On the basis of the review of numerous scientific publications, in our article there is compared the effectiveness of various study methods of macrofungi groups, the species diversity of which remains largely unknown. Macrofungi form the visible fruit body. They are found in most environmental conditions, but are most common in forest ecosystems, where they are reducers. Macrofungi belong to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota types within the Dikarya subkingdom and are divided into saprotroph, parasitic and mycorrhizal fungi. Saprotroph species play a main part in the decomposition of organic matter of soil, fallen leaves and dead wood. Parasitic macrofungi cause a number of diseases of other mushrooms, plants and animals (mostly invertebrates). Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic system with plant roots, which is useful for both partners. There are known over 90000 species of macrofungi that is about 60 % of the number of all described fungal species in the present (Deacon, 2006; Orgiazzi et al., 2016). Macrofungi are considered to be studied in the best way, but their species diversity remains largely unknown. For example, in the course of over last 60 years more 56000 species of macrofungi have been identified in Australasia, China, and Japan, of which 35000 species, or 62 %, are unknown (Mueller et al., 2007). At the same time, in China and Japan the part of new macrofungal species was 37 %, and in Australasia – 72 %. To determine the diversity of macrofungi three methods can be used: a collections of fruit bodies, mycelium cultivation on the agar substrate and free fungal DNA in the environment. The study of collections are used most commonly. However, in the case when mushrooms have large fruit bodies, but they are short-lived, this method is not always able to detect them and attach them to the collection. For other two methods, the presence of fruit bodies is not obligatory. But the mycelium cultivation method also has a drawback, since not all mycorrhizal and parasitic mushrooms can be cultivated in the laboratory because they can’t exist outside the symbiosis with the roots of living plants or outside the host's body, respectively. Altogether together both collection studying and mycelium cultivation methods can find a significant majority of the environmental fungal taxons, which form fruit bodies. However, they can not reflect the relative prevalence of species. The method of molecular genetic analysis of the environmental DNA (eDNA) has the greatest advantages of other two, since it is also suitable for the discovery of such taxonomic units. This method has allowed to identify new branches, including ancient branched fungal lines, such as Cryptomycota or Archaeorhizomycetes. True, sometimes the method of eDNA analysis does not find taxonomic units, which are detected by the collection of fruit bodies or by mycelium cultivating. But this may have been due to sample incompleteness or to errors in the complex process of eDNA analysis. Sinc
本文在查阅大量文献的基础上，比较了各种研究方法对大型真菌类群的有效性，这些类群的物种多样性在很大程度上是未知的。大型真菌形成可见的子实体。它们在大多数环境条件下都能发现，但在森林生态系统中最常见，因为它们是还原剂。大型真菌属于子囊菌纲和担子菌纲，属于Dikarya亚界，分为腐生菌、寄生菌和菌根菌。腐养菌在土壤有机质、落叶和枯木的分解中起主要作用。寄生大型真菌引起其他蘑菇、植物和动物(主要是无脊椎动物)的许多疾病。菌根真菌与植物根系形成共生系统，这对双方都有好处。已知的大型真菌超过90,000种，约占目前所有已描述真菌种类数量的60% (Deacon, 2006;Orgiazzi等人，2016)。大型真菌被认为是最好的研究方式，但它们的物种多样性仍然很大程度上是未知的。例如，在过去的60年里，在澳大利亚、中国和日本发现了56000多种大型真菌，其中35000种，即62%是未知的(Mueller et al.， 2007)。与此同时，中国和日本的大型真菌新种占37%，大洋洲占72%。为了确定大型真菌的多样性，可以采用三种方法:收集子实体，在琼脂基质上培养菌丝体和在环境中游离真菌DNA。集合的研究是最常用的。然而，当蘑菇有很大的果体，但它们寿命很短时，这种方法并不总是能够检测到它们并将它们附着在收集物上。对于另外两种方法，果体的存在不是必须的。但是菌丝体培养方法也有一个缺点，因为并不是所有的菌根蘑菇和寄生蘑菇都可以在实验室中培养，因为它们分别不能在与活植物的根共生之外存在，也不能在宿主的身体之外存在。收集研究和菌丝培养方法可以发现绝大多数形成果体的环境真菌分类。但是，它们不能反映物种的相对流行度。环境DNA (eDNA)的分子遗传学分析方法在其他两种方法中具有最大的优势，因为它也适用于这类分类单位的发现。这种方法可以识别新的分支，包括古老的分支真菌系，如隐菌门或古菌门。诚然，有时eDNA分析方法找不到分类单位，这是通过收集果体或菌丝体培养来检测的。但这可能是由于样本不完整或复杂的eDNA分析过程中的错误。由于在这些分析中，使用的DNA或RNA片段只有几百个碱基长，因此这种方法无法检测到通过检查真菌收集或培养物可以获得的许多生物学指标。因此，为了获得最完整的大型真菌群落结构及其基因组、生理和生态特性信息，有必要同时使用这三种方法。
{"title":"Free DNA in environment and its use in systematics of macrofungi","authors":"V. Pomohaibo, N. Vlasenko, L. D. Orlova","doi":"10.15421/031905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031905","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of the review of numerous scientific publications, in our article there is compared the effectiveness of various study methods of macrofungi groups, the species diversity of which remains largely unknown. Macrofungi form the visible fruit body. They are found in most environmental conditions, but are most common in forest ecosystems, where they are reducers. Macrofungi belong to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota types within the Dikarya subkingdom and are divided into saprotroph, parasitic and mycorrhizal fungi. Saprotroph species play a main part in the decomposition of organic matter of soil, fallen leaves and dead wood. Parasitic macrofungi cause a number of diseases of other mushrooms, plants and animals (mostly invertebrates). Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic system with plant roots, which is useful for both partners. There are known over 90000 species of macrofungi that is about 60 % of the number of all described fungal species in the present (Deacon, 2006; Orgiazzi et al., 2016). Macrofungi are considered to be studied in the best way, but their species diversity remains largely unknown. For example, in the course of over last 60 years more 56000 species of macrofungi have been identified in Australasia, China, and Japan, of which 35000 species, or 62 %, are unknown (Mueller et al., 2007). At the same time, in China and Japan the part of new macrofungal species was 37 %, and in Australasia – 72 %. To determine the diversity of macrofungi three methods can be used: a collections of fruit bodies, mycelium cultivation on the agar substrate and free fungal DNA in the environment. The study of collections are used most commonly. However, in the case when mushrooms have large fruit bodies, but they are short-lived, this method is not always able to detect them and attach them to the collection. For other two methods, the presence of fruit bodies is not obligatory. But the mycelium cultivation method also has a drawback, since not all mycorrhizal and parasitic mushrooms can be cultivated in the laboratory because they can’t exist outside the symbiosis with the roots of living plants or outside the host's body, respectively. Altogether together both collection studying and mycelium cultivation methods can find a significant majority of the environmental fungal taxons, which form fruit bodies. However, they can not reflect the relative prevalence of species. The method of molecular genetic analysis of the environmental DNA (eDNA) has the greatest advantages of other two, since it is also suitable for the discovery of such taxonomic units. This method has allowed to identify new branches, including ancient branched fungal lines, such as Cryptomycota or Archaeorhizomycetes. True, sometimes the method of eDNA analysis does not find taxonomic units, which are detected by the collection of fruit bodies or by mycelium cultivating. But this may have been due to sample incompleteness or to errors in the complex process of eDNA analysis. Sinc","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81454636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern