Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105338
Mengwei Liu , Travis Warner , Yumeng Zhao , Zhao Xia , Danrong Zhang , Peng Zhan , Rachel Frohman , Gabriel Creason , Yongkoo Seol
Growing demand for hydrogen is exposing the environmental and economic limits of reforming-based and carbon-managed supply chains, while the scale-up of electrolytic capacity remains capital-constrained. Geologic hydrogen, defined as molecular H₂ generated and stored within the Earth's crust offers a complementary, potentially lower-cost resource, yet exploration is still ad hoc. This review (1) revisits a global inventory of confirmed hydrogen seeps and subsurface occurrences; (2) analyzes the controlling reactions, migration pathways, and trapping conditions governing these occurrences; (3) proposes a process-based geologic hydrogen system concept analogous to, yet distinct from, the petroleum system; and (4) evaluates potential geologic hydrogen systems within the United States as a representative case study. We contrast natural systems powered by serpentinization, mantle degassing or radiolysis with anthropogenic systems that stimulate the same reactions or convert in-situ hydrocarbons. Stable hydrogen accumulations require generation rates that outpace combined physical, chemical and microbial losses; the Bourakébougou field (Mali) exemplifies a self-recharging, free-gas reservoir sustained by meteoric-water serpentinization beneath an efficient caprock. Prospective geologic hydrogen resources are likely to occur in regions where iron-rich lithologies, deep-seated faults, and low-permeability sealing formations coexist. Applying this principle, we highlight three promising hydrogen play types in U.S. geological terrains: ophiolite belts (Appalachian and Californian regions), the Midcontinent Rift and the Lake Superior banded‑iron formations. Multiphysics numerical models and positive-unlabeled machine-learning workflows help to accelerate play screening and de-risk future production; yet, reaction kinetics, stimulation strategies, and full techno-economic and life-cycle assessments remain pivotal knowledge gaps.
{"title":"Geologic hydrogen: From natural occurrences to anthropogenic generation – A review of fundamentals, potential, challenges and prospects","authors":"Mengwei Liu , Travis Warner , Yumeng Zhao , Zhao Xia , Danrong Zhang , Peng Zhan , Rachel Frohman , Gabriel Creason , Yongkoo Seol","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing demand for hydrogen is exposing the environmental and economic limits of reforming-based and carbon-managed supply chains, while the scale-up of electrolytic capacity remains capital-constrained. Geologic hydrogen, defined as molecular H₂ generated and stored within the Earth's crust offers a complementary, potentially lower-cost resource, yet exploration is still ad hoc. This review (1) revisits a global inventory of confirmed hydrogen seeps and subsurface occurrences; (2) analyzes the controlling reactions, migration pathways, and trapping conditions governing these occurrences; (3) proposes a process-based geologic hydrogen system concept analogous to, yet distinct from, the petroleum system; and (4) evaluates potential geologic hydrogen systems within the United States as a representative case study. We contrast natural systems powered by serpentinization, mantle degassing or radiolysis with anthropogenic systems that stimulate the same reactions or convert in-situ hydrocarbons. Stable hydrogen accumulations require generation rates that outpace combined physical, chemical and microbial losses; the Bourakébougou field (Mali) exemplifies a self-recharging, free-gas reservoir sustained by meteoric-water serpentinization beneath an efficient caprock. Prospective geologic hydrogen resources are likely to occur in regions where iron-rich lithologies, deep-seated faults, and low-permeability sealing formations coexist. Applying this principle, we highlight three promising hydrogen play types in U.S. geological terrains: ophiolite belts (Appalachian and Californian regions), the Midcontinent Rift and the Lake Superior banded‑iron formations. Multiphysics numerical models and positive-unlabeled machine-learning workflows help to accelerate play screening and de-risk future production; yet, reaction kinetics, stimulation strategies, and full techno-economic and life-cycle assessments remain pivotal knowledge gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105338"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368
Thomas L.A. Schouten , Shihu Li , Eldert L. Advokaat , Sean D. Willett , Lydian M. Boschman
The Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen is the largest region of active continental deformation on Earth. Knowledge of the kinematic evolution of this orogenic system is paramount in understanding the dynamics of convergence and continental collision, the development of topography and both regional and global climate changes, as well as the origin of local biodiversity hotspots. Here, we capitalise on the large amount of data published in the last decade to present a new tectonic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since the Cretaceous. We build our reconstruction with high-resolution oceanic spreading records and a thorough review of available data from structural geology, sedimentary provenance and palaeomagnetism, and explicitly resolve continental deformation using the latest advancements in reconstruction software. The reconstruction shows that Tibet was subject to extensive continental deformation, a significant portion of which is related to subduction of the Neotethys Ocean rather than India-Eurasia collision. All available data support a scenario with a single subduction zone along the southern margin of Eurasia since at least 130 Ma and a 59 Ma collision of the Tethyan Himalaya with Eurasia. We account for the inherent dispersion of palaeomagnetic poles when interpreting data from terranes like the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and the West Burma Terrane. As a result, the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc is best interpreted as the lateral continuation of the Gangdese Arc on the Lhasa Terrane, while the West Burma Terrane is most likely a forearc sliver that was originally situated off the western margin of Sumatra. Whether the 2000 km wide crust of Greater India that subducted without a geologic record was entirely continental or partly oceanic cannot be conclusively determined from the geologic record and the tectonic history of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen nor that of the adjacent SE Asian Orogen. Finally, our reconstruction provides a quantitative platform for future study on the geodynamics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimate, and biogeography of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogenic System.
