Pub Date : 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105441
Pavel Kabanov, Nicolas Pinet, Frank Brunton, Omid Haeri Ardakani, Christine Deblonde, Keith Dewing, Peter Giles, Paul Durling, Marty Henning, Nicholas Utting
{"title":"Halite formations of Canada for clean energy storage (hydrogen, CAES): A geologic review","authors":"Pavel Kabanov, Nicolas Pinet, Frank Brunton, Omid Haeri Ardakani, Christine Deblonde, Keith Dewing, Peter Giles, Paul Durling, Marty Henning, Nicholas Utting","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391
Mahdi Najafi , Jaume Vergés , David Cruset , Philippe Razin , Marc Viaplana-Muzas , Montserrat Torne , Daniel García-Castellanos , Ana M. Negredo , Vincenzo Spina , Manel Fernàndez , Ivone Jiménez-Munt
The Semail Ophiolite in Oman has been central to obduction research for over 50 years. Our new study builds on this legacy, introducing 254-km long balanced and restored NE-SW cross-sections that run from the Semail Ophiolite to the Fahud foreland. These sections through Central Oman, resolve geometric inconsistencies, providing a clearer, quantifiable crustal-scale kinematic model from Mid-Cretaceous to present-day. Our findings reveal a ∼ N030° compressional direction from 15 new localities, reconstruct a 235 km minimum length pre-obduction hyperextended Hawasina Basin, and identify the 16–22-km wide Sumeini slope as a crucial low-angle footwall ramp for allochthonous nappes. We have also pinpointed four main detachment levels shaping the Central Oman Mountains: the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina basal detachments, the Jabal Akhdar flat-ramp-flat thick-skinned thrust, and the Ara Salt detachment. Through stepwise kinematic reconstructions, we defined three key subduction-driven obduction stages from Mid-Cretaceous: 1) Pre-obduction Stage (Albian-Cenomanian boundary to 95.2 Ma) characterized by NE-dipping intra-oceanic subduction and slab rollback; 2) Obduction Stage (∼95.2–80 Ma) depicting the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina nappes obduction over the Oman margin; and 3) Post-obduction Mountain-building Stage since Campanian times. Finally, we have estimated a convergence rate of 22 mm/yr during the Late Cretaceous (95.2 to 85 Ma), accounting for near half of the total convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This study provides a powerful new framework for understanding obduction and mountain building, serving as a valuable template for investigating regions where later continental collision has obscured evidence of these processes.
{"title":"Central Oman subduction-driven obduction and mountain building: Kinematic modeling from Mid-Cretaceous through balanced and restored cross-sections","authors":"Mahdi Najafi , Jaume Vergés , David Cruset , Philippe Razin , Marc Viaplana-Muzas , Montserrat Torne , Daniel García-Castellanos , Ana M. Negredo , Vincenzo Spina , Manel Fernàndez , Ivone Jiménez-Munt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Semail Ophiolite in Oman has been central to obduction research for over 50 years. Our new study builds on this legacy, introducing 254-km long balanced and restored NE-SW cross-sections that run from the Semail Ophiolite to the Fahud foreland. These sections through Central Oman, resolve geometric inconsistencies, providing a clearer, quantifiable crustal-scale kinematic model from Mid-Cretaceous to present-day. Our findings reveal a ∼ N030° compressional direction from 15 new localities, reconstruct a 235 km minimum length pre-obduction hyperextended Hawasina Basin, and identify the 16–22-km wide Sumeini slope as a crucial low-angle footwall ramp for allochthonous nappes. We have also pinpointed four main detachment levels shaping the Central Oman Mountains: the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina basal detachments, the Jabal Akhdar flat-ramp-flat thick-skinned thrust, and the Ara Salt detachment. Through stepwise kinematic reconstructions, we defined three key subduction-driven obduction stages from Mid-Cretaceous: 1) Pre-obduction Stage (Albian-Cenomanian boundary to 95.2 Ma) characterized by NE-dipping intra-oceanic subduction and slab rollback; 2) Obduction Stage (∼95.2–80 Ma) depicting the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina nappes obduction over the Oman margin; and 3) Post-obduction Mountain-building Stage since Campanian times. Finally, we have estimated a convergence rate of 22 mm/yr during the Late Cretaceous (95.2 to 85 Ma), accounting for near half of the total convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This study provides a powerful new framework for understanding obduction and mountain building, serving as a valuable template for investigating regions where later continental collision has obscured evidence of these processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105391"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390
Jing Lu , Xue Peng , Lusheng Yin , Ziyu Ling , Minfang Yang , Peixin Zhang , Kai Zhou , Le Liu , Shifeng Dai , Longyi Shao , Jason Hilton
<div><div>Plant terrestrialization—the early evolution of terrestrial vegetation originating, establishing, and expanding during the Silurian-Carboniferous—was a critical event in the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere that shaped the way to a habitable Earth. Under favorable paleobotanical, paleoclimatic, paleogeographical, and paleotectonic conditions, large quantities of plant remains can accumulate as peat in wetlands, forming a key component of the global carbon cycle, a major terrestrial carbon sink, and eventually coal deposits. However, the direct influence of terrestrialization on coal accumulation and coal quality remains unclear. This review examines the synergistic interplay between the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming vegetation across the Rhyniophytic, Eophytic and Paleophytic Terrestrialization Phases and global coal accumulation, focusing on coal composition and seam thickness. In