forest belts are a large, complex and important part of the biosphere. The unique biocenoses in which specific ornithocomplexes are formed which include birds of different ecological groups are and feed on synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields. The aim of the research is to study the features of the formation of ornithocomplexes of different (maple-ash purge forest belts, mixed dense forest belts, acacia purge forest belts, maple-lime openwork forest belts) protective forest belts within the Kharkiv region. In the course of the research we have registered 44 species of birds belonging to 8 rows Falconiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Upupiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes, Ciconiiformes. The formation of ornithocomplexes of protective forest belts depends on various factors. Outstanding is the phytocoenotic composition of forest belts and age structure of plantations. Settling of birds in shelterbelts afforestation occurs gradually, with the growth of trees and change conditions of the biocenosis. The avifauna of maple-ash-tree scavenging forest belts is represented by 39 species of birds. Dominant and subdominant are: ficedula albicollis Temm., Fringilla coelebs L. In mixed shelterbelts purge nest 38 species of birds, is during foraging 2 types. Mixed dense forest belts inhabit 44 species of birds, biodiversity is associated with the floristic composition of the forest belt with significant density and well-formed undergrowth compared to other forest belts. Avifauna gorobinci purge belts are 26 species of birds. Ornithocomplex maple-lime fishnet shelterbelts are 41 species of birds. Analyzing the features of the formation of avifauna of forest belts, it can be argued that these biotopes are inhabited by birds of different ecological groups, biotopes, synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields, are able to form unique biotopes. Therefore, field-protective forest plantations combined complex ecosystems. Analyzing the index of similarity of biodiversity of different types of forest belts, it can be argued that the most similar in species composition of birds are mixed dense forest belts and maple-lime openwork forest belts (jacquard Index – 93.1 and Serensen index 96.4) and maple-ash scavenging forest belts with mixed scavenging forest belts (jacquard Index-92.6 and Serensen index 96.2). Determined the relative numbers of registered types for zaplanovano classification V. P. Balka (2009): the most numerous Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), Zelenyak (Chloris chloris L.), goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis L.), Linnet (Acanthis cannabina L.), song thrush (Turdus philomelos Brehm.), sorokopud of thorns (Lanius collurio L.), Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia L), magpie (Pica pica L.), grey crow (Corvus cornix L.). Rare species are common berestyanka(Hippolais icterina L.), common Buzzard (Buteo buteo L.), common urticaria (Sylvia nisoria L.). The nature protection status of certain bird spe
{"title":"To ornitofauna of the maniforated forestry of the Kharkov region","authors":"V. V. Pesotskaya","doi":"10.15421/031910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031910","url":null,"abstract":"Modern forest belts are a large, complex and important part of the biosphere. The unique biocenoses in which specific ornithocomplexes are formed which include birds of different ecological groups are and feed on synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields. The aim of the research is to study the features of the formation of ornithocomplexes of different (maple-ash purge forest belts, mixed dense forest belts, acacia purge forest belts, maple-lime openwork forest belts) protective forest belts within the Kharkiv region. In the course of the research we have registered 44 species of birds belonging to 8 rows Falconiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Upupiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes, Ciconiiformes. The formation of ornithocomplexes of protective forest belts depends on various factors. Outstanding is the phytocoenotic composition of forest belts and age structure of plantations. Settling of birds in shelterbelts afforestation occurs gradually, with the growth of trees and change conditions of the biocenosis. The avifauna of maple-ash-tree scavenging forest belts is represented by 39 species of birds. Dominant and subdominant are: ficedula albicollis Temm., Fringilla coelebs L. In mixed shelterbelts purge nest 38 species of birds, is during foraging 2 types. Mixed dense forest belts inhabit 44 species of birds, biodiversity is associated with the floristic composition of the forest belt with significant density and well-formed undergrowth compared to other forest belts. Avifauna gorobinci purge belts are 26 species of birds. Ornithocomplex maple-lime fishnet shelterbelts are 41 species of birds. Analyzing the features of the formation of avifauna of forest belts, it can be argued that these biotopes are inhabited by birds of different ecological groups, biotopes, synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields, are able to form unique biotopes. Therefore, field-protective forest plantations combined complex ecosystems. Analyzing the index of similarity of biodiversity of different types of forest belts, it can be argued that the most similar in species composition of birds are mixed dense forest belts and maple-lime openwork forest belts (jacquard Index – 93.1 and Serensen index 96.4) and maple-ash scavenging forest belts with mixed scavenging forest belts (jacquard Index-92.6 and Serensen index 96.2). Determined the relative numbers of registered types for zaplanovano classification V. P. Balka (2009): the most numerous Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), Zelenyak (Chloris chloris L.), goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis L.), Linnet (Acanthis cannabina L.), song thrush (Turdus philomelos Brehm.), sorokopud of thorns (Lanius collurio L.), Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia L), magpie (Pica pica L.), grey crow (Corvus cornix L.). Rare species are common berestyanka(Hippolais icterina L.), common Buzzard (Buteo buteo L.), common urticaria (Sylvia nisoria L.). The nature protection status of certain bird spe","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76237872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a result of a study of the effect of artificial forest plantations formed by Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Quercus robur L., on the thermophysical features of the chernozems of the Komissarovsky reserve (Pyatykhatsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine), it was found that the stand of robinia reduced air temperature by 4, 5 °С, oak – by 9.4 °С in comparison with the open area. The maximum temperature of the soil surface is found in ordinary chernozem. The effect of robinia plantation manifested itself in the form of a decrease in the temperature of the soil surface by 5.4 °C, and the oak surface by 8.0 °C. The maximum soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is also found in ordinary chernozem. At the same depth, the soil under robinia plantation turned out to be 7.6 °C, under oak – 6.9 °C colder. According to the average temperature of the 50-centimeter layer of all the studied soils, ordinary chernozem is distinguished, the soils under the plantations almost do not differ according to this indicator. The smallest difference between the air temperature and the average temperature of the soil layer 0–50 cm was in the soil under oak plantation, the largest – in the soil under robinia plantation. The smallest difference between the temperature of the soil surface and at a depth of 50 cm was found in the soil under oak plantation, and the greatest difference in the soil under robinia plantations. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, an assumption was made about the thermal features of the upper horizons, which fall within the interval of 0–50 cm, of each of the three studied soils. The soil under robinia plantation is characterized by maximum values of thermal diffusivity, and ordinary chernozem – minimal. The soil under the oak plantation occupies an intermediate value for this indicator. Ordinary chernozem is characterized by maximum values of heat capacity, slightly smaller values are characteristic of soil for robinia plantations. The minimum values of heat capacity are characteristic of oak plantation soil. The soil under robinia plantation is sharply distinguished by the maximum values of thermal conductivity compared to ordinary chernozem and the soil under oak planting. The actual study of thermophysical properties confirmed the correctness of the assumption in only one of the three indicators for each of the studied soils. This indicates a significant limitation of predicting the thermophysical indicators of soils, based only on measuring their temperature. The influence of robinia plantation on the thermal physical properties of ordinary chernozems is manifested in an increase in their thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, as well as in a certain decrease in heat capacity. The influence of oak stands is characterized by an increase in thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, as well as a decrease in thermal conductivity of ordinary chernozem.
{"title":"The effect of artificial forest plantations on the thermophysical properties of chernozems","authors":"V. Gorban'","doi":"10.15421/031906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031906","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of a study of the effect of artificial forest plantations formed by Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Quercus robur L., on the thermophysical features of the chernozems of the Komissarovsky reserve (Pyatykhatsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine), it was found that the stand of robinia reduced air temperature by 4, 5 °С, oak – by 9.4 °С in comparison with the open area. The maximum temperature of the soil surface is found in ordinary chernozem. The effect of robinia plantation manifested itself in the form of a decrease in the temperature of the soil surface by 5.4 °C, and the oak surface by 8.0 °C. The maximum soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is also found in ordinary chernozem. At the same depth, the soil under robinia plantation turned out to be 7.6 °C, under oak – 6.9 °C colder. According to the average temperature of the 50-centimeter layer of all the studied soils, ordinary chernozem is distinguished, the soils under the plantations almost do not differ according to this indicator. The smallest difference between the air temperature and the average temperature of the soil layer 0–50 cm was in the soil under oak plantation, the largest – in the soil under robinia plantation. The smallest difference between the temperature of the soil surface and at a depth of 50 cm was found in the soil under oak plantation, and the greatest difference in the soil under robinia plantations. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, an assumption was made about the thermal features of the upper horizons, which fall within the interval of 0–50 cm, of each of the three studied soils. The soil under robinia plantation is characterized by maximum values of thermal diffusivity, and ordinary chernozem – minimal. The soil under the oak plantation occupies an intermediate value for this indicator. Ordinary chernozem is characterized by maximum values of heat capacity, slightly smaller values are characteristic of soil for robinia plantations. The minimum values of heat capacity are characteristic of oak plantation soil. The soil under robinia plantation is sharply distinguished by the maximum values of thermal conductivity compared to ordinary chernozem and the soil under oak planting. The actual study of thermophysical properties confirmed the correctness of the assumption in only one of the three indicators for each of the studied soils. This indicates a significant limitation of predicting the thermophysical indicators of soils, based only on measuring their temperature. The influence of robinia plantation on the thermal physical properties of ordinary chernozems is manifested in an increase in their thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, as well as in a certain decrease in heat capacity. The influence of oak stands is characterized by an increase in thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, as well as a decrease in thermal conductivity of ordinary chernozem.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84675797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature sources on the influence of woody vegetation on the content of humus in chernozem soils were analyzed. In scientific literature, there are many articles from scholars from around the world on the study of the content of organic matter in the soil under various types of plantings. Proceeding from this, there is a need for comprehensive research on humus of reference black soil common. Separately there is the question of the influence of artificial forest plantations of different wood structure and light structure on the complex characteristics of ascending ordinary black soil. The importance of these studies is due to the complex ecological role played by humus in soils. As a result of the analysis of literary data, it was discovered that woody vegetation increases the content of organic matter and positively affects the black soils. Regularities of change in the humus state are connected, first of all, with the type of land use. Under each tree species there is a characteristic and peculiar humus distribution in the soil profile, which differs significantly from the quantitative or qualitative distribution of humus in the soil horizons. In general, under the forest vegetation, the content of humus increases, as well as the structure of the soil improves, the permeability and porosity of the upper layer of soil increases. In the course of the literary analysis it became clear that the older the tree plantations, the greater the thickness of the humus horizon below them. In the monitoring sites under the Tilia cordata, there is a tendency to increase the content of humus, hygroscopic moisture, absorption capacity and granulometric composition, indicating improvement of soil conditions. Plantation of Acer platanoides leads to a decrease in the content of total humus in a 0-30-centimeter layer of soil, but with depth this index is gradually increasing. Under the Quercus robus plantations in the surface layer of soil, scientists observed a decrease in humus content, and in the middle layers of soil, on the contrary, an increase in this indicator. With a depth observed leaching of humus. The indicator of humus under Quercus robus is characterized by a significantly higher level of humus, than in black soil. So, the results are typical for humus in zonal chornozems. The data of some authors show that it is in natural forests that the best conditions for the humus accumulation in black soils are formed in comparison with the soils of artificial forests and soils under zonal vegetation (motley grass, Bromus spp., Stipa spp.). Under forest vegetation, leafy deposits form a litter. The Robinia pseudoacacia litter results in improved physical and chemical properties of soils, increases the content of organic matter, exchangeable potassium, absorption capacity, increases aggregate stability and moisture content, decreases pH and density. Scientific literature notes that the creation of Robinia plantations in soils that have previously lost its