{"title":"Quantitative kinematic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since 130 Ma","authors":"Thomas L.A. Schouten , Shihu Li , Eldert L. Advokaat , Sean D. Willett , Lydian M. Boschman","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen is the largest region of active continental deformation on Earth. Knowledge of the kinematic evolution of this orogenic system is paramount in understanding the dynamics of convergence and continental collision, the development of topography and both regional and global climate changes, as well as the origin of local biodiversity hotspots. Here, we capitalise on the large amount of data published in the last decade to present a new tectonic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since the Cretaceous. We build our reconstruction with high-resolution oceanic spreading records and a thorough review of available data from structural geology, sedimentary provenance and palaeomagnetism, and explicitly resolve continental deformation using the latest advancements in reconstruction software. The reconstruction shows that Tibet was subject to extensive continental deformation, a significant portion of which is related to subduction of the Neotethys Ocean rather than India-Eurasia collision. All available data support a scenario with a single subduction zone along the southern margin of Eurasia since at least 130 Ma and a <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 59 Ma collision of the Tethyan Himalaya with Eurasia. We account for the inherent dispersion of palaeomagnetic poles when interpreting data from terranes like the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and the West Burma Terrane. As a result, the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc is best interpreted as the lateral continuation of the Gangdese Arc on the Lhasa Terrane, while the West Burma Terrane is most likely a forearc sliver that was originally situated off the western margin of Sumatra. Whether the <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 2000 km wide crust of Greater India that subducted without a geologic record was entirely continental or partly oceanic cannot be conclusively determined from the geologic record and the tectonic history of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen nor that of the adjacent SE Asian Orogen. Finally, our reconstruction provides a quantitative platform for future study on the geodynamics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimate, and biogeography of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogenic System.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105368"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oceanic rifting in back-arc basins reveals how pre-existing lithosphere deforms under extension, distinct from mid-ocean ridge processes. However, existing models invoking rapid magmatic rifting or rigid rotation cannot explain the complex deformation patterns observed. We present new seismic reflection data across the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), integrated with published seismic and gravity data from the Central Basin Fault (CBF) system in the West Philippine Basin and regional datasets. Our results reveal: (1) significant transtensional deformation along the KPR, which we reinterpret as a reactivated oceanic transform fault; and (2) the CBF as a post-accretionary intra-oceanic rift deforming pre-existing oceanic crust, consistent with but mechanically refining previous interpretations. We propose that a Pacific Plate kinematic reorganization around 32 Ma rendered the fossil trench-transform-ridge configuration kinematically unstable, triggering distributed deformation that progressively localized along inherited lithospheric fabrics. This regional stress change reactivated the favorably oriented KPR transform and the extinct spreading center in the eastern CBF, while initiating new intraplate rifting in the central and western CBF segments, driving a ∼ 6 Myr evolution from diffuse to localized deformation (32–26 Ma). Our findings establish that oceanic rifting follows a two-stage process: structural inheritance controls initial rift location and geometry, while magmatism provides critical thermal weakening for complete plate separation. The CBF's arrested development, where the system failed to achieve complete plate separation despite localized extreme extension in the east and magmatic input in the west, exemplifies the critical threshold required for successful microplate formation. This work provides a new framework for understanding how subduction-driven stress changes exploit pre-existing weaknesses to generate complex microplate mosaics, offering a predictive template for identifying similar polyphase systems elsewhere.