the Silurian radiation prelude, plants were mostly aquatic algae and early vascular plants (e.g., <em>Cooksonia, Rhynia</em>) inhabiting near-water environments, with poorly developed vascular tissues and low biomass. No terrestrial coal accumulated. In the Rhyniophytic to early Eophytic Floras, early vascular plants still dominated, but body sizes and biomass increased, and organs including roots and primitive small leaves evolved. Coal-bearing sediments were sporadically distributed along equatorial tropical coastlines and in shallow marine environments, composed predominantly of detrital organic matter derived. In the late Eophytic to early Paleophytic floras, evolution of secondary xylem (wood), arborescence, and concentrated root systems increased biomass, with peat accumulating from higher plants in equatorial tropical coastal plains and forming sporadically mineable humic coals with ∼50% liptinite. The early Paleophytic Flora witnessed the evolution of deep root systems and the seed habit, enabling plants to gradually occupy drier environments. Peat accumulation intensified with humic coals dominated by liptinite (∼70%) widespread in equatorial coastal plains. In the middle Paleophytic Flora, lycopods, sphenopsids, ferns and pteridosperms further developed, and arborescence became more prevalent, with industrially significant humic coals (vitrinite content >40%) accumulating widely in low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. The late Paleophytic Flora witnessed proliferation of existing lineages with <em>Cordaites</em> emerging as dominant coal-forming gymnosperms in lycophyte dominated wetlands. Extensive workable humic coal seams developed across low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. These patterns indicate that terrestrial vegetation not only contributed directly to peat formation but also influenced coal maceral composition and coal seam distribution. Vegetation further shaped surface environments favorable for peat accumulation in indirect and lasting ways, thereby establishing terrestrial e
{"title":"Influence of plant terrestrialization on coal accumulation and deep time terrestrial carbon storage","authors":"Jing Lu , Xue Peng , Lusheng Yin , Ziyu Ling , Minfang Yang , Peixin Zhang , Kai Zhou , Le Liu , Shifeng Dai , Longyi Shao , Jason Hilton","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant terrestrialization—the early evolution of terrestrial vegetation originating, establishing, and expanding during the Silurian-Carboniferous—was a critical event in the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere that shaped the way to a habitable Earth. Under favorable paleobotanical, paleoclimatic, paleogeographical, and paleotectonic conditions, large quantities of plant remains can accumulate as peat in wetlands, forming a key component of the global carbon cycle, a major terrestrial carbon sink, and eventually coal deposits. However, the direct influence of terrestrialization on coal accumulation and coal quality remains unclear. This review examines the synergistic interplay between the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming vegetation across the Rhyniophytic, Eophytic and Paleophytic Terrestrialization Phases and global coal accumulation, focusing on coal composition and seam thickness. In the Silurian radiation prelude, plants were mostly aquatic algae and early vascular plants (e.g., <em>Cooksonia, Rhynia</em>) inhabiting near-water environments, with poorly developed vascular tissues and low biomass. No terrestrial coal accumulated. In the Rhyniophytic to early Eophytic Floras, early vascular plants still dominated, but body sizes and biomass increased, and organs including roots and primitive small leaves evolved. Coal-bearing sediments were sporadically distributed along equatorial tropical coastlines and in shallow marine environments, composed predominantly of detrital organic matter derived. In the late Eophytic to early Paleophytic floras, evolution of secondary xylem (wood), arborescence, and concentrated root systems increased biomass, with peat accumulating from higher plants in equatorial tropical coastal plains and forming sporadically mineable humic coals with ∼50% liptinite. The early Paleophytic Flora witnessed the evolution of deep root systems and the seed habit, enabling plants to gradually occupy drier environments. Peat accumulation intensified with humic coals dominated by liptinite (∼70%) widespread in equatorial coastal plains. In the middle Paleophytic Flora, lycopods, sphenopsids, ferns and pteridosperms further developed, and arborescence became more prevalent, with industrially significant humic coals (vitrinite content >40%) accumulating widely in low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. The late Paleophytic Flora witnessed proliferation of existing lineages with <em>Cordaites</em> emerging as dominant coal-forming gymnosperms in lycophyte dominated wetlands. Extensive workable humic coal seams developed across low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. These patterns indicate that terrestrial vegetation not only contributed directly to peat formation but also influenced coal maceral composition and coal seam distribution. Vegetation further shaped surface environments favorable for peat accumulation in indirect and lasting ways, thereby establishing terrestrial e","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105390"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105378
Xiao-Yu Zhang , Li-Hui Chen , Gang Zeng , Xiao-Jun Wang , Albrecht W. Hofmann , Takeshi Hanyu , Wei-Qiang Li
