Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373
Simon Seelig , Magdalena Seelig , Karl Krainer , Gerfried Winkler
Rock glaciers are key components of alpine hydrology, regulating groundwater flow and shaping catchment responses in permafrost-affected environments. While traditional models represent subsurface flow as diffuse through a porous matrix, field evidence increasingly demonstrates that channelized flow exerts a critical influence on groundwater dynamics. This review explores the hydrological processes governed by these channel networks, which enable rapid, turbulent water movement along distinct pathways. Observations of channels and hydraulically related features from 73 sites across mountain regions worldwide, viewed through a range of disciplinary perspectives, are synthesized into a unified conceptual framework. Building on this body of field evidence, we analyze the implications of channelized flow for groundwater movement, water quality, solute and heat transfer, permafrost degradation, and slope stability, advancing understanding of these interconnected processes. Our synthesis suggests that channels enhance water transport efficiency, accelerate permafrost thaw, and trigger debris flows and thermokarst lake outburst floods. The rapid transfer of suspended and dissolved matter makes downstream springs vulnerable to contamination and affects their suitability for water supply. Through integrating field observations, geophysical surveys, tracer experiments, borehole data, and ground temperatures, we reveal key processes governing water movement and its interconnected effects on heat, solutes, and permafrost structure in rock glaciers and related periglacial systems. We propose a novel conceptual model that integrates preferential flow paths into the framework of permafrost hydrology and identifies new directions for investigating hydrological processes in alpine aquifers.
{"title":"Preferential flow paths in active rock glaciers","authors":"Simon Seelig , Magdalena Seelig , Karl Krainer , Gerfried Winkler","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock glaciers are key components of alpine hydrology, regulating groundwater flow and shaping catchment responses in permafrost-affected environments. While traditional models represent subsurface flow as diffuse through a porous matrix, field evidence increasingly demonstrates that channelized flow exerts a critical influence on groundwater dynamics. This review explores the hydrological processes governed by these channel networks, which enable rapid, turbulent water movement along distinct pathways. Observations of channels and hydraulically related features from 73 sites across mountain regions worldwide, viewed through a range of disciplinary perspectives, are synthesized into a unified conceptual framework. Building on this body of field evidence, we analyze the implications of channelized flow for groundwater movement, water quality, solute and heat transfer, permafrost degradation, and slope stability, advancing understanding of these interconnected processes. Our synthesis suggests that channels enhance water transport efficiency, accelerate permafrost thaw, and trigger debris flows and thermokarst lake outburst floods. The rapid transfer of suspended and dissolved matter makes downstream springs vulnerable to contamination and affects their suitability for water supply. Through integrating field observations, geophysical surveys, tracer experiments, borehole data, and ground temperatures, we reveal key processes governing water movement and its interconnected effects on heat, solutes, and permafrost structure in rock glaciers and related periglacial systems. We propose a novel conceptual model that integrates preferential flow paths into the framework of permafrost hydrology and identifies new directions for investigating hydrological processes in alpine aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105373"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395
Jan Černý , Samuel T. Thiele , Marie Guilcher , Mathias Burisch , Uwe Lehmann , Henrik Kaufmann , Lutz Sonnabend , Jens Gutzmer
The Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany) and Krušné hory (Czech Republic / Czechia) region hosts prolific Li-(Sn-W) deposits, all linked to late-stage magma evolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within a Caldera collapse system. Whereas the geochemical controls are relatively well understood, tectonic controls on magma emplacement are not. Here, we aim to explain the tectonic controls on trans-crustal caldera-forming magmatic systems, and link these to more local controls on fertile magmatism. This is achieved by compiling and reviewing available geological, geochronological, geophysical, and structural data, and integrating them to derive a framework for late- to post-Variscan tectonics and magmatism. Specifically, we link the main faults in the vicinity of the Altenberg-Teplice and Tharandt calderas with the western middle Pennsylvanian (∼314–312 Ma) Bohemian basin system, to propose a major transtensional linkage structure between the Elbe Shear Zone and Pfahl or Danube Shear Zones. We propose that these transtensional pull-apart basins and dextral strike-slip fault systems do not only localize crustal-scale magmatic systems and associated calderas, but also exert a more local control on intra-caldera intrusive stocks that are host to greisen-type Li-(Sn-W) ore deposits in the Eastern Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region.