{"title":"Influence of woody vegetation on the content of humus in chernozem soils","authors":"A. Huslystyi","doi":"10.15421/031909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031909","url":null,"abstract":"The literature sources on the influence of woody vegetation on the content of humus in chernozem soils were analyzed. In scientific literature, there are many articles from scholars from around the world on the study of the content of organic matter in the soil under various types of plantings. Proceeding from this, there is a need for comprehensive research on humus of reference black soil common. Separately there is the question of the influence of artificial forest plantations of different wood structure and light structure on the complex characteristics of ascending ordinary black soil. The importance of these studies is due to the complex ecological role played by humus in soils. As a result of the analysis of literary data, it was discovered that woody vegetation increases the content of organic matter and positively affects the black soils. Regularities of change in the humus state are connected, first of all, with the type of land use. Under each tree species there is a characteristic and peculiar humus distribution in the soil profile, which differs significantly from the quantitative or qualitative distribution of humus in the soil horizons. In general, under the forest vegetation, the content of humus increases, as well as the structure of the soil improves, the permeability and porosity of the upper layer of soil increases. In the course of the literary analysis it became clear that the older the tree plantations, the greater the thickness of the humus horizon below them. In the monitoring sites under the Tilia cordata, there is a tendency to increase the content of humus, hygroscopic moisture, absorption capacity and granulometric composition, indicating improvement of soil conditions. Plantation of Acer platanoides leads to a decrease in the content of total humus in a 0-30-centimeter layer of soil, but with depth this index is gradually increasing. Under the Quercus robus plantations in the surface layer of soil, scientists observed a decrease in humus content, and in the middle layers of soil, on the contrary, an increase in this indicator. With a depth observed leaching of humus. The indicator of humus under Quercus robus is characterized by a significantly higher level of humus, than in black soil. So, the results are typical for humus in zonal chornozems. The data of some authors show that it is in natural forests that the best conditions for the humus accumulation in black soils are formed in comparison with the soils of artificial forests and soils under zonal vegetation (motley grass, Bromus spp., Stipa spp.). Under forest vegetation, leafy deposits form a litter. The Robinia pseudoacacia litter results in improved physical and chemical properties of soils, increases the content of organic matter, exchangeable potassium, absorption capacity, increases aggregate stability and moisture content, decreases pH and density. Scientific literature notes that the creation of Robinia plantations in soils that have previously lost its ","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76503764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sus, A. Orlovskyi, O. Boyko, V. Tsvigun, A. Boyko
Сlinorotation is an effective method of treating diseases caused by some plant viruses. Therefore, we researched the influence of microgravity (modeled by сlinorotation) on a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) that infects many agricultural crops. It is known that cells of plants (infected with TMV) contain viral inclusion bodies or viroplasms and amount of viral inclusion bodies correlates with harmfulness of TMV. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the effect of influence of modeled microgravity on inclusion bodies of TMV. In this study, we cultivated Nicotiana tabacum L. and inoculated them with TMV that was isolated from Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Then we divided these plants into two groups and cultivated these plants under normal and microgravitation conditions. Microgravity conditions were modeled by сlinorotation at 2 rpm for 4 hours a day. This experiment lasted 36 days. Changes of the amount of TMV inclusion bodies in cells of plants that cultivated under normal and microgravitation conditions was investigated by luminescence microscopy. We found that formation of TMV inclusion bodies under microgravitation conditions is first slowed down compared to formation under normal conditions and then their amount quickly decreasing. These results demonstrate the gravisensitivity of TMV. It was suggested hypothesis that this viroplasm pattern caused by the disorganization of cortical microtubule-associated ER sites (C-MERS) that are nodes of cellular transport pathways and nucleation centers of cortical microtubules and cortical microfilaments. It is known that under microgravity conditions there is a disorganization and disorientation of cortical microtubules, which stabilize C-MERS on which TMV viroplasms are formed. Thus, the disorganization and disorientation of cortical microtubules probably causes the disorganization of C-MERS, which leads to a decrease in the number of TMV viroplasms under the influence of microgravity. In this context, it is worth noting that some plant viruses, such as a Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a Potato virus M (PVM) and Potato curly dwarf virus (PCDV), are gravisensitive. These viruses belong to different taxa, for example WSMV belong to genus Tritimovirus (family Potyviridae), PVM belong to genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae) and PCDV belong to plant rhabdoviruses (uncertain taxonomic position), and differ both structurally and functionally. Therefore, the gravisensitivity of these viruses can occur by other mechanisms. Thus, antiviral therapeutic effect of clinorotation based on gravisensitivity of TMV and can be used in the production of virus-free seeds. To confirm this hypothesis, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review, as well as experimentally establish the fact of the disorganization of the C-MERS under microgravity conditions.
