Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105109
Shibo Liu , Lin Zhao , Lingxiao Wang , Lin Liu , Defu Zou , Guojie Hu , Zhe Sun , Yuxin Zhang , Wei Chen , Xueying Wang , Meng Wang , Huayun Zhou , Yongping Qiao
Ground surface vertical deformation in permafrost regions encompasses seasonal fluctuations in hydrothermal properties within the active layer and the long-term ground ice change near the permafrost table, serving as a crucial “window” for permafrost observation. This review summarizes research progress regarding deformation in the permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), highlighting methods for acquiring deformation data, spatiotemporal characteristics, and its link with permafrost dynamics. Published results indicate that the seasonal deformation amplitude in the QTP's permafrost regions ranges from 0 to 120 mm, with regional means of 3.1–19 mm. The long-term deformation trend ranges from −65.9 to 74.6 mm/a, with an average subsidence value of 1.1 to 13 mm/a. The long-term subsidence rate of the QTP exhibits an increasing trend, closely related to permafrost thermal conditions and ground ice melting near the permafrost table. Variations in hydrothermal characteristics within the active layer, ground ice content, mean annual ground temperature and the different land cover types contribute to spatiotemporal differences in deformation over permafrost terrain. Previous research indicates that the deformation in permafrost regions provides valuable insights into active layer thickness, soil moisture dynamics, freeze-thaw processes, ground ice melting, and permafrost boundary delineation. However, the lack of accurate data and understanding of the process mechanism have brought challenges to obtaining permafrost change information based on deformation. Future research endeavors should prioritize enhancing the accuracy of deformation monitoring and deeper understanding the mechanisms linking permafrost internal hydrothermal dynamics and deformation.
{"title":"Ground surface deformation in permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A review","authors":"Shibo Liu , Lin Zhao , Lingxiao Wang , Lin Liu , Defu Zou , Guojie Hu , Zhe Sun , Yuxin Zhang , Wei Chen , Xueying Wang , Meng Wang , Huayun Zhou , Yongping Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground surface vertical deformation in permafrost regions encompasses seasonal fluctuations in hydrothermal properties within the active layer and the long-term ground ice change near the permafrost table, serving as a crucial “window” for permafrost observation. This review summarizes research progress regarding deformation in the permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), highlighting methods for acquiring deformation data, spatiotemporal characteristics, and its link with permafrost dynamics. Published results indicate that the seasonal deformation amplitude in the QTP's permafrost regions ranges from 0 to 120 mm, with regional means of 3.1–19 mm. The long-term deformation trend ranges from −65.9 to 74.6 mm/a, with an average subsidence value of 1.1 to 13 mm/a. The long-term subsidence rate of the QTP exhibits an increasing trend, closely related to permafrost thermal conditions and ground ice melting near the permafrost table. Variations in hydrothermal characteristics within the active layer, ground ice content, mean annual ground temperature and the different land cover types contribute to spatiotemporal differences in deformation over permafrost terrain. Previous research indicates that the deformation in permafrost regions provides valuable insights into active layer thickness, soil moisture dynamics, freeze-thaw processes, ground ice melting, and permafrost boundary delineation. However, the lack of accurate data and understanding of the process mechanism have brought challenges to obtaining permafrost change information based on deformation. Future research endeavors should prioritize enhancing the accuracy of deformation monitoring and deeper understanding the mechanisms linking permafrost internal hydrothermal dynamics and deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 105109"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105108
Qihang Li , Anna Bogush , Marco Van De Wiel , Pan Wu , Ran Holtzman
Microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial environments are an emerging contaminant of high concern to ecosystems and human health. However, our understanding of the MPs' fate, particularly their transport within soils, remains elusive. This knowledge gap arises from the multiplicity of coupled physical, chemical and biological processes and parameters affecting MPs transport, together with the scarcity of systematic studies that aim to isolate their individual effects. In this paper, we provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art in our understanding of MPs transport, highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future research to bridge them. We classify the governing factors into four main categories: (i) MPs properties; (ii) soil physicochemical properties; (iii) hydrological conditions; and (iv) biological activity. Our analysis reveals that lack of clear trends in the dependence between MP transport and individual key parameters—often leading to contradictory findings—could be explained by the interference (“co-effects”) with other parameters and processes.