Ocean Island Basalts, generated by partial melting of mantle plumes, show large δ66Zn variations (up to 0.22 ‰). Modelling indicates δ66Zn variations in melts generated by melting of solely CO2-free peridotite, within melting range of OIBs (2–8 %), are very limited (∼0.02 ‰), excluding melting processes as the major control. Instead, large δ66Zn variations observed in OIBs are more likely attributed to source heterogeneity. Here we compile Zn isotopes and elemental ratios (CaO/Al2O3 and Zn/Fe) of globally distributed, nearly primitive OIBs, including new data from Pitcairn and Samoa lavas, to further clarify the relationship between Zn isotopic variations in OIBs and chemical heterogeneity of mantle plumes. Regarding their Zn isotopic variability, global OIBs can be divided into three groups: (1) Low-δ66Zn group, including Iceland and Kilauea lavas, displays MORB-like δ66Zn (0.27 ± 0.03 ‰), CaO/Al2O3 and Zn/Fe, suggesting a source of CO2-free peridotite. (2) Samples from Crozet, Madeira, Louisville and Samoa have slightly higher δ66Zn (0.32 ± 0.06 ‰) and Zn/Fe than those of MORBs, indicating the presence of MORB-like pyroxenite in their sources. (3) OIBs from Cook-Austral, St. Helena, Koloa and Pitcairn show significantly higher δ66Zn values (0.38 ± 0.05 ‰) than MORBs and other OIBs. Besides of their heavy Zn isotopes, they have distinct CaO/Al2O3 from MORBs and other OIBs, suggesting different source lithologies. Cook-Austral and St. Helena lavas have high CaO/Al2O3 and MORB-like Zn/Fe, suggesting carbonated peridotite source. Koloa lavas' high CaO/Al2O3 plus super-MORB Zn/Fe suggest carbonated pyroxenite source, whereas Pitcairn lavas' low CaO/Al2O3 and super-MORB Zn/Fe indicate a decarbonated pyroxenite source. Therefore, Zn isotopic variations in OIBs are predominantly controlled by recycled carbonate-related heterogeneity within mantle plumes.
{"title":"Chemical and lithological heterogeneity of upwelling mantle plumes inducing Zn isotope variation in Ocean Island Basalts","authors":"Xiao-Yu Zhang , Li-Hui Chen , Gang Zeng , Xiao-Jun Wang , Albrecht W. Hofmann , Takeshi Hanyu , Wei-Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean Island Basalts, generated by partial melting of mantle plumes, show large δ<sup>66</sup>Zn variations (up to 0.22 ‰). Modelling indicates δ<sup>66</sup>Zn variations in melts generated by melting of solely CO<sub>2</sub>-free peridotite, within melting range of OIBs (2–8 %), are very limited (∼0.02 ‰), excluding melting processes as the major control. Instead, large δ<sup>66</sup>Zn variations observed in OIBs are more likely attributed to source heterogeneity. Here we compile Zn isotopes and elemental ratios (CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Zn/Fe) of globally distributed, nearly primitive OIBs, including new data from Pitcairn and Samoa lavas, to further clarify the relationship between Zn isotopic variations in OIBs and chemical heterogeneity of mantle plumes. Regarding their Zn isotopic variability, global OIBs can be divided into three groups: (1) Low-δ<sup>66</sup>Zn group, including Iceland and Kilauea lavas, displays MORB-like δ<sup>66</sup>Zn (0.27 ± 0.03 ‰), CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Zn/Fe, suggesting a source of CO<sub>2</sub>-free peridotite. (2) Samples from Crozet, Madeira, Louisville and Samoa have slightly higher δ<sup>66</sup>Zn (0.32 ± 0.06 ‰) and Zn/Fe than those of MORBs, indicating the presence of MORB-like pyroxenite in their sources. (3) OIBs from Cook-Austral, St. Helena, Koloa and Pitcairn show significantly higher δ<sup>66</sup>Zn values (0.38 ± 0.05 ‰) than MORBs and other OIBs. Besides of their heavy Zn isotopes, they have distinct CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> from MORBs and other OIBs, suggesting different source lithologies. Cook-Austral and St. Helena lavas have high CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MORB-like Zn/Fe, suggesting carbonated peridotite source. Koloa lavas' high CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> plus super-MORB Zn/Fe suggest carbonated pyroxenite source, whereas Pitcairn lavas' low CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and super-MORB Zn/Fe indicate a decarbonated pyroxenite source. Therefore, Zn isotopic variations in OIBs are predominantly controlled by recycled carbonate-related heterogeneity within mantle plumes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105378"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105379
Liping Tian , Yanming Ruan , Jiantao Cao , Li Li , Guodong Jia
The carbon isotope composition of leaf wax long-chain n-alkanes (δ13Cn-alkanes) is commonly used to reconstruct the past C₃/C₄ vegetation ratio and associated hydroclimate changes. However, the significance of isotopic differences among their homologues remains poorly understood. Our comprehensive analysis of global δ13Cn-alkanes data from modern samples (n = 725) reveals that the offset between δ13C29 and δ13C31n-alkanes (∆δ13C29–31) generally negatively correlates with seasonal precipitation parameters, most strongly with dry month length. This correlation likely stems from variations in the consumption of δ13C-depleted internal carbon during the recycling process between nC29 and nC31 alkane, which compensate for weathered waxes and differ between C₃ and C₄ plants. To validate the potential of ∆δ13C29–31 as a precipitation seasonality proxy, we investigated δ13Cn-alkanes in a Sunda Shelf sediment core and re-examined published records from Southeast Asia (n = 5), Africa (n = 8), and South America (n = 3). These records show the ∆δ13C29–31 index aligns well with changes in C3/C4 vegetation across different time scales (last glaciation, glacial-interglacial cycles, and Neogene period), with C4 expansions corresponding to negative ∆δ13C29–31 excursions. Since C4 plants have a competitive advantage under increased precipitation seasonality, the concurrent negative ∆δ13C29–31 excursions with C4 expansions validate the ∆δ13C29–31 index as an indicator of precipitation seasonality. Given the paucity of proxy indicators for precipitation seasonality, the ∆δ13C29–31 index holds considerable significance. Further research is warranted to explore its quantitative relationship with seasonal precipitation and to unravel the underlying mechanisms on ecological scales, ranging from individual plants to entire ecosystems.