{"title":"Tectonic controls on lithium deposits in the Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region: Regional scale reconstruction of structural controls on late-Variscan mineralization","authors":"Jan Černý , Samuel T. Thiele , Marie Guilcher , Mathias Burisch , Uwe Lehmann , Henrik Kaufmann , Lutz Sonnabend , Jens Gutzmer","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany) and Krušné hory (Czech Republic / Czechia) region hosts prolific Li-(Sn-W) deposits, all linked to late-stage magma evolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within a Caldera collapse system. Whereas the geochemical controls are relatively well understood, tectonic controls on magma emplacement are not. Here, we aim to explain the tectonic controls on trans-crustal caldera-forming magmatic systems, and link these to more local controls on fertile magmatism. This is achieved by compiling and reviewing available geological, geochronological, geophysical, and structural data, and integrating them to derive a framework for late- to post-Variscan tectonics and magmatism. Specifically, we link the main faults in the vicinity of the Altenberg-Teplice and Tharandt calderas with the western middle Pennsylvanian (∼314–312 Ma) Bohemian basin system, to propose a major transtensional linkage structure between the Elbe Shear Zone and Pfahl or Danube Shear Zones. We propose that these transtensional pull-apart basins and dextral strike-slip fault systems do not only localize crustal-scale magmatic systems and associated calderas, but also exert a more local control on intra-caldera intrusive stocks that are host to greisen-type Li-(Sn-W) ore deposits in the Eastern Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105395"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394
Pedram Fardad Amini, Jun Yang
The phenomenon of repeated soil liquefaction, in which the same soil liquefies multiple times during recent earthquakes, has resulted in extensive environmental damage, infrastructure destruction, and human loss. This highlights the need to establish advanced models to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils upon a sequence of shaking events, an area where current knowledge remains very limited. This paper presents a literature review of laboratory studies on the liquefaction behavior of soils during multiple shaking events. Experimental data from laboratory multi-stage tests, including cyclic triaxial (CTX), cyclic simple shear (CSS), cyclic torsional shear (CTS), and cyclic stacked-ring shear tests (CSRS), are employed and reanalyzed using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. It is suggested that liquefaction resistance curves derived from CTS tests can be used to consider the impacts of the initial fabric and state of sandy soils, as well as various prior shear histories, on the reliquefaction response of sands. A suite of models is established for the first time to predict the reliquefaction (short-term) and multiple liquefaction (long-term) resistance of granular soils with different initial fabric and states and with different stress and strain histories upon successive seismic events.
{"title":"Multiple liquefaction of granular soils in the light of critical state theory: A fundamental review","authors":"Pedram Fardad Amini, Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenon of repeated soil liquefaction, in which the same soil liquefies multiple times during recent earthquakes, has resulted in extensive environmental damage, infrastructure destruction, and human loss. This highlights the need to establish advanced models to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils upon a sequence of shaking events, an area where current knowledge remains very limited. This paper presents a literature review of laboratory studies on the liquefaction behavior of soils during multiple shaking events. Experimental data from laboratory multi-stage tests, including cyclic triaxial (CTX), cyclic simple shear (CSS), cyclic torsional shear (CTS), and cyclic stacked-ring shear tests (CSRS), are employed and reanalyzed using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. It is suggested that liquefaction resistance curves derived from CTS tests can be used to consider the impacts of the initial fabric and state of sandy soils, as well as various prior shear histories, on the reliquefaction response of sands. A suite of models is established for the first time to predict the reliquefaction (short-term) and multiple liquefaction (long-term) resistance of granular soils with different initial fabric and states and with different stress and strain histories upon successive seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105394"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391
Mahdi Najafi , Jaume Vergés , David Cruset , Philippe Razin , Marc Viaplana-Muzas , Montserrat Torne , Daniel García-Castellanos , Ana M. Negredo , Vincenzo Spina , Manel Fernàndez , Ivone Jiménez-Munt
The Semail Ophiolite in Oman has been central to obduction research for over 50 years. Our new study builds on this legacy, introducing 254-km long balanced and restored NE-SW cross-sections that run from the Semail Ophiolite to the Fahud foreland. These sections through Central Oman, resolve geometric inconsistencies, providing a clearer, quantifiable crustal-scale kinematic model from Mid-Cretaceous to present-day. Our findings reveal a ∼ N030° compressional direction from 15 new localities, reconstruct a 235 km minimum length pre-obduction hyperextended Hawasina Basin, and identify the 16–22-km wide Sumeini slope as a crucial low-angle footwall ramp for allochthonous nappes. We have also pinpointed four main detachment levels shaping the Central Oman Mountains: the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina basal detachments, the Jabal Akhdar flat-ramp-flat thick-skinned thrust, and the Ara Salt detachment. Through stepwise kinematic reconstructions, we defined three key subduction-driven obduction stages from Mid-Cretaceous: 1) Pre-obduction Stage (Albian-Cenomanian boundary to 95.2 Ma) characterized by NE-dipping intra-oceanic subduction and slab rollback; 2) Obduction Stage (∼95.2–80 Ma) depicting the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina nappes obduction over the Oman margin; and 3) Post-obduction Mountain-building Stage since Campanian times. Finally, we have estimated a convergence rate of 22 mm/yr during the Late Cretaceous (95.2 to 85 Ma), accounting for near half of the total convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This study provides a powerful new framework for understanding obduction and mountain building, serving as a valuable template for investigating regions where later continental collision has obscured evidence of these processes.