{"title":"Microplastics transport in soils: A critical review","authors":"Qihang Li , Anna Bogush , Marco Van De Wiel , Pan Wu , Ran Holtzman","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial environments are an emerging contaminant of high concern to ecosystems and human health. However, our understanding of the MPs' fate, particularly their transport within soils, remains elusive. This knowledge gap arises from the multiplicity of coupled physical, chemical and biological processes and parameters affecting MPs transport, together with the scarcity of systematic studies that aim to isolate their individual effects. In this paper, we provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art in our understanding of MPs transport, highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future research to bridge them. We classify the governing factors into four main categories: (i) MPs properties; (ii) soil physicochemical properties; (iii) hydrological conditions; and (iv) biological activity. Our analysis reveals that lack of clear trends in the dependence between MP transport and individual key parameters—often leading to contradictory findings—could be explained by the interference (“co-effects”) with other parameters and processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105108"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105104
Xiaoqing Zhang , Dana L. Royer , Carina E. Colombi , Juan Martin Drovandi , Jennifer C. McElwain , Gaëtan Guignard , Qin Leng , Barry H. Lomax , Nathan D. Sheldon , Rebekah A. Stein , Garland R. Upchurch , Yongdong Wang , Hong Yang , Richard S. Barclay , Ying Cui , Wolfram Kürschner , Joseph N. Milligan , Isabel Montañez , Jon D. Richey , Tammo Reichgelt , Margret Steinthorsdottir
Leaf cuticle is the waxy envelope that protects leaves from desiccation, UV damage, and abrasion. The cuticle encodes information about a plant's chemistry and leaf epidermal and stomatal cell morphology. Fossil leaf cuticle has been used to determine taxonomic affinities for almost two centuries and recognized in recent decades for its value in reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates, especially atmospheric CO2. Fossil leaf cuticle preparation techniques are typically reported as single workflows tied to individual studies, starting with finding fossils in the field through the steps of preparing cuticle for chemical and morphological analysis, including decisions about type of microscopy and level of sampling effort at different spatial scales (number of fields-of-view, leaves, and species). The siloed nature of these publications makes finding appropriate methods and workflows for new studies difficult, especially for less experienced researchers. Here, we attempt to synthesize a breadth of existing workflows and make recommendations to guide methodological decision-making for new studies, with a particular focus on paleo-CO2 reconstruction via a proxy based on leaf gas-exchange principles (the Franks model). We describe and annotate chemical procedures for preparing cuticles for analysis and include recommendations regarding leaf conditions for which each is most appropriate. For studies making repeated measures of morphology (e.g., stomatal density), we describe a resampling routine that can guide decision-making, in real time, about sampling effort.
{"title":"Fossil leaf cuticle: Best practices for preparation and paleo-CO2 analysis","authors":"Xiaoqing Zhang , Dana L. Royer , Carina E. Colombi , Juan Martin Drovandi , Jennifer C. McElwain , Gaëtan Guignard , Qin Leng , Barry H. Lomax , Nathan D. Sheldon , Rebekah A. Stein , Garland R. Upchurch , Yongdong Wang , Hong Yang , Richard S. Barclay , Ying Cui , Wolfram Kürschner , Joseph N. Milligan , Isabel Montañez , Jon D. Richey , Tammo Reichgelt , Margret Steinthorsdottir","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf cuticle is the waxy envelope that protects leaves from desiccation, UV damage, and abrasion. The cuticle encodes information about a plant's chemistry and leaf epidermal and stomatal cell morphology. Fossil leaf cuticle has been used to determine taxonomic affinities for almost two centuries and recognized in recent decades for its value in reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates, especially atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Fossil leaf cuticle preparation techniques are typically reported as single workflows tied to individual studies, starting with finding fossils in the field through the steps of preparing cuticle for chemical and morphological analysis, including decisions about type of microscopy and level of sampling effort at different spatial scales (number of fields-of-view, leaves, and species). The siloed nature of these publications makes finding appropriate methods and workflows for new studies difficult, especially for less experienced researchers. Here, we attempt to synthesize a breadth of existing workflows and make recommendations to guide methodological decision-making for new studies, with a particular focus on paleo-CO<sub>2</sub> reconstruction via a proxy based on leaf gas-exchange principles (the Franks model). We describe and annotate chemical procedures for preparing cuticles for analysis and include recommendations regarding leaf conditions for which each is most appropriate. For studies making repeated measures of morphology (e.g., stomatal density), we describe a resampling routine that can guide decision-making, in real time, about sampling effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105104"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105105
Zimin Li , Yunqiang Wang , Kai Yue , Yang Yang , Zhaoliang Song