{"title":"The carbon isotope offset between leaf wax C29 and C31 n-alkanes as a proxy of precipitation seasonality","authors":"Liping Tian , Yanming Ruan , Jiantao Cao , Li Li , Guodong Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The carbon isotope composition of leaf wax long-chain <em>n</em>-alkanes (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub><em>n</em>-alkanes</sub>) is commonly used to reconstruct the past C₃/C₄ vegetation ratio and associated hydroclimate changes. However, the significance of isotopic differences among their homologues remains poorly understood. Our comprehensive analysis of global δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub><em>n</em>-alkanes</sub> data from modern samples (<em>n</em> = 725) reveals that the offset between δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29</sub> and δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>31</sub> <em>n</em>-alkanes (∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub>) generally negatively correlates with seasonal precipitation parameters, most strongly with dry month length. This correlation likely stems from variations in the consumption of δ<sup>13</sup>C-depleted internal carbon during the recycling process between <em>n</em>C<sub>29</sub> and <em>n</em>C<sub>31</sub> alkane, which compensate for weathered waxes and differ between C₃ and C₄ plants. To validate the potential of ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> as a precipitation seasonality proxy, we investigated δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub><em>n</em>-alkanes</sub> in a Sunda Shelf sediment core and re-examined published records from Southeast Asia (<em>n</em> = 5), Africa (<em>n</em> = 8), and South America (<em>n</em> = 3). These records show the ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> index aligns well with changes in C<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>4</sub> vegetation across different time scales (last glaciation, glacial-interglacial cycles, and Neogene period), with C<sub>4</sub> expansions corresponding to negative ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> excursions. Since C<sub>4</sub> plants have a competitive advantage under increased precipitation seasonality, the concurrent negative ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> excursions with C<sub>4</sub> expansions validate the ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> index as an indicator of precipitation seasonality. Given the paucity of proxy indicators for precipitation seasonality, the ∆δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>29–31</sub> index holds considerable significance. Further research is warranted to explore its quantitative relationship with seasonal precipitation and to unravel the underlying mechanisms on ecological scales, ranging from individual plants to entire ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105379"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105351
Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López , Pedro Ángel Fernández-Mendiola , Ginés A. de Gea , José A. Arz , Ignacio Arenillas , Vicente Gilabert , Luis Arlegui , Ana R. Soria , Vincent Fernández , William Amidon , Andrew Kylander-Clark , Jaime Frigola , Marc Cerdà-Domènech , Joshua Garber , Jerónimo López-Martínez , Julian B. Murton , Carlos L. Liesa
The traditional "Hothouse–Icehouse" dichotomy and the prevailing "Cretaceous greenhouse" narrative fail to accurately represent the geological record. Geological evidence reveals an unknown Late Cretaceous glaciation (82.8–80.96 Ma, the Campanian Barrika glaciation), with tidewater glaciers grounded at an unusually low palaeolatitude (35°N), at a time when Mesozoic temperatures have been modelled near their highest. The Barrika glaciation constitutes the last known low-latitude glaciation on Earth since the Last Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), which reached 30°N. The Barrika glaciation is characterized by a remarkably well-preserved glaciomarine record of subtropical tidewater glaciers associated with outlets of an extensive ice cap in Iberia. Our multiproxy analysis reveals five distinct glaciomarine units, indicative of glacial advances and retreats with a 360-kyr spacing. Calving fronts of tidewater glaciers delivered large icebergs to the palaeo-Atlantic Ocean. This glaciation correlates with a peak of ultra-depleted δD ice-sheet-related meltwater signals from Antarctica and other independent indicators of global change. This discovery of a low-latitude glaciation during a purported 'hothouse' period fundamentally challenges simplified Cretaceous climate models. It underscores the critical need for refined paleoclimate proxies and integrated Earth system modelling to fully comprehend such transient yet significant glacial episodes. The robust multiproxy workflow developed for the Barrika glaciation offers a powerful tool for identifying other unknown glaciations in deep-time greenhouse stages. Despite its generally warm reputation, the 77.06-million-year-long Cretaceous Period surprisingly records the lowest latitudinal glaciation since the Paleozoic. Remarkably, 55% of this time shows evidence of meltwaters linked to Antarctic ice sheets, with ice-rafted debris and glacial deposits present for 53% of the period. Glendonites, indicators of cold conditions, are found in 24% of Cretaceous time, and glacio-eustasy played a significant role in short-term sea-level changes for a striking 86% of the period. Collectively, this evidence of an active Cretaceous cryosphere is strengthened by evidence of permafrost in plateaus and high-altitude deserts, coupled by robust geochemical palaeoclimate proxies. Our findings suggest that the conventional 'hothouse–icehouse' scheme applied on deep-time climate requires reconsideration, pointing instead to a much more complex Earth climate evolution that will require a thorough re-evaluation of geochemical proxies used during the Mesozoic.