{"title":"Influence of modeled microgravity on tobacco mosaic virus","authors":"N. Sus, A. Orlovskyi, O. Boyko, V. Tsvigun, A. Boyko","doi":"10.15421/031822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031822","url":null,"abstract":"Сlinorotation is an effective method of treating diseases caused by some plant viruses. Therefore, we researched the influence of microgravity (modeled by сlinorotation) on a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) that infects many agricultural crops. It is known that cells of plants (infected with TMV) contain viral inclusion bodies or viroplasms and amount of viral inclusion bodies correlates with harmfulness of TMV. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the effect of influence of modeled microgravity on inclusion bodies of TMV. In this study, we cultivated Nicotiana tabacum L. and inoculated them with TMV that was isolated from Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Then we divided these plants into two groups and cultivated these plants under normal and microgravitation conditions. Microgravity conditions were modeled by сlinorotation at 2 rpm for 4 hours a day. This experiment lasted 36 days. Changes of the amount of TMV inclusion bodies in cells of plants that cultivated under normal and microgravitation conditions was investigated by luminescence microscopy. We found that formation of TMV inclusion bodies under microgravitation conditions is first slowed down compared to formation under normal conditions and then their amount quickly decreasing. These results demonstrate the gravisensitivity of TMV. It was suggested hypothesis that this viroplasm pattern caused by the disorganization of cortical microtubule-associated ER sites (C-MERS) that are nodes of cellular transport pathways and nucleation centers of cortical microtubules and cortical microfilaments. It is known that under microgravity conditions there is a disorganization and disorientation of cortical microtubules, which stabilize C-MERS on which TMV viroplasms are formed. Thus, the disorganization and disorientation of cortical microtubules probably causes the disorganization of C-MERS, which leads to a decrease in the number of TMV viroplasms under the influence of microgravity. In this context, it is worth noting that some plant viruses, such as a Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a Potato virus M (PVM) and Potato curly dwarf virus (PCDV), are gravisensitive. These viruses belong to different taxa, for example WSMV belong to genus Tritimovirus (family Potyviridae), PVM belong to genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae) and PCDV belong to plant rhabdoviruses (uncertain taxonomic position), and differ both structurally and functionally. Therefore, the gravisensitivity of these viruses can occur by other mechanisms. Thus, antiviral therapeutic effect of clinorotation based on gravisensitivity of TMV and can be used in the production of virus-free seeds. To confirm this hypothesis, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review, as well as experimentally establish the fact of the disorganization of the C-MERS under microgravity conditions.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88993638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aspects of the process of decomposition and recycling of zoogenic litter (dead animals of different classes) were first ascertained for the steppe Prydniprovia. Influence of destruction of necrotic organic matter on soil properties (pH, NPK-complex) in forest ecosystems in the steppe zone of Ukraine was estimated. Decomposition and recycling processes of dead animals (chickens, rats) on the experimental plots in biogeocoenoses with artificial oak plantations, sampling soil under dead bodies after the active stages of decomposition with different soil horizons at the same time with control samples, its chemical analysis allowed to determine the effect of degradation necrotic organic matter on the pH value and the content of some chemical elements (N, P, K) in the soil studied ecosystems. In this article the results of investigation of the effect of zoogenic litter on some chemical properties of soil in forest biogeocoenoses of steppe Prydniprovia are presented. The effect of chickens and rats corpses’ decomposition on the pH of soil, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium indexes in the soil is analyzed. The influence of the expansion of animal carcasses on soil chemical properties in different soil horizons compared with control values (without the presence of animal carcasses) is identified. It was found that under the effect of decomposition of animals’ corpses the pH of the soil increases. Under the corpses of chickens pH increases by 6,4–16,7 %, and rats – 2,2–14,2 % compared to control values. The content of nitrogen in the soil under the corpses of chickens increases by 9,5–42,2 %, and under the corpses of rats – to 25,5–25,7 %. Phosphorus content under the corpses of chickens increases by 28,4–107,7 % of rats – to 57,5–75,7 %. The content of potassium in the soil under the corpses of chickens increased by 3,63 % to 69,8 %, and the corpses of rats – by 6,8–23,0 %. Consequently zoogenic litter is an important factor in the accumulation of NPK-complex in the soil. Thus process of animal corpse decomposition has positive effect for chemical properties of forest soil and biogeocoenoses generally.