{"title":"Central Oman subduction-driven obduction and mountain building: Kinematic modeling from Mid-Cretaceous through balanced and restored cross-sections","authors":"Mahdi Najafi , Jaume Vergés , David Cruset , Philippe Razin , Marc Viaplana-Muzas , Montserrat Torne , Daniel García-Castellanos , Ana M. Negredo , Vincenzo Spina , Manel Fernàndez , Ivone Jiménez-Munt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Semail Ophiolite in Oman has been central to obduction research for over 50 years. Our new study builds on this legacy, introducing 254-km long balanced and restored NE-SW cross-sections that run from the Semail Ophiolite to the Fahud foreland. These sections through Central Oman, resolve geometric inconsistencies, providing a clearer, quantifiable crustal-scale kinematic model from Mid-Cretaceous to present-day. Our findings reveal a ∼ N030° compressional direction from 15 new localities, reconstruct a 235 km minimum length pre-obduction hyperextended Hawasina Basin, and identify the 16–22-km wide Sumeini slope as a crucial low-angle footwall ramp for allochthonous nappes. We have also pinpointed four main detachment levels shaping the Central Oman Mountains: the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina basal detachments, the Jabal Akhdar flat-ramp-flat thick-skinned thrust, and the Ara Salt detachment. Through stepwise kinematic reconstructions, we defined three key subduction-driven obduction stages from Mid-Cretaceous: 1) Pre-obduction Stage (Albian-Cenomanian boundary to 95.2 Ma) characterized by NE-dipping intra-oceanic subduction and slab rollback; 2) Obduction Stage (∼95.2–80 Ma) depicting the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina nappes obduction over the Oman margin; and 3) Post-obduction Mountain-building Stage since Campanian times. Finally, we have estimated a convergence rate of 22 mm/yr during the Late Cretaceous (95.2 to 85 Ma), accounting for near half of the total convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This study provides a powerful new framework for understanding obduction and mountain building, serving as a valuable template for investigating regions where later continental collision has obscured evidence of these processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105391"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393
Jie Liang , Xianwei Liu , Amedea Perfumo , Lichen Yang , Juzhi Hou , Haichao Xie , Ulrike Herzschuh , Fahu Chen
Classical paleoclimate reconstructions rely on a space-for-time substitution approach, but past environmental conditions may extend beyond modern analogs. This introduces biases in reconstructions, known as the edge effect, stemming from no-analog past conditions, statistical limitations, and eco-physiological effects. Quantification and partitioning of the sources of the edge effect remain limited. Here, we examined temperature reconstructions based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) from global modern soils, and quantified the factors contributing to the edge effect. Our analysis shows that climate variables alone are the dominant contributors to the reconstruction bias, accounting for 46%, while soil properties (23%) and topography (13%) represent additional environmental controls. Biotic factors also contribute, with vegetation accounting for 11% and bacterial community structure for 7% of the total bias. We employed a Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics approach to dynamically simulate brGDGT-based temperature biases. Applying this simulation to loess deposits from the Chinese Loess Plateau, we demonstrate a previous overestimation of Last Glacial Maximum temperatures by 1.2–4.2 °C. These findings advance our understanding of edge effects in both modern and paleo-reconstructions, and highlight the need for caution when using proxies, especially under no-analog conditions.