{"title":"Low-latitude glaciation in the Cretaceous greenhouse: reviewing the cryosphere reach during an archetypal hothouse Earth","authors":"Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López , Pedro Ángel Fernández-Mendiola , Ginés A. de Gea , José A. Arz , Ignacio Arenillas , Vicente Gilabert , Luis Arlegui , Ana R. Soria , Vincent Fernández , William Amidon , Andrew Kylander-Clark , Jaime Frigola , Marc Cerdà-Domènech , Joshua Garber , Jerónimo López-Martínez , Julian B. Murton , Carlos L. Liesa","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The traditional \"Hothouse–Icehouse\" dichotomy and the prevailing \"Cretaceous greenhouse\" narrative fail to accurately represent the geological record. Geological evidence reveals an unknown Late Cretaceous glaciation (82.8–80.96 Ma, the Campanian Barrika glaciation), with tidewater glaciers grounded at an unusually low palaeolatitude (35°N), at a time when Mesozoic temperatures have been modelled near their highest. The Barrika glaciation constitutes the last known low-latitude glaciation on Earth since the Last Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), which reached 30°N. The Barrika glaciation is characterized by a remarkably well-preserved glaciomarine record of subtropical tidewater glaciers associated with outlets of an extensive ice cap in Iberia. Our multiproxy analysis reveals five distinct glaciomarine units, indicative of glacial advances and retreats with a 360-kyr spacing. Calving fronts of tidewater glaciers delivered large icebergs to the palaeo-Atlantic Ocean. This glaciation correlates with a peak of ultra-depleted δD ice-sheet-related meltwater signals from Antarctica and other independent indicators of global change. This discovery of a low-latitude glaciation during a purported 'hothouse' period fundamentally challenges simplified Cretaceous climate models. It underscores the critical need for refined paleoclimate proxies and integrated Earth system modelling to fully comprehend such transient yet significant glacial episodes. The robust multiproxy workflow developed for the Barrika glaciation offers a powerful tool for identifying other unknown glaciations in deep-time greenhouse stages. Despite its generally warm reputation, the 77.06-million-year-long Cretaceous Period surprisingly records the lowest latitudinal glaciation since the Paleozoic. Remarkably, 55% of this time shows evidence of meltwaters linked to Antarctic ice sheets, with ice-rafted debris and glacial deposits present for 53% of the period. Glendonites, indicators of cold conditions, are found in 24% of Cretaceous time, and glacio-eustasy played a significant role in short-term sea-level changes for a striking 86% of the period. Collectively, this evidence of an active Cretaceous cryosphere is strengthened by evidence of permafrost in plateaus and high-altitude deserts, coupled by robust geochemical palaeoclimate proxies. Our findings suggest that the conventional 'hothouse–icehouse' scheme applied on deep-time climate requires reconsideration, pointing instead to a much more complex Earth climate evolution that will require a thorough re-evaluation of geochemical proxies used during the Mesozoic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105351"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105380
M. Roveri , A. Cipriani , R. Gennari , S. Lugli , V. Manzi , M. Taviani
<div><div>A critical review of the contrasting scenarios proposed for the final evolutionary stage of the Messinian Salinity Crisis, the “Lago-mare”, suggests that each hypothesis may capture certain aspects of the puzzle. Integrating all the scientific elements into a coherent framework remains a significant challenge. This impasse may stem from the foundational assumptions of the prevailing crisis paradigm, which posits a negative hydrological budget for the Mediterranean, its isolation from the Atlantic, and a dominant influx of low-salinity waters from the Paratethys. The homogeneity of <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values, the absence of marine mollusks, the lack of unquestionable evidence for both shallow water indicators in deep basins and for high-amplitude water level changes suggest a new, comprehensive scenario, implying a positive Mediterranean hydrological budget and a continuous, albeit reduced and possibly intermittent, inflow of deep to intermediate Atlantic water. The Lago-mare is interpreted as a single, sustained event spanning the entirety of stage 3 (5.54–5.33 Ma), during which the Mediterranean remained full of water, possibly maintaining a connection with the Atlantic through the paleo-Gibraltar Strait, exhibited strong density stratification, and developed an estuarine circulation. We propose a tripartite water column structure, comprising: i) a surface brackish lid (< 200 m thick); ii) an intermediate marine layer sustained by Atlantic inflow; iii) a deep, dense, likely hypersaline layer formed during stages 1 and 2. The low salinity of the brackish lid is evidenced by the absence of mollusk taxa typical of fully marine and/or marine-connected shallow-water environments. The surface layer resulted from an increased freshwater input, not necessarily derived only from the Paratethys, but also driven by a shift in the regional precipitation patterns linked to the onset of the African Monsoon and the simultaneous uplift and emergence of the Apennine-Maghrebian orogen in the middle of the ancient Mediterranean. Such a hydrological configuration led to oxygen-depleted conditions in deep settings, as indicated by the apparent absence of benthic fauna and bioturbation. The presence of euryhaline organisms, especially near the top of stage 3 and close to the Messinian–Zanclean boundary, may reflect episodic marine incursions or brief hydrological shifts.</div><div>A mostly permanent Atlantic connection, along with a sustained marine underflow, could account for the erosional features observed at Gibraltar because of flow action throughout the whole Messinian, as well as for the Mediterranean base-level rise documented in the upper part of stage 3. This rise expanded shallow-water habitats and may have facilitated the observed progressive diversification and proliferation of Paratethyan hypohaline-mesohaline (anomalohaline) biota, i.e. those inhabiting water bodies of variable salinity, but disconnected from the marine setting