{"title":"Effect of zoogenic litter on soil’s chemical properties in forest biogeocoenoses of steppe Prydniprovia","authors":"M. Shulman, O. Pakhomov","doi":"10.15421/031821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031821","url":null,"abstract":"The aspects of the process of decomposition and recycling of zoogenic litter (dead animals of different classes) were first ascertained for the steppe Prydniprovia. Influence of destruction of necrotic organic matter on soil properties (pH, NPK-complex) in forest ecosystems in the steppe zone of Ukraine was estimated. Decomposition and recycling processes of dead animals (chickens, rats) on the experimental plots in biogeocoenoses with artificial oak plantations, sampling soil under dead bodies after the active stages of decomposition with different soil horizons at the same time with control samples, its chemical analysis allowed to determine the effect of degradation necrotic organic matter on the pH value and the content of some chemical elements (N, P, K) in the soil studied ecosystems. In this article the results of investigation of the effect of zoogenic litter on some chemical properties of soil in forest biogeocoenoses of steppe Prydniprovia are presented. The effect of chickens and rats corpses’ decomposition on the pH of soil, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium indexes in the soil is analyzed. The influence of the expansion of animal carcasses on soil chemical properties in different soil horizons compared with control values (without the presence of animal carcasses) is identified. It was found that under the effect of decomposition of animals’ corpses the pH of the soil increases. Under the corpses of chickens pH increases by 6,4–16,7 %, and rats – 2,2–14,2 % compared to control values. The content of nitrogen in the soil under the corpses of chickens increases by 9,5–42,2 %, and under the corpses of rats – to 25,5–25,7 %. Phosphorus content under the corpses of chickens increases by 28,4–107,7 % of rats – to 57,5–75,7 %. The content of potassium in the soil under the corpses of chickens increased by 3,63 % to 69,8 %, and the corpses of rats – by 6,8–23,0 %. Consequently zoogenic litter is an important factor in the accumulation of NPK-complex in the soil. Thus process of animal corpse decomposition has positive effect for chemical properties of forest soil and biogeocoenoses generally.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84526462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Established that liming with single dose by hydrolytic acidity (1,0 Hg) slows down the processes of organic matter mineralization in gray forest soil: without mineral fertilizers – in 2,1 times, with mineral fertilizers – in 4,1, with plowing of the seed crop biomass and the by-products of the predecessor – in 1,4 times. The mineralization of nitrogen compounds as a result of liming also proceeds slower: without mineral fertilizers – in 1,2 times, with mineral fertilizers – in 2,2 times. Confirmed patterns that were obtained in previous years of research about the impact of liming on the activity of humus mineralization – it decreases as a result of liming with full dose (1,0 Hg) without mineral fertilizers by 66,7 %, with mineral fertilizers – by 4,4 %. The total biological activity in the soil without a mineral fertilizer increases as a result of liming by 23,0 %, with mineral fertilizers – by 42,5, at the background of exogenous organic matter (EOM) plowing – by 83,7 %. Liming allows to reduce the level of phytotoxicity of soil without mineral fertilization by 17,9 %, %, with mineral fertilizers at the background of EOM – by 12,2 %. Positive influence of liming is amplified in variants with introduction of organic matter into the soil (byproducts of predecessor and siderate). Plowing of siderate crop biomass and by-products of predecessor in crop rotation allows to slow down the processes of organic matter accumulation in soil. The application of liming and mineral fertilizers in combination with the introduction of EOM reduces the index of pedotropy in 2,1 times, only with mineral fertilizers (N60Р30К60) – in 1,5 times. Similarly, plowing of the EOM affects the intensity of other mineralization processes. The total biological activity increases as a result of EOM plowing into the soil: in the variant with the use of mineral fertilizers by 54,7 %, with mineral fertilizers and liming – by 28,9 %. Confirmed previously established laws regarding the impact of optimization of mineral nutrition on the activity of decomposition of humic substances: with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers in 1,5 and 2 times the activity of mineralization of humus decreases by 6.0 and 10,1 % respectively. With the improvement of mineral nutrition of plants, the amount of root extracts is increased, which is a more accessible substrate than humus acids, which leads to slowing down of the destruction of humus substances.
{"title":"Intensity of microbiological processes in gray forest soils under the liming and plowing of crop by-products","authors":"I. Malynovska, N. Tkachenko","doi":"10.15421/031903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031903","url":null,"abstract":"Established that liming with single dose by hydrolytic acidity (1,0 Hg) slows down the processes of organic matter mineralization in gray forest soil: without mineral fertilizers – in 2,1 times, with mineral fertilizers – in 4,1, with plowing of the seed crop biomass and the by-products of the predecessor – in 1,4 times. The mineralization of nitrogen compounds as a result of liming also proceeds slower: without mineral fertilizers – in 1,2 times, with mineral fertilizers – in 2,2 times. Confirmed patterns that were obtained in previous years of research about the impact of liming on the activity of humus mineralization – it decreases as a result of liming with full dose (1,0 Hg) without mineral fertilizers by 66,7 %, with mineral fertilizers – by 4,4 %. The total biological activity in the soil without a mineral fertilizer increases as a result of liming by 23,0 %, with mineral fertilizers – by 42,5, at the background of exogenous organic matter (EOM) plowing – by 83,7 %. Liming allows to reduce the level of phytotoxicity of soil without mineral fertilization by 17,9 %, %, with mineral fertilizers at the background of EOM – by 12,2 %. Positive influence of liming is amplified in variants with introduction of organic matter into the soil (byproducts of predecessor and siderate). Plowing of siderate crop biomass and by-products of predecessor in crop rotation allows to slow down the processes of organic matter accumulation in soil. The application of liming and mineral fertilizers in combination with the introduction of EOM reduces the index of pedotropy in 2,1 times, only with mineral fertilizers (N60Р30К60) – in 1,5 times. Similarly, plowing of the EOM affects the intensity of other mineralization processes. The total biological activity increases as a result of EOM plowing into the soil: in the variant with the use of mineral fertilizers by 54,7 %, with mineral fertilizers and liming – by 28,9 %. Confirmed previously established laws regarding the impact of optimization of mineral nutrition on the activity of decomposition of humic substances: with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers in 1,5 and 2 times the activity of mineralization of humus decreases by 6.0 and 10,1 % respectively. With the improvement of mineral nutrition of plants, the amount of root extracts is increased, which is a more accessible substrate than humus acids, which leads to slowing down of the destruction of humus substances.