{"title":"Mitigating edge effects in paleoclimate reconstructions: a comprehensive review and bias assessment of soil brGDGT-based temperature reconstructions","authors":"Jie Liang , Xianwei Liu , Amedea Perfumo , Lichen Yang , Juzhi Hou , Haichao Xie , Ulrike Herzschuh , Fahu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Classical paleoclimate reconstructions rely on a space-for-time substitution approach, but past environmental conditions may extend beyond modern analogs. This introduces biases in reconstructions, known as the edge effect, stemming from no-analog past conditions, statistical limitations, and eco-physiological effects. Quantification and partitioning of the sources of the edge effect remain limited. Here, we examined temperature reconstructions based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) from global modern soils, and quantified the factors contributing to the edge effect. Our analysis shows that climate variables alone are the dominant contributors to the reconstruction bias, accounting for 46%, while soil properties (23%) and topography (13%) represent additional environmental controls. Biotic factors also contribute, with vegetation accounting for 11% and bacterial community structure for 7% of the total bias. We employed a Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics approach to dynamically simulate brGDGT-based temperature biases. Applying this simulation to loess deposits from the Chinese Loess Plateau, we demonstrate a previous overestimation of Last Glacial Maximum temperatures by 1.2–4.2 °C. These findings advance our understanding of edge effects in both modern and paleo-reconstructions, and highlight the need for caution when using proxies, especially under no-analog conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105393"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392
Chao Liu , Pedro Cózar , Ismael Coronado , Yuansheng Du , Axel Munnecke , Xin Li , Xia Hu , Meng Li , Weiqing Liu , Ping Wang
The middle to late Mississippian period witnessed substantial transformations in global paleogeography, climate, marine environments, and ecosystems. Unraveling the causal relationships among these events necessitates the establishment of a unified chronostratigraphic framework applicable across various regions and depositional environments, a challenge that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we present the first comprehensive integration of late Visean to Serpukhovian foraminiferal and conodont biostratigraphy with δ13C stratigraphy from the Youjiang Basin in South China, along with a comparison to corresponding datasets from other regions in the Western Paleotethys. This study performs a detailed and precise correlation between foraminiferal, conodont, and δ13C stratigraphy from South China. Additionally, a synthesis of δ13C profiles and biostratigraphic records from the Paleotethys realm confirms the presence of two critical bioevents near the traditional Visean–Serpukhovian boundary, both within the interval corresponding to the Russian Venevian Substage (in ascending order): the first occurrence of Janischewskina delicata and ‘Millerella’ tortula, followed by the first appearance of Lochriea ziegleri. The younger bioevent is considered here as a rather suitable primary marker for the redefinition of the base of the Serpukhovian Stage, particularly because this level closely aligns with the nadir of a prominent positive δ13C excursion (designated as Vp3). By contrast, the slightly earlier first occurrence of J. delicata and ‘M.’ tortula coincides with the rising limb leading to Vp2 following the preceding negative δ13C excursion (Vn1), providing important auxiliary guides, although their local first occurrences are less consistent compared to those of L. ziegleri. The Visean–Serpukhovian boundary has not been formally defined biostratigraphically due to the scarcity of traditional Tarusian markers in the Chinese sections. However, based on foraminiferal bio- and δ13C chemostratigraphic records from the Vegas de Sotres section (Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain), the base of the Tarusian can be tentatively positioned just below the nadir of another significant positive δ13C excursion (Sp1).