{"title":"Detailing polyphase oceanic rifting evolution and consequences for microplate formation","authors":"Yanghui Zhao , Gianreto Manatschal , Jiangyang Zhang , Jingyan Zhao , Xiaodong Wei , Weiwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oceanic rifting in back-arc basins reveals how pre-existing lithosphere deforms under extension, distinct from mid-ocean ridge processes. However, existing models invoking rapid magmatic rifting or rigid rotation cannot explain the complex deformation patterns observed. We present new seismic reflection data across the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), integrated with published seismic and gravity data from the Central Basin Fault (CBF) system in the West Philippine Basin and regional datasets. Our results reveal: (1) significant transtensional deformation along the KPR, which we reinterpret as a reactivated oceanic transform fault; and (2) the CBF as a post-accretionary intra-oceanic rift deforming pre-existing oceanic crust, consistent with but mechanically refining previous interpretations. We propose that a Pacific Plate kinematic reorganization around 32 Ma rendered the fossil trench-transform-ridge configuration kinematically unstable, triggering distributed deformation that progressively localized along inherited lithospheric fabrics. This regional stress change reactivated the favorably oriented KPR transform and the extinct spreading center in the eastern CBF, while initiating new intraplate rifting in the central and western CBF segments, driving a ∼ 6 Myr evolution from diffuse to localized deformation (32–26 Ma). Our findings establish that oceanic rifting follows a two-stage process: structural inheritance controls initial rift location and geometry, while magmatism provides critical thermal weakening for complete plate separation. The CBF's arrested development, where the system failed to achieve complete plate separation despite localized extreme extension in the east and magmatic input in the west, exemplifies the critical threshold required for successful microplate formation. This work provides a new framework for understanding how subduction-driven stress changes exploit pre-existing weaknesses to generate complex microplate mosaics, offering a predictive template for identifying similar polyphase systems elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105398"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395
Jan Černý , Samuel T. Thiele , Marie Guilcher , Mathias Burisch , Uwe Lehmann , Henrik Kaufmann , Lutz Sonnabend , Jens Gutzmer
The Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany) and Krušné hory (Czech Republic / Czechia) region hosts prolific Li-(Sn-W) deposits, all linked to late-stage magma evolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within a Caldera collapse system. Whereas the geochemical controls are relatively well understood, tectonic controls on magma emplacement are not. Here, we aim to explain the tectonic controls on trans-crustal caldera-forming magmatic systems, and link these to more local controls on fertile magmatism. This is achieved by compiling and reviewing available geological, geochronological, geophysical, and structural data, and integrating them to derive a framework for late- to post-Variscan tectonics and magmatism. Specifically, we link the main faults in the vicinity of the Altenberg-Teplice and Tharandt calderas with the western middle Pennsylvanian (∼314–312 Ma) Bohemian basin system, to propose a major transtensional linkage structure between the Elbe Shear Zone and Pfahl or Danube Shear Zones. We propose that these transtensional pull-apart basins and dextral strike-slip fault systems do not only localize crustal-scale magmatic systems and associated calderas, but also exert a more local control on intra-caldera intrusive stocks that are host to greisen-type Li-(Sn-W) ore deposits in the Eastern Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region.
{"title":"Tectonic controls on lithium deposits in the Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region: Regional scale reconstruction of structural controls on late-Variscan mineralization","authors":"Jan Černý , Samuel T. Thiele , Marie Guilcher , Mathias Burisch , Uwe Lehmann , Henrik Kaufmann , Lutz Sonnabend , Jens Gutzmer","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany) and Krušné hory (Czech Republic / Czechia) region hosts prolific Li-(Sn-W) deposits, all linked to late-stage magma evolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within a Caldera collapse system. Whereas the geochemical controls are relatively well understood, tectonic controls on magma emplacement are not. Here, we aim to explain the tectonic controls on trans-crustal caldera-forming magmatic systems, and link these to more local controls on fertile magmatism. This is achieved by compiling and reviewing available geological, geochronological, geophysical, and structural data, and integrating them to derive a framework for late- to post-Variscan tectonics and magmatism. Specifically, we link the main faults in the vicinity of the Altenberg-Teplice and Tharandt calderas with the western middle Pennsylvanian (∼314–312 Ma) Bohemian basin system, to propose a major transtensional linkage structure between the Elbe Shear Zone and Pfahl or Danube Shear Zones. We propose that these transtensional pull-apart basins and dextral strike-slip fault systems do not only localize crustal-scale magmatic systems and associated calderas, but also exert a more local control on intra-caldera intrusive stocks that are host to greisen-type Li-(Sn-W) ore deposits in the Eastern Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105395"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394
Pedram Fardad Amini, Jun Yang
The phenomenon of repeated soil liquefaction, in which the same soil liquefies multiple times during recent earthquakes, has resulted in extensive environmental damage, infrastructure destruction, and human loss. This highlights the need to establish advanced models to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils upon a sequence of shaking events, an area where current knowledge remains very limited. This paper presents a literature review of laboratory studies on the liquefaction behavior of soils during multiple shaking events. Experimental data from laboratory multi-stage tests, including cyclic triaxial (CTX), cyclic simple shear (CSS), cyclic torsional shear (CTS), and cyclic stacked-ring shear tests (CSRS), are employed and reanalyzed using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. It is suggested that liquefaction resistance curves derived from CTS tests can be used to consider the impacts of the initial fabric and state of sandy soils, as well as various prior shear histories, on the reliquefaction response of sands. A suite of models is established for the first time to predict the reliquefaction (short-term) and multiple liquefaction (long-term) resistance of granular soils with different initial fabric and states and with different stress and strain histories upon successive seismic events.