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86261702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and ensuring the ecological safety of human life are integral conditions of sustainable economic and social development of European Union. Mining industry is one of the powerful factors that leads to degradation of various native landscapes. Withdrawal of agricultural land from intended use results from the minerals extraction. Instead them man-made landscapes (dumps and quarries) are formed, as well as destructive territories characterized by subsidence, contamination with toxic compounds, decrease of species richness and biological diversity. Disturbed territories formed during mining process are usually partially restored with remediation. Remediation process consist of two stages: technical and biological. In the result of technical stage implementation, substrates with different potential fertility having different environmental properties and quality are formed. However, in quality assessment of remediated soils insufficient attention is paid to restoration of the soil environmental properties, namely their suitability for existence of soil biota, which ensures the soil sustainability and vitality. Purpose of the presented work was to assess quality of remediated lands in condition of Ordzhonikidzevsky manganese quarry (Olexandrovskiy and Zaporizhkiy careers) on the possibility of their use and suitability for soil biota existence, as well as providing recommendations for further rational economic use of them. Data on chemical properties of reclaimed soil were collected on the sites of performed recultivation. Humus content was determined according to DSTU 4289: 2004, analysis of water extraction was carried out according to GOST 26425-85, GOST 26426-85, GOST 26427-85, GOST 26428-85. The study is novel in that it is proposed to take into account environmental conditions for existence of soil invertebrates which play a crucial role in formation of agro-system stability mechanisms. The main indicators determining the productivity of remediated lands and the degree of their suitability for soil biota existence are values of actual acidity and salinity degree. An assessment of the reclaimed lands quality on the Ordzhonikidzevsky ore mining and processing enterprise was carried out on the example of Zaporizhsky and Olexandrovsky open-cast workings on the possibility of their economic use and suitability for the soil biota existence, as well as recommendations for further rational use. It was found that studied areas by the main characteristics are suitable for the further settlement and successful existence of soil biota. It is concluded that as a result of the technical stage of reclamation, an artificial reclaimed soil was obtained, which, according to the main characteristics, is similar to native zonal soils located in this area prior to mining; the recultivated soil has somewhat less fertility and greater salinity of lower horizons, but it is able to perform ecological functions an
{"title":"Environmental evaluation of remediated lands quality of manganese quarry lands (Zaporizhsky and Olexandrovsky opencast workings) on humus content and salinity","authors":"I. Loza, O. Pakhomov","doi":"10.15421/031815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031815","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and ensuring the ecological safety of human life are integral conditions of sustainable economic and social development of European Union. Mining industry is one of the powerful factors that leads to degradation of various native landscapes. Withdrawal of agricultural land from intended use results from the minerals extraction. Instead them man-made landscapes (dumps and quarries) are formed, as well as destructive territories characterized by subsidence, contamination with toxic compounds, decrease of species richness and biological diversity. Disturbed territories formed during mining process are usually partially restored with remediation. Remediation process consist of two stages: technical and biological. In the result of technical stage implementation, substrates with different potential fertility having different environmental properties and quality are formed. However, in quality assessment of remediated soils insufficient attention is paid to restoration of the soil environmental properties, namely their suitability for existence of soil biota, which ensures the soil sustainability and vitality. Purpose of the presented work was to assess quality of remediated lands in condition of Ordzhonikidzevsky manganese quarry (Olexandrovskiy and Zaporizhkiy careers) on the possibility of their use and suitability for soil biota existence, as well as providing recommendations for further rational economic use of them. Data on chemical properties of reclaimed soil were collected on the sites of performed recultivation. Humus content was determined according to DSTU 4289: 2004, analysis of water extraction was carried out according to GOST 26425-85, GOST 26426-85, GOST 26427-85, GOST 26428-85. The study is novel in that it is proposed to take into account environmental conditions for existence of soil invertebrates which play a crucial role in formation of agro-system stability mechanisms. The main indicators determining the productivity of remediated lands and the degree of their suitability for soil biota existence are values of actual acidity and salinity degree. An assessment of the reclaimed lands quality on the Ordzhonikidzevsky ore mining and processing enterprise was carried out on the example of Zaporizhsky and Olexandrovsky open-cast workings on the possibility of their economic use and suitability for the soil biota existence, as well as recommendations for further rational use. It was found that studied areas by the main characteristics are suitable for the further settlement and successful existence of soil biota. It is concluded that as a result of the technical stage of reclamation, an artificial reclaimed soil was obtained, which, according to the main characteristics, is similar to native zonal soils located in this area prior to mining; the recultivated soil has somewhat less fertility and greater salinity of lower horizons, but it is able to perform ecological functions an","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"67 Supplementum 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84731412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the natural mechanisms that positively influence on the optimization of anthropogenically transformed soils, on sustainability of natural soils, there is saprophages’ pertinent activity. Typical representatives of saprophages within such functional group as «ecosystem engineers» are diplopoda. Their trophometabolic (excretory) function is a significant factor in the fertility soil rising. The object of the study – Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927), the representative of Diplopoda (Julidae). The aim of the paper is studing the interdependence morphological features among R. kessleri individuals from different forest ecosystems (natural ash-maple oakery within subwatereshed-ravine landscape, natural maple-aspen oakery within terrace flood plain, maple standing forest within subwatereshed-ravine landscape) within the steppe zone of Ukraine. Statistical analysis, on the criterion of multiple comparison of averages (test Tukey) for females from three forest types, revealed statistically significant (P ≤ 0,05) differences in average width and length of it’s body, and in the length of the collum. For males from three forest types, significant differences (P ≤ 0,05) was found in width and length of the antennae, meanwhile for lingular plates’ length and width, and for length and width of the gnathochilarium, differences was not established. Analysis of morphological features connections was carried out using multiple regression methods, which allowed to develop mathematical models with high predictive power. It is established that morphological changes of some diplopoda’s structural features are correlated with one or several other ones. Multiple regression methods showed standing assemblages of quantitative characteristics that might be predicted by certain morphometric features both for males and females (for example by linear size of its body, or size of gnathochilarium elements). It is shown that antennae’s length and width, correlate with body length (for females) and body width (for males) respectively. As for gnathochilarium elements, for females a great number of features were determined as remained in mathematical models after statistical processing. Thus, lingular plates’ length and width might be predicted by additive (total) contribution of body’s length and width, and gnathochilarium length for females, and for males, respectively, only the by gnathochilarium width and by body’s length. The identified features are elements of morphological integration, which makes structural and functional integrity of organisms as a system.