{"title":"Lago-mare – A new scenario for the final stage and the end of the Messinian salinity crisis","authors":"M. Roveri , A. Cipriani , R. Gennari , S. Lugli , V. Manzi , M. Taviani","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A critical review of the contrasting scenarios proposed for the final evolutionary stage of the Messinian Salinity Crisis, the “Lago-mare”, suggests that each hypothesis may capture certain aspects of the puzzle. Integrating all the scientific elements into a coherent framework remains a significant challenge. This impasse may stem from the foundational assumptions of the prevailing crisis paradigm, which posits a negative hydrological budget for the Mediterranean, its isolation from the Atlantic, and a dominant influx of low-salinity waters from the Paratethys. The homogeneity of <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values, the absence of marine mollusks, the lack of unquestionable evidence for both shallow water indicators in deep basins and for high-amplitude water level changes suggest a new, comprehensive scenario, implying a positive Mediterranean hydrological budget and a continuous, albeit reduced and possibly intermittent, inflow of deep to intermediate Atlantic water. The Lago-mare is interpreted as a single, sustained event spanning the entirety of stage 3 (5.54–5.33 Ma), during which the Mediterranean remained full of water, possibly maintaining a connection with the Atlantic through the paleo-Gibraltar Strait, exhibited strong density stratification, and developed an estuarine circulation. We propose a tripartite water column structure, comprising: i) a surface brackish lid (< 200 m thick); ii) an intermediate marine layer sustained by Atlantic inflow; iii) a deep, dense, likely hypersaline layer formed during stages 1 and 2. The low salinity of the brackish lid is evidenced by the absence of mollusk taxa typical of fully marine and/or marine-connected shallow-water environments. The surface layer resulted from an increased freshwater input, not necessarily derived only from the Paratethys, but also driven by a shift in the regional precipitation patterns linked to the onset of the African Monsoon and the simultaneous uplift and emergence of the Apennine-Maghrebian orogen in the middle of the ancient Mediterranean. Such a hydrological configuration led to oxygen-depleted conditions in deep settings, as indicated by the apparent absence of benthic fauna and bioturbation. The presence of euryhaline organisms, especially near the top of stage 3 and close to the Messinian–Zanclean boundary, may reflect episodic marine incursions or brief hydrological shifts.</div><div>A mostly permanent Atlantic connection, along with a sustained marine underflow, could account for the erosional features observed at Gibraltar because of flow action throughout the whole Messinian, as well as for the Mediterranean base-level rise documented in the upper part of stage 3. This rise expanded shallow-water habitats and may have facilitated the observed progressive diversification and proliferation of Paratethyan hypohaline-mesohaline (anomalohaline) biota, i.e. those inhabiting water bodies of variable salinity, but disconnected from the marine setting","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105380"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105371
José Carrión , Gabriela Amorós , Ariadna Amorós , María Alejandra Gandolfo , Evelyn Kustatscher
Paleoart, long considered peripheral to paleoscience, has become a powerful medium for visualizing extinct life and landscapes. Yet its historical trajectory has been dominated by zoocentric traditions, where plants are relegated to vague backdrops despite their central role in Earth system dynamics. This review examines the epistemological and cultural consequences of such plant blindness, situating paleoart at the intersection of paleontology, paleoecology, and landscape studies. We provide a critical historical synthesis, tracing the representation of vegetation from nineteenth-century phytocentric pioneers to the consolidation of animal-centered canons and the persistence of clichés that obscure paleobotanical data. Drawing on case studies across the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, we show how integrating fossil pollen and spores, macrofossils, taphonomic and multiproxy records—transforms paleoart into a form of visual scientific modeling that reveals ecological interactions, climatic drivers, and biogeographic patterns invisible in faunal reconstructions alone. Beyond historiography, we evaluate methodological frameworks for translating fragmentary data into coherent visual ecosystems, emphasizing the role of taphonomy, landscape reconstruction, and explicit protocols of inference. Particular attention is given to recent botanical paleoart that has redefined the visual vocabulary of deep time, replacing repetitive templates (“monkey puzzles and parking lots”) with floristically accurate reconstructions anchored in paleobotanical evidence. Finally, we highlight the Quaternary record, where paleoart remains less developed despite the abundance of high-resolution palynological, anthracological, and macrofossil archives. Here we present original reconstructions from the Iberian Peninsula that illustrate how glacial refugia, ecological mosaics, and vegetation dynamics can be made visible through art. These examples demonstrate that paleoart, when botanically informed, is not ancillary illustration but a methodological extension of paleoecology.
