Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104983
Xiaobo Zhao , Chunji Xue , Reimar Seltmann , Weice Zhao , Guoxiong Ma , Bakhtiar Nurtaev , Rustam Mirkamalov , Nikolay Pak
<div><div>Extending eastward from the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan, through Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and continuing into western China, the late Paleozoic Tien Shan orogen in the southwestern Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) hosts one of the world's richest gold provinces. The >10,000-metric ton (t) gold endowment of the Tien Shan province occurs within lode gold deposits, which have been variably classified as Kyzylkum-type, mesothermal, orogenic or intrusion-related. The metallogeny of the Late Paleozoic lode gold mineralization in the Tien Shan province comprises two distinct episodes related to the accretionary evolution of the western CAOB. The initial 325 to 305 Ma mineralizing episode is interpreted to be related to regional orogenic shortening and associated contractional deformation during terminal subduction of the Turkestan Ocean. This episode resulted in the formation of sheeted auriferous veins, veinlets and stockworks that are controlled by thrust-related brittle fault systems and associated fracture networks (e.g., Unkurtash and Katebasu). The subsequent 290 to 280 Ma metallogenic episode is the most regionally extensive. It produced some of the world's largest gold accumulations (e.g., Muruntau, Kumtor, Zarmitan etc.) that account at present for more than 97 % of the bulk gold resources of the province. This episode is interpreted to be the product of widespread intracontinental strike-slip shearing that immediately followed the amalgamation between the Tarim–Karakum cratons and the Kazakhstan–Yili–Central Tianshan terranes. Mineralization of this latter episode is generally controlled by ductile shearing with predominantly shear-hosted and fracture-filled gold-bearing veins. Lode gold deposits of the Tien Shan show some unique characteristics compared to typical orogenic or intrusion-related gold deposits. The gold lodes are hosted by Proterozoic–Paleozoic metamorphic carbonaceous flysch and/or <em>syn</em>- or post-collisional granitoids. Hydrothermal alteration associations display diversity that depends upon the varying crustal level of the gold mineralization and its spatial distance from granitoid intrusions. The H-O-C and He<img>Ar isotope ratios suggest a dominantly metamorphic fluid with variable contribution of magmatic water and/or mantle-derived deep fluids in a medium-temperature, CO<sub>2</sub>-rich, low-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–CO<sub>2</sub>–NaCl system. Available geological, sulfur and lead isotope data indicate multiple potential sources for the ore metals and their source reservoir that include metamorphic carbonaceous flysch, granitoid intrusions or the deep mantle. Compilation of apatite fission track (AFT) data suggests that the western segment of the Tien Shan in Central Asia underwent less extensive post-ore exhumation, whereas its eastern segment in China was subjected to a more complex and prolonged exhumation history. Post-ore differential uplifting and exhumation played an important role in forming th
{"title":"Metallogeny of Late Paleozoic lode gold mineralization of western Tien Shan: From orogenic shortening to intracontinental strike-slip shearing","authors":"Xiaobo Zhao , Chunji Xue , Reimar Seltmann , Weice Zhao , Guoxiong Ma , Bakhtiar Nurtaev , Rustam Mirkamalov , Nikolay Pak","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extending eastward from the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan, through Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and continuing into western China, the late Paleozoic Tien Shan orogen in the southwestern Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) hosts one of the world's richest gold provinces. The >10,000-metric ton (t) gold endowment of the Tien Shan province occurs within lode gold deposits, which have been variably classified as Kyzylkum-type, mesothermal, orogenic or intrusion-related. The metallogeny of the Late Paleozoic lode gold mineralization in the Tien Shan province comprises two distinct episodes related to the accretionary evolution of the western CAOB. The initial 325 to 305 Ma mineralizing episode is interpreted to be related to regional orogenic shortening and associated contractional deformation during terminal subduction of the Turkestan Ocean. This episode resulted in the formation of sheeted auriferous veins, veinlets and stockworks that are controlled by thrust-related brittle fault systems and associated fracture networks (e.g., Unkurtash and Katebasu). The subsequent 290 to 280 Ma metallogenic episode is the most regionally extensive. It produced some of the world's largest gold accumulations (e.g., Muruntau, Kumtor, Zarmitan etc.) that account at present for more than 97 % of the bulk gold resources of the province. This episode is interpreted to be the product of widespread intracontinental strike-slip shearing that immediately followed the amalgamation between the Tarim–Karakum cratons and the Kazakhstan–Yili–Central Tianshan terranes. Mineralization of this latter episode is generally controlled by ductile shearing with predominantly shear-hosted and fracture-filled gold-bearing veins. Lode gold deposits of the Tien Shan show some unique characteristics compared to typical orogenic or intrusion-related gold