{"title":"Multiple liquefaction of granular soils in the light of critical state theory: A fundamental review","authors":"Pedram Fardad Amini, Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenon of repeated soil liquefaction, in which the same soil liquefies multiple times during recent earthquakes, has resulted in extensive environmental damage, infrastructure destruction, and human loss. This highlights the need to establish advanced models to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils upon a sequence of shaking events, an area where current knowledge remains very limited. This paper presents a literature review of laboratory studies on the liquefaction behavior of soils during multiple shaking events. Experimental data from laboratory multi-stage tests, including cyclic triaxial (CTX), cyclic simple shear (CSS), cyclic torsional shear (CTS), and cyclic stacked-ring shear tests (CSRS), are employed and reanalyzed using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. It is suggested that liquefaction resistance curves derived from CTS tests can be used to consider the impacts of the initial fabric and state of sandy soils, as well as various prior shear histories, on the reliquefaction response of sands. A suite of models is established for the first time to predict the reliquefaction (short-term) and multiple liquefaction (long-term) resistance of granular soils with different initial fabric and states and with different stress and strain histories upon successive seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105394"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389
N. Bellahsen , C. Rosenberg , A. Paul , L. Labrousse , M. Sonnet , A. Nouibat , J.B. Girault , B. Huet , P. Agard , L. Jolivet , D. Marquer , M. Bernet , R. Pik
We investigate the deep crustal structure of the Western and Central Alps based on recent S- and P-wave velocity models and previous seismic images coupled to geological surface information. Key observations of the S-wave velocity model are two deep, crustal low velocity anomalies (a frontal and an inner anomaly) and the termination of the European continental crust below the wedge. Balanced cross-sections show that deep geometries from geophysical constraints are consistent with shallow structures from geological data. In both the Western and Central Alps, an early phase of collision, characterized by distributed shortening throughout the whole orogen, occurred from the onset of collision, at 32 Ma, until c.a. 22 Ma. In the Western Alps, a late phase of shortening, from 22 Ma onwards, is localized on the frontal crustal ramps in the pro-wedge below the External Crystalline Massifs. In the European crust, these collisional structures root in the inner velocity anomaly (middle- to lower-crustal low S-wave velocity zones) interpreted as a thick shear zone acting as a deep, crustal decollement. This velocity anomaly is possibly due to the development of syn-kinematic Alpine metamorphic paragenesis (amphibolite facies) in a deep, ductile decollement. Thus, the 10-Myr time interval (32–22 Ma) for shortening and localization on frontal thrusts in the European crust may reflect the characteristic time of deformation localization within the deep decollement.
{"title":"Deep crustal structure and collision dynamics in the Western and Central European Alps","authors":"N. Bellahsen , C. Rosenberg , A. Paul , L. Labrousse , M. Sonnet , A. Nouibat , J.B. Girault , B. Huet , P. Agard , L. Jolivet , D. Marquer , M. Bernet , R. Pik","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the deep crustal structure of the Western and Central Alps based on recent S- and P-wave velocity models and previous seismic images coupled to geological surface information. Key observations of the S-wave velocity model are two deep, crustal low velocity anomalies (a frontal and an inner anomaly) and the termination of the European continental crust below the wedge. Balanced cross-sections show that deep geometries from geophysical constraints are consistent with shallow structures from geological data. In both the Western and Central Alps, an early phase of collision, characterized by distributed shortening throughout the whole orogen, occurred from the onset of collision, at 32 Ma, until c.a. 22 Ma. In the Western Alps, a late phase of shortening, from 22 Ma onwards, is localized on the frontal crustal ramps in the pro-wedge below the External Crystalline Massifs. In the European crust, these collisional structures root in the inner velocity anomaly (middle- to lower-crustal low S-wave velocity zones) interpreted as a thick shear zone acting as a deep, crustal decollement. This velocity anomaly is possibly due to the development of <em>syn</em>-kinematic Alpine metamorphic paragenesis (amphibolite facies) in a deep, ductile decollement. Thus, the 10-Myr time interval (32–22 Ma) for shortening and localization on frontal thrusts in the European crust may reflect the characteristic time of deformation localization within the deep decollement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105389"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105377
Jinniu Chen , Chao Li , Wenshen Xiao , Nicholas Chia Wei Ng , Weibo Lai , Junfei Chen , Chi Zhang , Shouye Yang
Continental weathering plays a crucial role in maintaining the equilibrium of the carbon cycle and Earth's habitability. Interpreting weathering records registered in marginal sea sediments is a key approach to understanding the mechanisms of continental weathering. However, these weathering indices are often influenced by factors such as catchment lithology, mineral sorting during river transport, and diagenetic modifications during deposition. Thus, accurately interpreting the geological significance of these weathering indices remains a challenge in continental weathering research. In this study, we compiled a series of published sediment archives (<100 ka) from the continental margin of Asia. By comparing Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values and other common chemical weathering indices in these records, we attempted to identify the patterns of weathering records and their controlling factors along the Asian continental margin. The weathering indices in Asian continent marginal seas sediments are primarily influenced by two factors: Temperature and Sea Level. Comprehensive comparison of chemical weathering indices from multiple sediment cores, spanning from tropical to Arctic regions, revealed stronger weathering in tropical areas and weaker weathering in polar regions. The impact of sea level on weathering indices can be further attributed to changes in sediment provenance or variations in the weathering area, e.g., the exposure of the continental shelf. In low-latitude marginal seas (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and northern South China Sea), chemical weathering intensity is associated with temperature, consistent with glacial-interglacial cycles. In mid-latitude marginal seas (Okinawa Trough and Sea of Japan), sediment weathering intensity is dominated by sediment provenance changes driven by sea level fluctuations. In high-latitude marginal seas (Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and East Siberian Sea) and the southern South China Sea, chemical weathering intensity is stronger during glacial periods and weaker during interglacial periods. This pattern is attributed to enhanced weathering of unconsolidated shelf sediments exposed during glacial sea level lowstands and the increased fracturing of rocks and sediments due to glacial erosion in polar regions. This study provides a novel perspective for deciphering silicate chemical weathering signals registered in the Asian continent marginal seas in the late Quaternary, and helps us explore the factors influencing continental weathering in sedimentary records in continental margins.