Phytoliths are plant born opal-A amorphous silica bodies that form in living foliar tissues. They return to soil within plant debris and are considered by biogeochemists and soil scientists as an important source of dissolved silicon (DSi) in the soil-plant system due to their relatively high dissolution rate. However, they are also used in other disciplines as microfossils to reconstruct paleoenvironments because of their stability over millennia. Thus, some phytoliths contribute massively to the continental export of DSi to rivers and oceans, hence to the global Si cycle, while other phytoliths persist in soils and sediments. Here, we reviewed various factors affecting the phytolith resilience. Aside from phytolith properties (specific surface reactivity), their resilience can be enhanced by soil processes such as surface passivation through Al loading or redox-dependent Fe coating, and aggregation. Soil and sediments may thus contain two pools of phytoliths: fresh and stabilized phytoliths. The first reservoir is an important DSi source, contributing actively to the Si soil-to-plant cycle and the DSi transfer to rivers and oceans. Yet, Si can be retrieved from the global Si cycle through phytolith entrapment in aggregates. This process contributes to the second pool of stabilized phytoliths that protect them against dissolution. We further propose that two processes drive phytolith entrapment: (1) inheritance in aggregates having a nucleus of phytoliths bearing plant debris; and (2) formation of microaggregates associating phytoliths, organic and mineral colloids through surface interactions. This emerging vision opens new routes to understand the global biogeochemical cycle of Si and phytolith residence induced by soils aggregation process. Thus, we propose that upcoming novel research on the geochemical stabilization of soil phytolith resilience should quantify the pool of phytoliths within soil aggregates in various ecosystems. Finally, it needs to further assess the factor affecting their storages and phytolith residence such as soil properties (e.g., moisture condition and depth), microbes, and extreme climatic environment (e.g., humidity, temperature, and rainfall). This will benefit us to better understand the life cycle of phytoliths in soil and sediments and its role as microfossils in paleoecology and phytolith radiocarbon dating.
{"title":"Why are readily soluble phytoliths more resilient?","authors":"Zimin Li , Yunqiang Wang , Kai Yue , Yang Yang , Zhaoliang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phytoliths are plant born opal-A amorphous silica bodies that form in living foliar tissues. They return to soil within plant debris and are considered by biogeochemists and soil scientists as an important source of dissolved silicon (DSi) in the soil-plant system due to their relatively high dissolution rate. However, they are also used in other disciplines as microfossils to reconstruct paleoenvironments because of their stability over millennia. Thus, some phytoliths contribute massively to the continental export of DSi to rivers and oceans, hence to the global Si cycle, while other phytoliths persist in soils and sediments. Here, we reviewed various factors affecting the phytolith resilience. Aside from phytolith properties (specific surface reactivity), their resilience can be enhanced by soil processes such as surface passivation through Al loading or redox-dependent Fe coating, and aggregation. Soil and sediments may thus contain two pools of phytoliths: fresh and stabilized phytoliths. The first reservoir is an important DSi source, contributing actively to the Si soil-to-plant cycle and the DSi transfer to rivers and oceans. Yet, Si can be retrieved from the global Si cycle through phytolith entrapment in aggregates. This process contributes to the second pool of stabilized phytoliths that protect them against dissolution. We further propose that two processes drive phytolith entrapment: (1) inheritance in aggregates having a nucleus of phytoliths bearing plant debris; and (2) formation of microaggregates associating phytoliths, organic and mineral colloids through surface interactions. This emerging vision opens new routes to understand the global biogeochemical cycle of Si and phytolith residence induced by soils aggregation process. Thus, we propose that upcoming novel research on the geochemical stabilization of soil phytolith resilience should quantify the pool of phytoliths within soil aggregates in various ecosystems. Finally, it needs to further assess the factor affecting their storages and phytolith residence such as soil properties (e.g., moisture condition and depth), microbes, and extreme climatic environment (e.g., humidity, temperature, and rainfall). This will benefit us to better understand the life cycle of phytoliths in soil and sediments and its role as microfossils in paleoecology and phytolith radiocarbon dating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105105"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105103
Aimin Zhang , Hao Long , Fei Yang , Jingran Zhang , Jun Peng , Ganlin Zhang
Understanding soil chronology and evolution processes is fundamental for forecasting soil development and implementing effective conservation and management strategies. However, traditional quantitative methods that rely on radiogenic isotopic dating of secondary soil components (such as humus and pedogenic carbonates) often yield unreliable results due to soil's nature as an open system, where elemental cycling can substantially alter age signatures. This review presents an alternative perspective on soil evolution by examining common soil mineral grains, such as quartz and feldspar, using luminescence dating techniques, which determine the last time sediments were exposed to light. Over the past two decades, advances in single-grain luminescence dating have empowered the method's capacity to analyze dynamic, mixed soil systems. This review introduces the principles of luminescence dating and outlines its diverse applications across soil types. We list and explain indicators for quantifying soil mixing, methodologies for dating soils of varying disturbance degrees, and their application in reconstructing soil-landscape evolution processes. Finally, we highlight the advantages, challenges, and future directions for luminescence dating in soil evolution research. We conclude that luminescence dating holds significant promise as a tool for investigating soil evolution over time scales ranging from decades to millennia.