{"title":"A refined middle-late Mississippian chronostratigraphic framework established through biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy in South China: Implications for redefining the base of the Serpukhovian Stage","authors":"Chao Liu , Pedro Cózar , Ismael Coronado , Yuansheng Du , Axel Munnecke , Xin Li , Xia Hu , Meng Li , Weiqing Liu , Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The middle to late Mississippian period witnessed substantial transformations in global paleogeography, climate, marine environments, and ecosystems. Unraveling the causal relationships among these events necessitates the establishment of a unified chronostratigraphic framework applicable across various regions and depositional environments, a challenge that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we present the first comprehensive integration of late Visean to Serpukhovian foraminiferal and conodont biostratigraphy with δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphy from the Youjiang Basin in South China, along with a comparison to corresponding datasets from other regions in the Western Paleotethys. This study performs a detailed and precise correlation between foraminiferal, conodont, and δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphy from South China. Additionally, a synthesis of δ<sup>13</sup>C profiles and biostratigraphic records from the Paleotethys realm confirms the presence of two critical bioevents near the traditional Visean–Serpukhovian boundary, both within the interval corresponding to the Russian Venevian Substage (in ascending order): the first occurrence of <em>Janischewskina delicata</em> and ‘<em>Millerella</em>’ <em>tortula</em>, followed by the first appearance of <em>Lochriea ziegleri</em>. The younger bioevent is considered here as a rather suitable primary marker for the redefinition of the base of the Serpukhovian Stage, particularly because this level closely aligns with the nadir of a prominent positive δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (designated as Vp3). By contrast, the slightly earlier first occurrence of <em>J</em>. <em>delicata</em> and ‘<em>M.</em>’ <em>tortula</em> coincides with the rising limb leading to Vp2 following the preceding negative δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (Vn1), providing important auxiliary guides, although their local first occurrences are less consistent compared to those of <em>L</em>. <em>ziegleri</em>. The Visean–Serpukhovian boundary has not been formally defined biostratigraphically due to the scarcity of traditional Tarusian markers in the Chinese sections. However, based on foraminiferal bio- and δ<sup>13</sup>C chemostratigraphic records from the Vegas de Sotres section (Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain), the base of the Tarusian can be tentatively positioned just below the nadir of another significant positive δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (Sp1).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105392"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390
Jing Lu , Xue Peng , Lusheng Yin , Ziyu Ling , Minfang Yang , Peixin Zhang , Kai Zhou , Le Liu , Shifeng Dai , Longyi Shao , Jason Hilton
<div><div>Plant terrestrialization—the early evolution of terrestrial vegetation originating, establishing, and expanding during the Silurian-Carboniferous—was a critical event in the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere that shaped the way to a habitable Earth. Under favorable paleobotanical, paleoclimatic, paleogeographical, and paleotectonic conditions, large quantities of plant remains can accumulate as peat in wetlands, forming a key component of the global carbon cycle, a major terrestrial carbon sink, and eventually coal deposits. However, the direct influence of terrestrialization on coal accumulation and coal quality remains unclear. This review examines the synergistic interplay between the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming vegetation across the Rhyniophytic, Eophytic and Paleophytic Terrestrialization Phases and global coal accumulation, focusing on coal composition and seam thickness. In the Silurian radiation prelude, plants were mostly aquatic algae and early vascular plants (e.g., <em>Cooksonia, Rhynia</em>) inhabiting near-water environments, with poorly developed vascular tissues and low biomass. No terrestrial coal accumulated. In the Rhyniophytic to early Eophytic Floras, early vascular plants still dominated, but body sizes and biomass increased, and organs including roots and primitive small leaves evolved. Coal-bearing sediments were sporadically distributed along equatorial tropical coastlines and in shallow marine environments, composed predominantly of detrital organic matter derived. In the late Eophytic to early Paleophytic floras, evolution of secondary xylem (wood), arborescence, and concentrated root systems increased biomass, with peat accumulating from higher plants in equatorial tropical coastal plains and forming sporadically mineable humic coals with ∼50% liptinite. The early Paleophytic Flora witnessed the evolution of deep root systems and the seed habit, enabling plants to gradually occupy drier environments. Peat accumulation intensified with humic coals dominated by liptinite (∼70%) widespread in equatorial coastal plains. In the middle Paleophytic Flora, lycopods, sphenopsids, ferns and pteridosperms further developed, and arborescence became more prevalent, with industrially significant humic coals (vitrinite content >40%) accumulating widely in low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. The late Paleophytic Flora witnessed proliferation of existing lineages with <em>Cordaites</em> emerging as dominant coal-forming gymnosperms in lycophyte dominated wetlands. Extensive workable humic coal seams developed across low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. These patterns indicate that terrestrial vegetation not only contributed directly to peat formation but also influenced coal maceral composition and coal seam distribution. Vegetation further shaped surface environments favorable for peat accumulation in indirect and lasting ways, thereby establishing terrestrial e