大陆风化在维持碳循环平衡和地球宜居性方面起着至关重要的作用。解释边缘海沉积物中的风化记录是理解大陆风化机制的关键途径。然而，这些风化指标往往受到流域岩性、河流运输过程中的矿物分选、沉积过程中的成岩改造等因素的影响。因此，准确解释这些风化指标的地质意义仍然是大陆风化研究的一个挑战。在这项研究中，我们整理了一系列已发表的来自亚洲大陆边缘的沉积物档案（<100 ka）。通过对比化学蚀变指数（Chemical Index of蚀变）值和其他常见的化学风化指标，探讨了亚洲大陆边缘的风化记录模式及其控制因素。亚洲大陆边缘海沉积物的风化指标主要受温度和海平面两个因素的影响。从热带到北极多个沉积物岩心的化学风化指标进行综合比较，发现热带风化作用较强，极地风化作用较弱。海平面对风化指数的影响可进一步归因于沉积物物源的变化或风化区的变化，例如大陆架的暴露。在低纬度边缘海（阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、安达曼海和南海北部），化学风化强度与温度有关，与冰期-间冰期旋回一致。在中纬度边缘海（冲绳海槽和日本海），沉积物风化强度以海平面波动驱动的物源变化为主。在高纬度边缘海（鄂霍次克海、白令海、楚科奇海和东西伯利亚海）和南海南部，化学风化强度在冰期较强，在间冰期较弱。这种模式归因于冰川海平面低洼期间暴露的松散陆架沉积物的风化作用增强，以及极地地区冰川侵蚀导致的岩石和沉积物破裂增加。本研究为破译晚第四纪亚洲大陆边缘海硅酸盐化学风化信号提供了新的视角，并有助于探索大陆边缘沉积记录中影响大陆风化的因素。
{"title":"Deciphering silicate weathering archives registered in the late Quaternary sediments of Asian continent marginal seas","authors":"Jinniu Chen , Chao Li , Wenshen Xiao , Nicholas Chia Wei Ng , Weibo Lai , Junfei Chen , Chi Zhang , Shouye Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continental weathering plays a crucial role in maintaining the equilibrium of the carbon cycle and Earth's habitability. Interpreting weathering records registered in marginal sea sediments is a key approach to understanding the mechanisms of continental weathering. However, these weathering indices are often influenced by factors such as catchment lithology, mineral sorting during river transport, and diagenetic modifications during deposition. Thus, accurately interpreting the geological significance of these weathering indices remains a challenge in continental weathering research. In this study, we compiled a series of published sediment archives (<100 ka) from the continental margin of Asia. By comparing Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values and other common chemical weathering indices in these records, we attempted to identify the patterns of weathering records and their controlling factors along the Asian continental margin. The weathering indices in Asian continent marginal seas sediments are primarily influenced by two factors: Temperature and Sea Level. Comprehensive comparison of chemical weathering indices from multiple sediment cores, spanning from tropical to Arctic regions, revealed stronger weathering in tropical areas and weaker weathering in polar regions. The impact of sea level on weathering indices can be further attributed to changes in sediment provenance or variations in the weathering area, e.g., the exposure of the continental shelf. In low-latitude marginal seas (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and northern South China Sea), chemical weathering intensity is associated with temperature, consistent with glacial-interglacial cycles. In mid-latitude marginal seas (Okinawa Trough and Sea of Japan), sediment weathering intensity is dominated by sediment provenance changes driven by sea level fluctuations. In high-latitude marginal seas (Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and East Siberian Sea) and the southern South China Sea, chemical weathering intensity is stronger during glacial periods and weaker during interglacial periods. This pattern is attributed to enhanced weathering of unconsolidated shelf sediments exposed during glacial sea level lowstands and the increased fracturing of rocks and sediments due to glacial erosion in polar regions. This study provides a novel perspective for deciphering silicate chemical weathering signals registered in the Asian continent marginal seas in the late Quaternary, and helps us explore the factors influencing continental weathering in sedimentary records in continental margins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105377"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105374
Kurt Stüwe , Jörg Robl , Gerit Gradwohl , Derek Fabel , Finlay M. Stuart , Lukas Plan , Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger
Constraining the surface uplift history of mountain belts is difficult because – due to erosion – the surface is made of ever-changing rock levels and changes in surface elevation over time can only be indirectly inferred. Here we present 26Al/10Be burial ages of siliceous fluvial sediments that were deposited into karst caves as a proxy for surface uplift of the Eastern Alps. We present a consistent and homogenized dataset for the Eastern Alps that includes 31 new burial ages, together with 36 previously published burial ages that have been recalculated. Most of the sampled caves are now inactive and are located at between 600 and 2400 m a.s.l.. The cave sediments were deposited when they formed at the phreatic-vadose transition at base level, which we assume has remained at constant elevation through time. The samples are from regions that were variably affected by Pleistocene glaciation. Cosmogenic 21Ne concentrations in samples from 20 caves record prolonged and complicated Neogene exposure. Generally 21Ne/10Be burial ages cannot be used to determine cave level ages, but the 21Ne data preserve a record of denudation and burial since the Oligocene.