{"title":"Luminescence dating illuminates soil evolution","authors":"Aimin Zhang , Hao Long , Fei Yang , Jingran Zhang , Jun Peng , Ganlin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding soil chronology and evolution processes is fundamental for forecasting soil development and implementing effective conservation and management strategies. However, traditional quantitative methods that rely on radiogenic isotopic dating of secondary soil components (such as humus and pedogenic carbonates) often yield unreliable results due to soil's nature as an open system, where elemental cycling can substantially alter age signatures. This review presents an alternative perspective on soil evolution by examining common soil mineral grains, such as quartz and feldspar, using luminescence dating techniques, which determine the last time sediments were exposed to light. Over the past two decades, advances in single-grain luminescence dating have empowered the method's capacity to analyze dynamic, mixed soil systems. This review introduces the principles of luminescence dating and outlines its diverse applications across soil types. We list and explain indicators for quantifying soil mixing, methodologies for dating soils of varying disturbance degrees, and their application in reconstructing soil-landscape evolution processes. Finally, we highlight the advantages, challenges, and future directions for luminescence dating in soil evolution research. We conclude that luminescence dating holds significant promise as a tool for investigating soil evolution over time scales ranging from decades to millennia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 105103"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105101
Subhronil Mondal , Peter J. Harries
Identification of ecologic diversification patterns and their correlation with relevant ecologic models is a major challenge in paleobiology. In part, this difficulty reflects that different evolutionary groups followed varying diversity trajectories through time; more specifically, the rate and timing of taxonomic and ecological diversification vary considerably when comparing the evolutionary histories of different groups. The pattern depends upon the nature and degree of ecologic and morphologic changes in the group – some of these changes are more novel (i.e., breakthroughs) as compared to other small-scale changes, which result in more modest modifications. In this study, we examine various models to explain the ecologic diversification displayed by marine Bivalvia, a group with an exceptional fossil record. We propose a hierarchical classification of ecologic changes (i.e., novelties and innovations) to explain the temporal trajectories of ecologic diversification within the context of the clade's taxonomic diversification history. Our results show a non-random evolution pattern in the Bivalvia through time characterized by three primary phases: 1) a rapid increase in ecologic diversification during the Cambrian and Ordovician, with comparatively low taxonomic diversity; 2) a slower but still increasing trend in ecologic diversity in the later part of the Paleozoic into the Mesozoic; and 3) a final phase of stasis in the Cenozoic, with only one novelty appearing in the Bivalvia accompanied by an increase in genera and species, occupying the existing ecologic modes of life. This overall pattern is suggestive of a late-filling model of evolution. The results suggest that the total number of prospective life modes – life modes that a clade could possibly exploit – did not remain time-constant but increased in conjunction with the evolution of novelties and innovations. Moreover, the data show that only a small portion of the prospective life modes were actually realized by the Class Bivalvia, and, in contrast to the commonly theorized pattern of continuous increase through the Phanerozoic, the proportion of realized life modes with respect to the prospective life modes did not increase.