{"title":"Influence of plant terrestrialization on coal accumulation and deep time terrestrial carbon storage","authors":"Jing Lu , Xue Peng , Lusheng Yin , Ziyu Ling , Minfang Yang , Peixin Zhang , Kai Zhou , Le Liu , Shifeng Dai , Longyi Shao , Jason Hilton","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant terrestrialization—the early evolution of terrestrial vegetation originating, establishing, and expanding during the Silurian-Carboniferous—was a critical event in the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere that shaped the way to a habitable Earth. Under favorable paleobotanical, paleoclimatic, paleogeographical, and paleotectonic conditions, large quantities of plant remains can accumulate as peat in wetlands, forming a key component of the global carbon cycle, a major terrestrial carbon sink, and eventually coal deposits. However, the direct influence of terrestrialization on coal accumulation and coal quality remains unclear. This review examines the synergistic interplay between the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming vegetation across the Rhyniophytic, Eophytic and Paleophytic Terrestrialization Phases and global coal accumulation, focusing on coal composition and seam thickness. In the Silurian radiation prelude, plants were mostly aquatic algae and early vascular plants (e.g., <em>Cooksonia, Rhynia</em>) inhabiting near-water environments, with poorly developed vascular tissues and low biomass. No terrestrial coal accumulated. In the Rhyniophytic to early Eophytic Floras, early vascular plants still dominated, but body sizes and biomass increased, and organs including roots and primitive small leaves evolved. Coal-bearing sediments were sporadically distributed along equatorial tropical coastlines and in shallow marine environments, composed predominantly of detrital organic matter derived. In the late Eophytic to early Paleophytic floras, evolution of secondary xylem (wood), arborescence, and concentrated root systems increased biomass, with peat accumulating from higher plants in equatorial tropical coastal plains and forming sporadically mineable humic coals with ∼50% liptinite. The early Paleophytic Flora witnessed the evolution of deep root systems and the seed habit, enabling plants to gradually occupy drier environments. Peat accumulation intensified with humic coals dominated by liptinite (∼70%) widespread in equatorial coastal plains. In the middle Paleophytic Flora, lycopods, sphenopsids, ferns and pteridosperms further developed, and arborescence became more prevalent, with industrially significant humic coals (vitrinite content >40%) accumulating widely in low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. The late Paleophytic Flora witnessed proliferation of existing lineages with <em>Cordaites</em> emerging as dominant coal-forming gymnosperms in lycophyte dominated wetlands. Extensive workable humic coal seams developed across low-latitude tropical and mid-latitude temperate zones. These patterns indicate that terrestrial vegetation not only contributed directly to peat formation but also influenced coal maceral composition and coal seam distribution. Vegetation further shaped surface environments favorable for peat accumulation in indirect and lasting ways, thereby establishing terrestrial e","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105390"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368
Thomas L.A. Schouten , Shihu Li , Eldert L. Advokaat , Sean D. Willett , Lydian M. Boschman
The Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen is the largest region of active continental deformation on Earth. Knowledge of the kinematic evolution of this orogenic system is paramount in understanding the dynamics of convergence and continental collision, the development of topography and both regional and global climate changes, as well as the origin of local biodiversity hotspots. Here, we capitalise on the large amount of data published in the last decade to present a new tectonic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since the Cretaceous. We build our reconstruction with high-resolution oceanic spreading records and a thorough review of available data from structural geology, sedimentary provenance and palaeomagnetism, and explicitly resolve continental deformation using the latest advancements in reconstruction software. The reconstruction shows that Tibet was subject to extensive continental deformation, a significant portion of which is related to subduction of the Neotethys Ocean rather than India-Eurasia collision. All available data support a scenario with a single subduction zone along the southern margin of Eurasia since at least 130 Ma and a 59 Ma collision of the Tethyan Himalaya with Eurasia. We account for the inherent dispersion of palaeomagnetic poles when interpreting data from terranes like the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and the West Burma Terrane. As a result, the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc is best interpreted as the lateral continuation of the Gangdese Arc on the Lhasa Terrane, while the West Burma Terrane is most likely a forearc sliver that was originally situated off the western margin of Sumatra. Whether the 2000 km wide crust of Greater India that subducted without a geologic record was entirely continental or partly oceanic cannot be conclusively determined from the geologic record and the tectonic history of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen nor that of the adjacent SE Asian Orogen. Finally, our reconstruction provides a quantitative platform for future study on the geodynamics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimate, and biogeography of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogenic System.