The homogenized dataset of 67 26Al/10Be burial ages allows us to infer 1200–1500 m of surface uplift for the Northern Calcareous Alps and ∼ 500 m in the transition zone towards the Pannonian Basin in the east during the last 3–5 Ma. The fastest surface uplift rate is estimated for the ranges around the Salzach valley (407 ± 34 m/Ma), followed by the Gesäuse region (357 ± 19 m/Ma). For the Dachstein Massif, the Hochschwab and the Schneealm regions we interpret post-Miocene surface uplift rates of 224 ± 21 m/Ma, 272 ± 12 m/Ma and 283 ± 13 m/Ma, respectively. Uplift rates decrease to the east: the Mur valley and the Semmering uplifted at 137 ± 11 m/Ma and 125 ± 3 m/Ma, respectively. The data support the notion that much of the topography of the Eastern Alps was created in the last 5 Ma rather than the 30 Ma timescale that previous studies have suggested. The long wavelength nature of the uplift over formerly glaciated and unglaciated regions implies that the surface uplift was caused by sub-lithospheric processes and that climatic factors played only a minor role.
{"title":"Surface uplift of the Eastern Alps. Was it much faster than we thought?","authors":"Kurt Stüwe , Jörg Robl , Gerit Gradwohl , Derek Fabel , Finlay M. Stuart , Lukas Plan , Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constraining the surface uplift history of mountain belts is difficult because – due to erosion – the surface is made of ever-changing rock levels and changes in surface elevation over time can only be indirectly inferred. Here we present <sup>26</sup>Al/<sup>10</sup>Be burial ages of siliceous fluvial sediments that were deposited into karst caves as a proxy for surface uplift of the Eastern Alps. We present a consistent and homogenized dataset for the Eastern Alps that includes 31 new burial ages, together with 36 previously published burial ages that have been recalculated. Most of the sampled caves are now inactive and are located at between 600 and 2400 m a.s.l.. The cave sediments were deposited when they formed at the phreatic-vadose transition at base level, which we assume has remained at constant elevation through time. The samples are from regions that were variably affected by Pleistocene glaciation. Cosmogenic <sup>21</sup>Ne concentrations in samples from 20 caves record prolonged and complicated Neogene exposure. Generally <sup>21</sup>Ne/<sup>10</sup>Be burial ages cannot be used to determine cave level ages, but the <sup>21</sup>Ne data preserve a record of denudation and burial since the Oligocene.</div><div>The homogenized dataset of 67 <sup>26</sup>Al/<sup>10</sup>Be burial ages allows us to infer 1200–1500 m of surface uplift for the Northern Calcareous Alps and ∼ 500 m in the transition zone towards the Pannonian Basin in the east during the last 3–5 Ma. The fastest surface uplift rate is estimated for the ranges around the Salzach valley (407 ± 34 m/Ma), followed by the Gesäuse region (357 ± 19 m/Ma). For the Dachstein Massif, the Hochschwab and the Schneealm regions we interpret post-Miocene surface uplift rates of 224 ± 21 m/Ma, 272 ± 12 m/Ma and 283 ± 13 m/Ma, respectively. Uplift rates decrease to the east: the Mur valley and the Semmering uplifted at 137 ± 11 m/Ma and 125 ± 3 m/Ma, respectively. The data support the notion that much of the topography of the Eastern Alps was created in the last 5 Ma rather than the 30 Ma timescale that previous studies have suggested. The long wavelength nature of the uplift over formerly glaciated and unglaciated regions implies that the surface uplift was caused by sub-lithospheric processes and that climatic factors played only a minor role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105374"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105372
Simon A. Morley , David K.A. Barnes , Camila Neder , Ricardo Sahade , Chester J. Sands , Carla M. de Aranzamendi , Kaja Balazy , Piotr Balazy , Facundo Barrera , Narissa Bax , Sofia Becerra , Lucia Bergagna , Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk , Ulrike Braeckman , Gabriela L. Campana , Dolores Deregibus , Marleen De Troch , Andrea Devis-Morales , Patricio A. Díaz , Santiago R. Doyle , Oliver Zielinski
Marine biological (‘blue’) carbon pathways are crucial components of the global carbon budget due to the ecosystem services they provide through the fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere. CO2 is removed from biosphere through long-term sequestration into seafloor sediments, removing it from the carbon cycle. Coincident with marine ice loss, little studied negative (mitigating) feedbacks to climate change are emerging in polar waters, which is important to quantify and comprehend. Understanding the mechanisms driving these pathways, that could lead to change, is a massive task and to ensure studies are comparable requires standardisation and prioritisation of future research. The expertise of scientists within the EU grant, Coastal ecosystem carbon balance in times of rapid glacier melt (CoastCarb), identified the 23 most important high latitude pathways through a modified Delphi scoring system. Metrics were selected as priorities for future research and for syntheses across broader geographic regions. The metrics with the highest importance scores also scored as the metrics that could be most readily standardised in the next five years. This review provides a definition and description of how each metric is measured, including its central role to blue carbon pathways. It also provides recommendations for standardisation, emphasising the requirement for modelling studies to scale from geographically limited regions where high-resolution data is available. Where methods cannot be standardised, cross calibration between methods is required to ensure reproducibility. An increasing use of remote sensing and innovative technologies will be necessary to scale measurements across this vast and remote region.