{"title":"Hierarchies of ecologic changes and their roles in the Phanerozoic taxonomic and ecologic diversification history of the Class Bivalvia","authors":"Subhronil Mondal , Peter J. Harries","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identification of ecologic diversification patterns and their correlation with relevant ecologic models is a major challenge in paleobiology. In part, this difficulty reflects that different evolutionary groups followed varying diversity trajectories through time; more specifically, the rate and timing of taxonomic and ecological diversification vary considerably when comparing the evolutionary histories of different groups. The pattern depends upon the nature and degree of ecologic and morphologic changes in the group – some of these changes are more novel (i.e., breakthroughs) as compared to other small-scale changes, which result in more modest modifications. In this study, we examine various models to explain the ecologic diversification displayed by marine Bivalvia, a group with an exceptional fossil record. We propose a hierarchical classification of ecologic changes (i.e., novelties and innovations) to explain the temporal trajectories of ecologic diversification within the context of the clade's taxonomic diversification history. Our results show a non-random evolution pattern in the Bivalvia through time characterized by three primary phases: 1) a rapid increase in ecologic diversification during the Cambrian and Ordovician, with comparatively low taxonomic diversity; 2) a slower but still increasing trend in ecologic diversity in the later part of the Paleozoic into the Mesozoic; and 3) a final phase of stasis in the Cenozoic, with only one novelty appearing in the Bivalvia accompanied by an increase in genera and species, occupying the existing ecologic modes of life. This overall pattern is suggestive of a late-filling model of evolution. The results suggest that the total number of prospective life modes – life modes that a clade could possibly exploit – did not remain time-constant but increased in conjunction with the evolution of novelties and innovations. Moreover, the data show that only a small portion of the prospective life modes were actually realized by the Class Bivalvia, and, in contrast to the commonly theorized pattern of continuous increase through the Phanerozoic, the proportion of realized life modes with respect to the prospective life modes did not increase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 105101"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture, a historically crucial sector for Thailand's economy, has been severely impacted in recent years due to global climate change causing widespread alterations in rainfall patterns across the country. Therefore, for developing resilient climate adaptation measures, it is important to understand the inter-annual variability of rainfall and its associated processes. Large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), have played significant roles in controlling the inter-annual variability of rainfall across the Asian continent. In this study, we present a review of past studies with an emphasis on rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as ENSO and IOD, in Thailand. This study found that trends in annual and seasonal rainfall characteristics were heterogeneous, with both increasing and decreasing trends observed within the country and at the regional scale. Generally, ENSO significantly affects the rainfall variability across Thailand. Above-normal and below-normal rainfall are associated with the La Niña and El Niño years, respectively, in Thailand. However, the magnitude of ENSO's effects on rainfall variability in Thailand varies at both spatial and temporal scales. The review also shows a significant association between major IOD events and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The effect of IOD on rainfall variability was found to be weak to moderate across Thailand, although the effect was significant during the co-occurrence of IOD events with the ENSO events. Additionally, tropical depressions, tropical cyclones, and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone's contribution are mainly associated with torrential rainfall and are an integral part of the interannual variability of rainfall across Thailand. In general, this review found that the contribution of different moisture sources, seasonal to intra-seasonal variations in rainfall, topographical variations, geographical location between Indian and Pacific oceans, and influence of large-scale variations including ENSO and IOD, make Thailand's rainfall highly complex at both spatial and temporal scales. Overall, the findings of this study would help scientists and policymakers understand the process and dynamics of rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena in the study area.
{"title":"A systematic review on rainfall patterns of Thailand: Insights into variability and its relationship with ENSO and IOD","authors":"Mallappa Jadiyappa Madolli , Shubham Anil Gade , Vivek Gupta , Abhishek Chakraborty , Suriyan Cha-um , Avishek Datta , Sushil Kumar Himanshu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agriculture, a historically crucial sector for Thailand's economy, has been severely impacted in recent years due to global climate change causing widespread alterations in rainfall patterns across the country. Therefore, for developing resilient climate adaptation measures, it is important to understand the inter-annual variability of rainfall and its associated processes. Large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), have played significant roles in controlling the inter-annual variability of rainfall across the Asian continent. In this study, we present a review of past studies with an emphasis on rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as ENSO and IOD, in Thailand. This study found that trends in annual and seasonal rainfall characteristics were heterogeneous, with both increasing and decreasing trends