最低的样品中pte的迁移率最高。U、Cd、Mn、Co和Pb在各组分中的分布表明,某些部分的废土沉积物需要采取额外的步骤来阻止它们通过覆盖的土层迁移,BCR顺序提取程序已被证明可以为修复操作的规划和管理提供有用的信息。
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引用次数: 1
Passive and Active Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Aerosol with the Use of Mosses 利用苔藓植物对大气气溶胶进行被动和主动生物监测
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0012
N. Słonina, P. Świsłowski, M. Rajfur
Abstract The aim of the carried out research was passive and active biomonitoring of woodlands in the Opole province. Pleurozium schreberi mosses were used during the research, in which the following heavy metals concentrations were determined: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Concentrations were determined with absorption atomic spectrometry (AAS). On the basis of the carried out research, concentrations of heavy metals in moss samples used in the passive and active biomonitoring methods were compared. The obtained results indicate that Pleurozium schreberi mosses can be successfully used in both passive and active biomonitoring, however, these methods should not be used interchangeably in a defined study area. On the basis of carried out research it was determined that the applied biomonitoring methods can be supplementary.
摘要本研究的目的是对奥波莱省林地进行被动和主动生物监测。本研究以青苔为材料,测定了青苔中Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属的浓度。用吸收原子光谱法测定其浓度。在此基础上,比较了被动和主动生物监测方法对苔藓样品中重金属含量的影响。研究结果表明,在一定的研究范围内,两种方法不能交替使用,但在被动监测和主动监测中均可成功应用。在进行研究的基础上,确定了应用生物监测方法可以作为补充。
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引用次数: 6
Do We Still Need a Laboratory to Study Advanced Oxidation Processes? A Review of the Modelling of Radical Reactions used for Water Treatment 我们还需要实验室来研究高级氧化过程吗?水处理中自由基反应模型的研究进展
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/eces-2021-0002
S. Wacławek
Abstract Environmental pollution due to humankind’s often irresponsible actions has become a serious concern in the last few decades. Numerous contaminants are anthropogenically produced and are being transformed in ecological systems, which creates pollutants with unknown chemical properties and toxicity. Such chemical pathways are usually examined in the laboratory, where hours are often needed to perform proper kinetic experiments and analytical procedures. Due to increased computing power, it becomes easier to use quantum chemistry computation approaches (QCC) for predicting reaction pathways, kinetics, and regioselectivity. This review paper presents QCC for describing the oxidative degradation of contaminants by advanced oxidation processes (AOP, i.e., techniques utilizing •OH for degradation of pollutants). Regioselectivity was discussed based on the Acid Blue 129 compound. Moreover, the forecasting of the mechanism of hydroxyl radical reaction with organic pollutants and the techniques of prediction of degradation kinetics was discussed. The reactions of •OH in various aqueous systems (explicit and implicit solvation) with water matrix constituents were reviewed. For example, possible singlet oxygen formation routes in the AOP systems were proposed. Furthermore, quantum chemical computation was shown to be an excellent tool for solving the controversies present in the field of environmental chemistry, such as the Fenton reaction debate [main species were determined to be: •OH < pH = 2.2 < oxoiron(IV)]. An ongoing discussion on such processes concerning similar reactions, e.g., associated with sulphate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOP), could, in the future, be enriched by similar means. It can be concluded that, with the rapid growth of computational power, QCC can replace most of the experimental investigations related to the pollutant’s remediation in the future; at the same time, experiments could be pushed aside for quality assessment only.
近几十年来,由于人类不负责任的行为造成的环境污染已经成为一个严重的问题。许多污染物是人为产生的,并在生态系统中被转化,从而产生化学性质和毒性未知的污染物。这些化学途径通常在实验室进行检验,通常需要数小时来进行适当的动力学实验和分析程序。由于计算能力的提高,使用量子化学计算方法(QCC)来预测反应途径、动力学和区域选择性变得更加容易。这篇综述文章提出了QCC用于描述高级氧化过程(AOP,即利用•OH降解污染物的技术)对污染物的氧化降解。讨论了酸性蓝129化合物的区域选择性。讨论了羟基自由基与有机污染物反应机理的预测和降解动力学的预测技术。综述了•OH在各种水溶液体系(显式溶剂化和隐式溶剂化)中与水基质组分的反应。例如,提出了AOP系统中可能的单线态氧形成路线。此外,量子化学计算被证明是解决环境化学领域中存在的争议的绝佳工具,例如芬顿反应争论[确定主要物质为:•OH < pH = 2.2 <氧化铁(IV)]。正在进行的关于类似反应的这种过程的讨论,例如与硫酸盐基高级氧化过程(SR-AOP)有关的讨论,将来可以用类似的方法加以充实。可以得出结论,随着计算能力的快速增长,QCC在未来可以取代大部分与污染物修复相关的实验研究;同时,实验可以被推到一边,只为了质量评估。
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引用次数: 23
期刊
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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