{"title":"Analysis of morphological features connections in representatives of saprophages (case study Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927)","authors":"A. Pokhylenko, O. Didur","doi":"10.15421/031820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031820","url":null,"abstract":"Among the natural mechanisms that positively influence on the optimization of anthropogenically transformed soils, on sustainability of natural soils, there is saprophages’ pertinent activity. Typical representatives of saprophages within such functional group as «ecosystem engineers» are diplopoda. Their trophometabolic (excretory) function is a significant factor in the fertility soil rising. The object of the study – Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927), the representative of Diplopoda (Julidae). The aim of the paper is studing the interdependence morphological features among R. kessleri individuals from different forest ecosystems (natural ash-maple oakery within subwatereshed-ravine landscape, natural maple-aspen oakery within terrace flood plain, maple standing forest within subwatereshed-ravine landscape) within the steppe zone of Ukraine. Statistical analysis, on the criterion of multiple comparison of averages (test Tukey) for females from three forest types, revealed statistically significant (P ≤ 0,05) differences in average width and length of it’s body, and in the length of the collum. For males from three forest types, significant differences (P ≤ 0,05) was found in width and length of the antennae, meanwhile for lingular plates’ length and width, and for length and width of the gnathochilarium, differences was not established. Analysis of morphological features connections was carried out using multiple regression methods, which allowed to develop mathematical models with high predictive power. It is established that morphological changes of some diplopoda’s structural features are correlated with one or several other ones. Multiple regression methods showed standing assemblages of quantitative characteristics that might be predicted by certain morphometric features both for males and females (for example by linear size of its body, or size of gnathochilarium elements). It is shown that antennae’s length and width, correlate with body length (for females) and body width (for males) respectively. As for gnathochilarium elements, for females a great number of features were determined as remained in mathematical models after statistical processing. Thus, lingular plates’ length and width might be predicted by additive (total) contribution of body’s length and width, and gnathochilarium length for females, and for males, respectively, only the by gnathochilarium width and by body’s length. The identified features are elements of morphological integration, which makes structural and functional integrity of organisms as a system.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89310268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specific features of distribution total, available phosphorus concentrations and levels of phosphatase enzymatic activity at the layers of artificial soil, sod-lithogenic soils onto gray-green and red-brown clays and on loess-like loams in the Nikopol manganese ore basin are established. It is presented general assessment of technosoil status by evaluation of phosphatase enzyme activity; this enzyme enriches the soil with mineral phosphorus and thereby improves its availability for living organisms. Among current bioindication methodology, soil enzymatic method is the most reliable and promising because enzymatic activity serves a stable indicator of soil biogenicity in comparison with other indicators. Soil enzymatic activity determines both intensity and targeting of biogeochemical processes. High correlation between concentrations of soluble phosphorus and phosphatase activity values by layers of artificial soil (r = 0.87), sod-lithogenic soils onto gray-green (r = 0.77), red-brown clays (r = 0.62) and onto loess-like loam (r = 0.95) was determined. Tendency of decreasing hydrolytic enzyme activity, phosphatase, with depth in all types of artificial soil studied was established. High efficiency of the enzymatic activity study in diagnostics of soil fertility dynamics under impact of various anthropogenic and natural ecosystems was determined. Advantages of using this method are capability to determine rapidly the changes occurring in ecosystems in the early stages of degradation processes and prediction of their targeting and, accordingly, their intensity. It has been found that levels of phosphatase activity and values of mobile phosphorus compounds in complex biogeocoenotic systems are sensitive quantitative indicators of changes in environmental conditions in man-made environment, and they generate good data about processes occurred within the soil column. The use of phosphatase activity level can be a reliable and promising method on biomonitoring of technogenic edaphotops.
{"title":"Ecological features of enzyme activity distribution in edaphotops of technogenic landscapes","authors":"V. Chorna, I. Wagner, V. Katsevych","doi":"10.15421/031812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/031812","url":null,"abstract":"Specific features of distribution total, available phosphorus concentrations and levels of phosphatase enzymatic activity at the layers of artificial soil, sod-lithogenic soils onto gray-green and red-brown clays and on loess-like loams in the Nikopol manganese ore basin are established. It is presented general assessment of technosoil status by evaluation of phosphatase enzyme activity; this enzyme enriches the soil with mineral phosphorus and thereby improves its availability for living organisms. Among current bioindication methodology, soil enzymatic method is the most reliable and promising because enzymatic activity serves a stable indicator of soil biogenicity in comparison with other indicators. Soil enzymatic activity determines both intensity and targeting of biogeochemical processes. High correlation between concentrations of soluble phosphorus and phosphatase activity values by layers of artificial soil (r = 0.87), sod-lithogenic soils onto gray-green (r = 0.77), red-brown clays (r = 0.62) and onto loess-like loam (r = 0.95) was determined. Tendency of decreasing hydrolytic enzyme activity, phosphatase, with depth in all types of artificial soil studied was established. High efficiency of the enzymatic activity study in diagnostics of soil fertility dynamics under impact of various anthropogenic and natural ecosystems was determined. Advantages of using this method are capability to determine rapidly the changes occurring in ecosystems in the early stages of degradation processes and prediction of their targeting and, accordingly, their intensity. It has been found that levels of phosphatase activity and values of mobile phosphorus compounds in complex biogeocoenotic systems are sensitive quantitative indicators of changes in environmental conditions in man-made environment, and they generate good data about processes occurred within the soil column. The use of phosphatase activity level can be a reliable and promising method on biomonitoring of technogenic edaphotops.","PeriodicalId":11457,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Noospherology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89915811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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