observed within the country and at the regional scale. Generally, ENSO significantly affects the rainfall variability across Thailand. Above-normal and below-normal rainfall are associated with the La Niña and El Niño years, respectively, in Thailand. However, the magnitude of ENSO's effects on rainfall variability in Thailand varies at both spatial and temporal scales. The review also shows a significant association between major IOD events and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The effect of IOD on rainfall variability was found to be weak to moderate across Thailand, although the effect was significant during the co-occurrence of IOD events with the ENSO events. Additionally, tropical depressions, tropical cyclones, and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone's contribution are mainly associated with torrential rainfall and are an integral part of the interannual variability of rainfall across Thailand. In general, this review found that the contribution of different moisture sources, seasonal to intra-seasonal variations in rainfall, topographical variations, geographical location between Indian and Pacific oceans, and influence of large-scale variations including ENSO and IOD, make Thailand's rainfall highly complex at both spatial and temporal scales. Overall, the findings of this study would help scientists and policymakers understand the process and dynamics of rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105102"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105099
Donglin Lin , Zhaodong Xi , Shuheng Tang , Gary G. Lash , Yang Chen , Zhifeng Yan
Carboniferous-Permian shale deposits around the world are known to contain abundant shale gas resources making them critical for increasing global shale gas reserves and production. Lithofacies analysis is crucial for identifying and predicting “sweet spots” targets. This study employed total organic carbon (TOC) data from 8166 samples, mineral content data from 4524 samples, and major and trace element data from 814 samples of Carboniferous and Permian shales worldwide. The aim of the present study is the generation of a classification scheme of the studied shale samples and elucidation of the conditions under which they accumulated. Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks methods were employed to identify those factors that exerted greatest control on development of shale lithofacies and to explore the implications of lithofacies types on the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. Our results, based on big data statistical and deconvolution analytical methods, a lithofacies classification scheme was proposed uses a TOC of 5.3 % as a boundary, and combined with a ternary diagram of siliceous‑carbonate-clay minerals. Seven main lithofacies were developed in the Carboniferous and Permian shales, which are organic-rich siliceous shale (Ss-H), organic-rich mixed shale (Ms-H), organic-rich argillaceous shale (CMs-H), low-organic matter siliceous shale (Ss-L), low-organic matter mixed shale (Ms-L), low-organic matter argillaceous shale (CMs-L), and low-organic matter calcareous shale (Cs-L). The development of a particular shale lithofacies at a specific time interval appears to have been largely controlled by paleoclimate, paleoproductivity, as well as terrigenous input. Ss-H appears to be the most promising shale lithofacies type for hydrocarbon exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. These organic and silica-rich deposits appear to have accumulated under warm, moist paleoclimate conditions, moderate paleoproductivity, and in association with increased volcanic activity. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for shale lithofacies research as well as for the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas.
{"title":"Lithofacies types and formation mechanisms of Carboniferous - Permian shales: Insights from big data and machine learning","authors":"Donglin Lin , Zhaodong Xi , Shuheng Tang , Gary G. Lash , Yang Chen , Zhifeng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carboniferous-Permian shale deposits around the world are known to contain abundant shale gas resources making them critical for increasing global shale gas reserves and production. Lithofacies analysis is crucial for identifying and predicting “sweet spots” targets. This study employed total organic carbon (TOC) data from 8166 samples, mineral content data from 4524 samples, and major and trace element data from 814 samples of Carboniferous and Permian shales worldwide. The aim of the present study is the generation of a classification scheme of the studied shale samples and elucidation of the conditions under which they accumulated. Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks methods were employed to identify those factors that exerted greatest control on development of shale lithofacies and to explore the implications of lithofacies types on the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. Our results, based on big data statistical and deconvolution analytical methods, a lithofacies classification scheme was proposed uses a TOC of 5.3 % as a boundary, and combined with a ternary diagram of siliceous‑carbonate-clay minerals. Seven main lithofacies were developed in the Carboniferous and Permian shales, which are organic-rich siliceous shale (Ss-H), organic-rich mixed shale (Ms-H), organic-rich argillaceous shale (CMs-H), low-organic matter siliceous shale (Ss-L), low-organic matter mixed shale (Ms-L), low-organic matter argillaceous shale (CMs-L), and low-organic matter calcareous shale (Cs-L). The development of a particular shale lithofacies at a specific time interval appears to have been largely controlled by paleoclimate, paleoproductivity, as well as terrigenous input. Ss-H appears to be the most promising shale lithofacies type for hydrocarbon exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. These organic and silica-rich deposits appear to have accumulated under warm, moist paleoclimate conditions, moderate paleoproductivity, and in association with increased volcanic activity. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for shale lithofacies research as well as for the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105099"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105091