{"title":"Quantitative kinematic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since 130 Ma","authors":"Thomas L.A. Schouten , Shihu Li , Eldert L. Advokaat , Sean D. Willett , Lydian M. Boschman","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen is the largest region of active continental deformation on Earth. Knowledge of the kinematic evolution of this orogenic system is paramount in understanding the dynamics of convergence and continental collision, the development of topography and both regional and global climate changes, as well as the origin of local biodiversity hotspots. Here, we capitalise on the large amount of data published in the last decade to present a new tectonic reconstruction of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen since the Cretaceous. We build our reconstruction with high-resolution oceanic spreading records and a thorough review of available data from structural geology, sedimentary provenance and palaeomagnetism, and explicitly resolve continental deformation using the latest advancements in reconstruction software. The reconstruction shows that Tibet was subject to extensive continental deformation, a significant portion of which is related to subduction of the Neotethys Ocean rather than India-Eurasia collision. All available data support a scenario with a single subduction zone along the southern margin of Eurasia since at least 130 Ma and a <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 59 Ma collision of the Tethyan Himalaya with Eurasia. We account for the inherent dispersion of palaeomagnetic poles when interpreting data from terranes like the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and the West Burma Terrane. As a result, the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc is best interpreted as the lateral continuation of the Gangdese Arc on the Lhasa Terrane, while the West Burma Terrane is most likely a forearc sliver that was originally situated off the western margin of Sumatra. Whether the <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 2000 km wide crust of Greater India that subducted without a geologic record was entirely continental or partly oceanic cannot be conclusively determined from the geologic record and the tectonic history of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogen nor that of the adjacent SE Asian Orogen. Finally, our reconstruction provides a quantitative platform for future study on the geodynamics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimate, and biogeography of the Tibetan-Himalayan Orogenic System.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105368"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389
N. Bellahsen , C. Rosenberg , A. Paul , L. Labrousse , M. Sonnet , A. Nouibat , J.B. Girault , B. Huet , P. Agard , L. Jolivet , D. Marquer , M. Bernet , R. Pik
We investigate the deep crustal structure of the Western and Central Alps based on recent S- and P-wave velocity models and previous seismic images coupled to geological surface information. Key observations of the S-wave velocity model are two deep, crustal low velocity anomalies (a frontal and an inner anomaly) and the termination of the European continental crust below the wedge. Balanced cross-sections show that deep geometries from geophysical constraints are consistent with shallow structures from geological data. In both the Western and Central Alps, an early phase of collision, characterized by distributed shortening throughout the whole orogen, occurred from the onset of collision, at 32 Ma, until c.a. 22 Ma. In the Western Alps, a late phase of shortening, from 22 Ma onwards, is localized on the frontal crustal ramps in the pro-wedge below the External Crystalline Massifs. In the European crust, these collisional structures root in the inner velocity anomaly (middle- to lower-crustal low S-wave velocity zones) interpreted as a thick shear zone acting as a deep, crustal decollement. This velocity anomaly is possibly due to the development of syn-kinematic Alpine metamorphic paragenesis (amphibolite facies) in a deep, ductile decollement. Thus, the 10-Myr time interval (32–22 Ma) for shortening and localization on frontal thrusts in the European crust may reflect the characteristic time of deformation localization within the deep decollement.
{"title":"Deep crustal structure and collision dynamics in the Western and Central European Alps","authors":"N. Bellahsen , C. Rosenberg , A. Paul , L. Labrousse , M. Sonnet , A. Nouibat , J.B. Girault , B. Huet , P. Agard , L. Jolivet , D. Marquer , M. Bernet , R. Pik","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the deep crustal structure of the Western and Central Alps based on recent S- and P-wave velocity models and previous seismic images coupled to geological surface information. Key observations of the S-wave velocity model are two deep, crustal low velocity anomalies (a frontal and an inner anomaly) and the termination of the European continental crust below the wedge. Balanced cross-sections show that deep geometries from geophysical constraints are consistent with shallow structures from geological data. In both the Western and Central Alps, an early phase of collision, characterized by distributed shortening throughout the whole orogen, occurred from the onset of collision, at 32 Ma, until c.a. 22 Ma. In the Western Alps, a late phase of shortening, from 22 Ma onwards, is localized on the frontal crustal ramps in the pro-wedge below the External Crystalline Massifs. In the European crust, these collisional structures root in the inner velocity anomaly (middle- to lower-crustal low S-wave velocity zones) interpreted as a thick shear zone acting as a deep, crustal decollement. This velocity anomaly is possibly due to the development of <em>syn</em>-kinematic Alpine metamorphic paragenesis (amphibolite facies) in a deep, ductile decollement. Thus, the 10-Myr time interval (32–22 Ma) for shortening and localization on frontal thrusts in the European crust may reflect the characteristic time of deformation localization within the deep decollement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105389"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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