{"title":"Plants in the shadows: Bridging the gap in paleoecology and paleoart","authors":"José Carrión , Gabriela Amorós , Ariadna Amorós , María Alejandra Gandolfo , Evelyn Kustatscher","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paleoart, long considered peripheral to paleoscience, has become a powerful medium for visualizing extinct life and landscapes. Yet its historical trajectory has been dominated by zoocentric traditions, where plants are relegated to vague backdrops despite their central role in Earth system dynamics. This review examines the epistemological and cultural consequences of such plant blindness, situating paleoart at the intersection of paleontology, paleoecology, and landscape studies. We provide a critical historical synthesis, tracing the representation of vegetation from nineteenth-century phytocentric pioneers to the consolidation of animal-centered canons and the persistence of clichés that obscure paleobotanical data. Drawing on case studies across the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, we show how integrating fossil pollen and spores, macrofossils, taphonomic and multiproxy records—transforms paleoart into a form of visual scientific modeling that reveals ecological interactions, climatic drivers, and biogeographic patterns invisible in faunal reconstructions alone. Beyond historiography, we evaluate methodological frameworks for translating fragmentary data into coherent visual ecosystems, emphasizing the role of taphonomy, landscape reconstruction, and explicit protocols of inference. Particular attention is given to recent botanical paleoart that has redefined the visual vocabulary of deep time, replacing repetitive templates (“monkey puzzles and parking lots”) with floristically accurate reconstructions anchored in paleobotanical evidence. Finally, we highlight the Quaternary record, where paleoart remains less developed despite the abundance of high-resolution palynological, anthracological, and macrofossil archives. Here we present original reconstructions from the Iberian Peninsula that illustrate how glacial refugia, ecological mosaics, and vegetation dynamics can be made visible through art. These examples demonstrate that paleoart, when botanically informed, is not ancillary illustration but a methodological extension of paleoecology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105371"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393
Jie Liang , Xianwei Liu , Amedea Perfumo , Lichen Yang , Juzhi Hou , Haichao Xie , Ulrike Herzschuh , Fahu Chen
Classical paleoclimate reconstructions rely on a space-for-time substitution approach, but past environmental conditions may extend beyond modern analogs. This introduces biases in reconstructions, known as the edge effect, stemming from no-analog past conditions, statistical limitations, and eco-physiological effects. Quantification and partitioning of the sources of the edge effect remain limited. Here, we examined temperature reconstructions based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) from global modern soils, and quantified the factors contributing to the edge effect. Our analysis shows that climate variables alone are the dominant contributors to the reconstruction bias, accounting for 46%, while soil properties (23%) and topography (13%) represent additional environmental controls. Biotic factors also contribute, with vegetation accounting for 11% and bacterial community structure for 7% of the total bias. We employed a Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics approach to dynamically simulate brGDGT-based temperature biases. Applying this simulation to loess deposits from the Chinese Loess Plateau, we demonstrate a previous overestimation of Last Glacial Maximum temperatures by 1.2–4.2 °C. These findings advance our understanding of edge effects in both modern and paleo-reconstructions, and highlight the need for caution when using proxies, especially under no-analog conditions.