Chenyu Shi , Yue Liang , Wei Qin , Lin Ding , Wenhong Cao , Minghao Zhang , Qin Zhang
<div><div>Soil erosion is an important driver of land and ecological degradation, with hydraulic erosion in particular leading to widespread impacts and damage. As an important concept and indicator for characterizing the potential and pathways of sediment production and transportation within watersheds or on slopes, sediment connectivity has gained global attention and thus been analysed since its proposal in 2003. Sediment connectivity has become an effective metric for analysing the sources, processes, and potentials of soil erosion and sediment yield (SY) in watersheds, and it has been considered a popular research topic in the field of soil erosion over the past decade. Considering the lack of up-to-date systematic reviews of conceptual connotations, characterization indicators for sediment connectivity, and quantitative relationships between these indicators and erosion and SY, a bibliometric analysis of “sediment connectivity” was conducted via the CiteSpace tool, which is based on the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. In this research, the current state, popular topics, and trends in relevant studies were identified, and the conceptual connotations, influencing factors, and indicator algorithms of sediment connectivity and their quantitative relationships with soil erosion and SY were summarized. Furthermore, the contents and directions to be strengthened and improved in the future were determined. The results indicated that over the past 21 years, sediment connectivity has been analysed in 123 countries or regions. Researches have focused primarily on related concepts, indicators, scales, and influencing factors. This concept has been widely applied in various practices such as soil and water resource regulation, land use optimization, and soil erosion control. In previous studies, several linear (<em>SY</em> = <em>a</em>·<em>IC</em> + <em>b</em>) and exponential (<em>SY</em> = <em>a</em>·<em>e</em><sup><em>b</em>·<em>IC</em></sup>) increasing relationships between sediment connectivity indicators (such as the index of connectivity (IC)) and SY at the slope or watershed scale have been established, facilitating the development of research on prediction and attribution analysis for the identification of sediment sources and changes. There is a consensus on “what sediment connectivity is” to date, but a unified and complete system has not been yet formed for sediment connectivity and several of its derived concepts. The Index of Connectivity (IC), as the primary means for quantitatively characterizing the status and distribution of sediment connectivity, has led to the creation of more than 20 different algorithms, whereas the included parameters mainly reflect the internal factors influencing topography and land use/cover. The effects of climatic factors and human activities have not been fully considered in previous studies, which has led to relatively backwards research
{"title":"Review of sediment connectivity: Conceptual connotations, characterization indicators, and their relationships with soil erosion and sediment yield","authors":"Chenyu Shi , Yue Liang , Wei Qin , Lin Ding , Wenhong Cao , Minghao Zhang , Qin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is an important driver of land and ecological degradation, with hydraulic erosion in particular leading to widespread impacts and damage. As an important concept and indicator for characterizing the potential and pathways of sediment production and transportation within watersheds or on slopes, sediment connectivity has gained global attention and thus been analysed since its proposal in 2003. Sediment connectivity has become an effective metric for analysing the sources, processes, and potentials of soil erosion and sediment yield (SY) in watersheds, and it has been considered a popular research topic in the field of soil erosion over the past decade. Considering the lack of up-to-date systematic reviews of conceptual connotations, characterization indicators for sediment connectivity, and quantitative relationships between these indicators and erosion and SY, a bibliometric analysis of “sediment connectivity” was conducted via the CiteSpace tool, which is based on the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. In this research, the current state, popular topics, and trends in relevant studies were identified, and the conceptual connotations, influencing factors, and indicator algorithms of sediment connectivity and their quantitative relationships with soil erosion and SY were summarized. Furthermore, the contents and directions to be strengthened and improved in the future were determined. The results indicated that over the past 21 years, sediment connectivity has been analysed in 123 countries or regions. Researches have focused primarily on related concepts, indicators, scales, and influencing factors. This concept has been widely applied in various practices such as soil and water resource regulation, land use optimization, and soil erosion control. In previous studies, several linear (<em>SY</em> = <em>a</em>·<em>IC</em> + <em>b</em>) and exponential (<em>SY</em> = <em>a</em>·<em>e</em><sup><em>b</em>·<em>IC</em></sup>) increasing relationships between sediment connectivity indicators (such as the index of connectivity (IC)) and SY at the slope or watershed scale have been established, facilitating the development of research on prediction and attribution analysis for the identification of sediment sources and changes. There is a consensus on “what sediment connectivity is” to date, but a unified and complete system has not been yet formed for sediment connectivity and several of its derived concepts. The Index of Connectivity (IC), as the primary means for quantitatively characterizing the status and distribution of sediment connectivity, has led to the creation of more than 20 different algorithms, whereas the included parameters mainly reflect the internal factors influencing topography and land use/cover. The effects of climatic factors and human activities have not been fully considered in previous studies, which has led to relatively backwards research","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105091"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105088