{"title":"Standardising research on marine biological carbon pathways required to estimate sequestration at Polar and sub-Polar latitudes","authors":"Simon A. Morley , David K.A. Barnes , Camila Neder , Ricardo Sahade , Chester J. Sands , Carla M. de Aranzamendi , Kaja Balazy , Piotr Balazy , Facundo Barrera , Narissa Bax , Sofia Becerra , Lucia Bergagna , Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk , Ulrike Braeckman , Gabriela L. Campana , Dolores Deregibus , Marleen De Troch , Andrea Devis-Morales , Patricio A. Díaz , Santiago R. Doyle , Oliver Zielinski","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine biological (‘blue’) carbon pathways are crucial components of the global carbon budget due to the ecosystem services they provide through the fixation of CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere. CO<sub>2</sub> is removed from biosphere through long-term sequestration into seafloor sediments, removing it from the carbon cycle. Coincident with marine ice loss, little studied negative (mitigating) feedbacks to climate change are emerging in polar waters, which is important to quantify and comprehend. Understanding the mechanisms driving these pathways, that could lead to change, is a massive task and to ensure studies are comparable requires standardisation and prioritisation of future research. The expertise of scientists within the EU grant, Coastal ecosystem carbon balance in times of rapid glacier melt (CoastCarb), identified the 23 most important high latitude pathways through a modified Delphi scoring system. Metrics were selected as priorities for future research and for syntheses across broader geographic regions. The metrics with the highest importance scores also scored as the metrics that could be most readily standardised in the next five years. This review provides a definition and description of how each metric is measured, including its central role to blue carbon pathways. It also provides recommendations for standardisation, emphasising the requirement for modelling studies to scale from geographically limited regions where high-resolution data is available. Where methods cannot be standardised, cross calibration between methods is required to ensure reproducibility. An increasing use of remote sensing and innovative technologies will be necessary to scale measurements across this vast and remote region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105372"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105367
Peixin Zhang , Minfang Yang , Jing Lu , Zhongfeng Jiang , Kai Zhou , Li Wu , Xiaotao Xu , Huijuan Chen , Xuran Zhu , Yanghang Guo , Huajun Ye , Longyi Shao
<div><div>Since the terrestrialization of plants during the Silurian-Devonian periods, the Earth has undergone multiple phases of global coal accumulation, accompanied by significant changes in terrestrial plants. Among them, the most remarkable is the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE; ∼234 Ma–232 Ma), which brought an end to the longest global “coal gap” that had persisted since the terrestrial colonization of plants. The CPE is mainly associated with eruptions of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (LIP), and it is characterized by a sharp increase in global temperature and humidity, accompanied by significant changes in marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the re-emergence of global coal accumulation. Many studies have focused on the link between the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems in different regions of the world and the CPE. However, a systematic analysis and study of the internal coupling between global coal accumulation during the CPE and simultaneous global or regional environmental-climatic change events is still lacking. In this study, we systematically review and summarize existing evidence of terrestrial environmental-climatic and plant changes associated with the re-emergence of global coal accumulation during the CPE, discuss its patterns and driving processes, and analyze its driving mechanisms. Evidence from multiple nearly synchronous carbon isotope negative excursions, Hg enrichment anomalies (Hg/TOC ratio peaks), and Hg isotopes directly shows that the Wrangellia LIP drove significant changes in terrestrial environments, climate, and vegetation during the CPE. The eruption of the Wrangellia LIP released massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, triggering global warming. Consequently, atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycles were enhanced, which led to increased global rainfall and a shift in climatic conditions from warm-dry to warm-humid – conditions that favored plant growth and preservation. These changes were concurrently accompanied by the extensive development of terrestrial deltas and swamps, rising lake levels, intensified chemical weathering, and the proliferation of hygrophytic plants and freshwater algae. In response to these processes, the burial of terrestrial organic carbon significantly increased, facilitating the reappearance of global coal accumulation. The increase in organic carbon burial and the resumption of global coal accumulation exerted negative feedback on global atmospheric conditions, which could partially offset the greenhouse effect caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the Wrangellia LIP. As a result, the environment and climate stabilized, ultimately leading to the termination of the CPE. These results indicate that LIPs can occur in multiple pulse forms and have a powerful capacity to alter the carbon cycle, trigger environmental and climatic changes, and drive macro-biological evolution. In contrast, global coal accumulation plays a crucial role in providing climatic stabil