{"title":"Mitigating edge effects in paleoclimate reconstructions: a comprehensive review and bias assessment of soil brGDGT-based temperature reconstructions","authors":"Jie Liang , Xianwei Liu , Amedea Perfumo , Lichen Yang , Juzhi Hou , Haichao Xie , Ulrike Herzschuh , Fahu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Classical paleoclimate reconstructions rely on a space-for-time substitution approach, but past environmental conditions may extend beyond modern analogs. This introduces biases in reconstructions, known as the edge effect, stemming from no-analog past conditions, statistical limitations, and eco-physiological effects. Quantification and partitioning of the sources of the edge effect remain limited. Here, we examined temperature reconstructions based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) from global modern soils, and quantified the factors contributing to the edge effect. Our analysis shows that climate variables alone are the dominant contributors to the reconstruction bias, accounting for 46%, while soil properties (23%) and topography (13%) represent additional environmental controls. Biotic factors also contribute, with vegetation accounting for 11% and bacterial community structure for 7% of the total bias. We employed a Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics approach to dynamically simulate brGDGT-based temperature biases. Applying this simulation to loess deposits from the Chinese Loess Plateau, we demonstrate a previous overestimation of Last Glacial Maximum temperatures by 1.2–4.2 °C. These findings advance our understanding of edge effects in both modern and paleo-reconstructions, and highlight the need for caution when using proxies, especially under no-analog conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105393"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392
Chao Liu , Pedro Cózar , Ismael Coronado , Yuansheng Du , Axel Munnecke , Xin Li , Xia Hu , Meng Li , Weiqing Liu , Ping Wang
The middle to late Mississippian period witnessed substantial transformations in global paleogeography, climate, marine environments, and ecosystems. Unraveling the causal relationships among these events necessitates the establishment of a unified chronostratigraphic framework applicable across various regions and depositional environments, a challenge that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we present the first comprehensive integration of late Visean to Serpukhovian foraminiferal and conodont biostratigraphy with δ13C stratigraphy from the Youjiang Basin in South China, along with a comparison to corresponding datasets from other regions in the Western Paleotethys. This study performs a detailed and precise correlation between foraminiferal, conodont, and δ13C stratigraphy from South China. Additionally, a synthesis of δ13C profiles and biostratigraphic records from the Paleotethys realm confirms the presence of two critical bioevents near the traditional Visean–Serpukhovian boundary, both within the interval corresponding to the Russian Venevian Substage (in ascending order): the first occurrence of Janischewskina delicata and ‘Millerella’ tortula, followed by the first appearance of Lochriea ziegleri. The younger bioevent is considered here as a rather suitable primary marker for the redefinition of the base of the Serpukhovian Stage, particularly because this level closely aligns with the nadir of a prominent positive δ13C excursion (designated as Vp3). By contrast, the slightly earlier first occurrence of J. delicata and ‘M.’ tortula coincides with the rising limb leading to Vp2 following the preceding negative δ13C excursion (Vn1), providing important auxiliary guides, although their local first occurrences are less consistent compared to those of L. ziegleri. The Visean–Serpukhovian boundary has not been formally defined biostratigraphically due to the scarcity of traditional Tarusian markers in the Chinese sections. However, based on foraminiferal bio- and δ13C chemostratigraphic records from the Vegas de Sotres section (Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain), the base of the Tarusian can be tentatively positioned just below the nadir of another significant positive δ13C excursion (Sp1).
{"title":"A refined middle-late Mississippian chronostratigraphic framework established through biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy in South China: Implications for redefining the base of the Serpukhovian Stage","authors":"Chao Liu , Pedro Cózar , Ismael Coronado , Yuansheng Du , Axel Munnecke , Xin Li , Xia Hu , Meng Li , Weiqing Liu , Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The middle to late Mississippian period witnessed substantial transformations in global paleogeography, climate, marine environments, and ecosystems. Unraveling the causal relationships among these events necessitates the establishment of a unified chronostratigraphic framework applicable across various regions and depositional environments, a challenge that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we present the first comprehensive integration of late Visean to Serpukhovian foraminiferal and conodont biostratigraphy with δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphy from the Youjiang Basin in South China, along with a comparison to corresponding datasets from other regions in the Western Paleotethys. This study performs a detailed and precise correlation between foraminiferal, conodont, and δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphy from South China. Additionally, a synthesis of δ<sup>13</sup>C profiles and biostratigraphic records from the Paleotethys realm confirms the presence of two critical bioevents near the traditional Visean–Serpukhovian boundary, both within the interval corresponding to the Russian Venevian Substage (in ascending order): the first occurrence of <em>Janischewskina delicata</em> and ‘<em>Millerella</em>’ <em>tortula</em>, followed by the first appearance of <em>Lochriea ziegleri</em>. The younger bioevent is considered here as a rather suitable primary marker for the redefinition of the base of the Serpukhovian Stage, particularly because this level closely aligns with the nadir of a prominent positive δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (designated as Vp3). By contrast, the slightly earlier first occurrence of <em>J</em>. <em>delicata</em> and ‘<em>M.</em>’ <em>tortula</em> coincides with the rising limb leading to Vp2 following the preceding negative δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (Vn1), providing important auxiliary guides, although their local first occurrences are less consistent compared to those of <em>L</em>. <em>ziegleri</em>. The Visean–Serpukhovian boundary has not been formally defined biostratigraphically due to the scarcity of traditional Tarusian markers in the Chinese sections. However, based on foraminiferal bio- and δ<sup>13</sup>C chemostratigraphic records from the Vegas de Sotres section (Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain), the base of the Tarusian can be tentatively positioned just below the nadir of another significant positive δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (Sp1).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105392"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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