Mansour M. Abdelmalak , Lucas M. Rossetti , John M. Millett , Sverre Planke , Dougal A. Jerram , Jan Inge Faleide , Stéphane Polteau
The Early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean was accompanied by extensive intrusive and extrusive magmatism collectively grouped in the South Atlantic Igneous Province (SAIP). The SAIP includes the onshore Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province (PELIP), offshore seaward-dipping reflectors sequences, the Rio Grande Rise and Walvis Ridge, and voluminous intrusive magmatism. Nonetheless, the nature of the processes that lead to continental breakup remain controversial, and the environmental impact of these events is not yet fully understood. In order to investigate the tectonomagmatic evolution of the South Atlantic, we present a new compilation of the various geochemical compositions and radiometric ages associated with the SAIP as well as an estimation of magma volumes constrained by extensive seismic, gravity, and magnetic datasets. The SAIP was formed during the Early Cretaceous, from the Valanginian to Albian (135–110 Ma), with the majority of the magmatic activity lasting c. 3.5 Myr interval between 135.5 and 132 Ma. Onshore magmatism is characterized by massive outpourings of tholeiitic basaltic flows formed by melting of hotter than normal mantle along with significant lithospheric thinning. Magma source compositions varied during magmatism with enriched “plume-like” components transitioning to more depleted “MORB-like” (Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalt) signatures. The total magma volume of the SAIP ranges between 10 × 106 km3 and 16 × 106 km3 with a striking asymmetry in volumes of the onshore and offshore volcanism along the conjugate margins. Offshore, ∼67 to 70 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 30 to 33 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. Onshore, ∼10 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 90 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. This asymmetry in volume distribution is attributed to different factors including variations in rifting mode, differences in initial lithospheric thickness, and structural inheritance. The geochemical data were analyzed and integrated to provide insights on magma generation and source compositions along with an updated geological model for the South Atlantic magmatism. The onset of the activity of the SAIP at the start of the Weissert Event suggests that the SAIP may have played a major role on the climatic and oceanographic changes during the mid-Valanginian.
{"title":"Breakup Magmatism in the South Atlantic: Mechanisms and Implications","authors":"Mansour M. Abdelmalak , Lucas M. Rossetti , John M. Millett , Sverre Planke , Dougal A. Jerram , Jan Inge Faleide , Stéphane Polteau","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean was accompanied by extensive intrusive and extrusive magmatism collectively grouped in the South Atlantic Igneous Province (SAIP). The SAIP includes the onshore Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province (PELIP), offshore seaward-dipping reflectors sequences, the Rio Grande Rise and Walvis Ridge, and voluminous intrusive magmatism. Nonetheless, the nature of the processes that lead to continental breakup remain controversial, and the environmental impact of these events is not yet fully understood. In order to investigate the tectonomagmatic evolution of the South Atlantic, we present a new compilation of the various geochemical compositions and radiometric ages associated with the SAIP as well as an estimation of magma volumes constrained by extensive seismic, gravity, and magnetic datasets. The SAIP was formed during the Early Cretaceous, from the Valanginian to Albian (135–110 Ma), with the majority of the magmatic activity lasting c. 3.5 Myr interval between 135.5 and 132 Ma. Onshore magmatism is characterized by massive outpourings of tholeiitic basaltic flows formed by melting of hotter than normal mantle along with significant lithospheric thinning. Magma source compositions varied during magmatism with enriched “plume-like” components transitioning to more depleted “MORB-like” (Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalt) signatures. The total magma volume of the SAIP ranges between 10 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup> and 16 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup> with a striking asymmetry in volumes of the onshore and offshore volcanism along the conjugate margins. Offshore, ∼67 to 70 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 30 to 33 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. Onshore, ∼10 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 90 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. This asymmetry in volume distribution is attributed to different factors including variations in rifting mode, differences in initial lithospheric thickness, and structural inheritance. The geochemical data were analyzed and integrated to provide insights on magma generation and source compositions along with an updated geological model for the South Atlantic magmatism. The onset of the activity of the SAIP at the start of the Weissert Event suggests that the SAIP may have played a major role on the climatic and oceanographic changes during the mid-Valanginian.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105088"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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