自志留纪—泥盆纪植物陆栖化以来，地球经历了全球多期聚煤，陆生植物也发生了显著变化。其中，最引人注目的是晚三叠世卡尼期雨积期（CPE; ~ 234 Ma - 232 Ma），它结束了自植物陆地殖民以来持续时间最长的全球“煤隙”。CPE主要与Wrangellia大火成岩省（LIP）的喷发有关，其特征是全球温度和湿度的急剧增加，伴随着海洋和陆地生态系统的显著变化，以及全球煤聚集的重新出现。许多研究集中在世界不同地区陆地生态系统的演变与CPE之间的联系上。然而，对于CPE期间全球煤炭聚集与同期全球或区域环境气候变化事件之间的内在耦合关系，尚缺乏系统的分析和研究。在此基础上，系统回顾和总结了与CPE期间全球煤聚集重新出现相关的陆地环境-气候和植物变化的现有证据，探讨了其模式和驱动过程，并分析了其驱动机制。来自多个几乎同步的碳同位素负漂移、汞富集异常（Hg/TOC比值峰值）和汞同位素的证据直接表明，Wrangellia LIP在CPE期间驱动了陆地环境、气候和植被的显著变化。弗兰格利亚LIP的喷发释放了大量的二氧化碳，引发了全球变暖。因此，大气环流和水文循环得到加强，导致全球降雨量增加，气候条件从温暖干燥转向温暖潮湿，这有利于植物的生长和保存。这些变化同时伴随着陆地三角洲和沼泽的广泛发展、湖泊水位上升、化学风化加剧以及湿生植物和淡水藻类的繁殖。与此相应，陆相有机碳埋藏显著增加，促进了全球煤聚集的重现。有机碳埋藏的增加和全球煤积累的恢复对全球大气条件产生了负反馈，可以部分抵消弗兰格里亚高原温室气体排放造成的温室效应。结果，环境和气候趋于稳定，最终导致CPE的终止。这些结果表明，lip可以以多种脉冲形式发生，并且具有改变碳循环，引发环境和气候变化以及驱动宏观生物进化的强大能力。相比之下，全球煤炭积累在提供气候稳定方面起着至关重要的作用。
{"title":"Coupling relationship between the Carnian Pluvial Episode and the global coal accumulation recommencement","authors":"Peixin Zhang , Minfang Yang , Jing Lu , Zhongfeng Jiang , Kai Zhou , Li Wu , Xiaotao Xu , Huijuan Chen , Xuran Zhu , Yanghang Guo , Huajun Ye , Longyi Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the terrestrialization of plants during the Silurian-Devonian periods, the Earth has undergone multiple phases of global coal accumulation, accompanied by significant changes in terrestrial plants. Among them, the most remarkable is the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE; ∼234 Ma–232 Ma), which brought an end to the longest global “coal gap” that had persisted since the terrestrial colonization of plants. The CPE is mainly associated with eruptions of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (LIP), and it is characterized by a sharp increase in global temperature and humidity, accompanied by significant changes in marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the re-emergence of global coal accumulation. Many studies have focused on the link between the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems in different regions of the world and the CPE. However, a systematic analysis and study of the internal coupling between global coal accumulation during the CPE and simultaneous global or regional environmental-climatic change events is still lacking. In this study, we systematically review and summarize existing evidence of terrestrial environmental-climatic and plant changes associated with the re-emergence of global coal accumulation during the CPE, discuss its patterns and driving processes, and analyze its driving mechanisms. Evidence from multiple nearly synchronous carbon isotope negative excursions, Hg enrichment anomalies (Hg/TOC ratio peaks), and Hg isotopes directly shows that the Wrangellia LIP drove significant changes in terrestrial environments, climate, and vegetation during the CPE. The eruption of the Wrangellia LIP released massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, triggering global warming. Consequently, atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycles were enhanced, which led to increased global rainfall and a shift in climatic conditions from warm-dry to warm-humid – conditions that favored plant growth and preservation. These changes were concurrently accompanied by the extensive development of terrestrial deltas and swamps, rising lake levels, intensified chemical weathering, and the proliferation of hygrophytic plants and freshwater algae. In response to these processes, the burial of terrestrial organic carbon significantly increased, facilitating the reappearance of global coal accumulation. The increase in organic carbon burial and the resumption of global coal accumulation exerted negative feedback on global atmospheric conditions, which could partially offset the greenhouse effect caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the Wrangellia LIP. As a result, the environment and climate stabilized, ultimately leading to the termination of the CPE. These results indicate that LIPs can occur in multiple pulse forms and have a powerful capacity to alter the carbon cycle, trigger environmental and climatic changes, and drive macro-biological evolution. In contrast, global coal accumulation plays a crucial role in providing climatic stabil","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105367"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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