deposits. The gold lodes are hosted by Proterozoic–Paleozoic metamorphic carbonaceous flysch and/or <em>syn</em>- or post-collisional granitoids. Hydrothermal alteration associations display diversity that depends upon the varying crustal level of the gold mineralization and its spatial distance from granitoid intrusions. The H-O-C and He<img>Ar isotope ratios suggest a dominantly metamorphic fluid with variable contribution of magmatic water and/or mantle-derived deep fluids in a medium-temperature, CO<sub>2</sub>-rich, low-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–CO<sub>2</sub>–NaCl system. Available geological, sulfur and lead isotope data indicate multiple potential sources for the ore metals and their source reservoir that include metamorphic carbonaceous flysch, granitoid intrusions or the deep mantle. Compilation of apatite fission track (AFT) data suggests that the western segment of the Tien Shan in Central Asia underwent less extensive post-ore exhumation, whereas its eastern segment in China was subjected to a more complex and prolonged exhumation history. Post-ore differential uplifting and exhumation played an important role in forming th","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104983"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104985
Chen Wu , Jie Li , Wenyou Liu , Andrew V. Zuza , Peter J. Haproff , Lin Ding
The nature of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and overall tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block in northern Tibet remains debated despite being important to understanding the assembly of Asia. Paleogeographic reconstructions of Precambrian supercontinents rarely consider Phanerozoic tectonic modification of its constituent Precambrian blocks. This issue is particularly relevant for the Qaidam block and its neighboring crustal fragments, which experienced significant Phanerozoic overprinting from multiple tectonic episodes. To address this problem, we systematically reviewed key geological observations and regional datasets related to Proterozoic magmatism, metamorphism, and sedimentation of major Precambrian blocks in China. This synthesis provided new constraints on the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block, including paleogeographic supercontinent configurations and nature of multiple continental-drift-collision events. New results of field mapping, geochronological, and geochemical analyses allow us to divide the Precambrian rocks of the Qaidam block into four divisions: (1) Paleoproterozoic gneiss and schist; (2) Meso- and (3) Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks; and (4) Proterozoic intrusions. We propose that the Qaidam block was part of a “Greater North China” block, which experienced early Paleoproterozoic post-collisional extension and continental collision along the Paleoproterozoic Northern Margin orogen to form the Columbia-Nuna supercontinent. The Greater North China block subsequently experienced Mesoproterozoic extension related to supercontinent breakup. In addition, we propose that the Greater North China block was affixed to the western margin of Laurentia and Siberia as part of Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic, rifted in the late Neoproterozoic, and drifted in the early Paleozoic as a series of microcontinents.
{"title":"Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block, northern Tibet: Implications for the assembly and breakup of Proterozoic supercontinents","authors":"Chen Wu , Jie Li , Wenyou Liu , Andrew V. Zuza , Peter J. Haproff , Lin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nature of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and overall tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block in northern Tibet remains debated despite being important to understanding the assembly of Asia. Paleogeographic reconstructions of Precambrian supercontinents rarely consider Phanerozoic tectonic modification of its constituent Precambrian blocks. This issue is particularly relevant for the Qaidam block and its neighboring crustal fragments, which experienced significant Phanerozoic overprinting from multiple tectonic episodes. To address this problem, we systematically reviewed key geological observations and regional datasets related to Proterozoic magmatism, metamorphism, and sedimentation of major Precambrian blocks in China. This synthesis provided new constraints on the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block, including paleogeographic supercontinent configurations and nature of multiple continental-drift-collision events. New results of field mapping, geochronological, and geochemical analyses allow us to divide the Precambrian rocks of the Qaidam block into four divisions: (1) Paleoproterozoic gneiss and schist; (2) Meso- and (3) Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks; and (4) Proterozoic intrusions. We propose that the Qaidam block was part of a “Greater North China” block, which experienced early Paleoproterozoic post-collisional extension and continental collision along the Paleoproterozoic Northern Margin orogen to form the Columbia-Nuna supercontinent. The Greater North China block subsequently experienced Mesoproterozoic extension related to supercontinent breakup. In addition, we propose that the Greater North China block was affixed to the western margin of Laurentia and Siberia as part of Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic, rifted in the late Neoproterozoic, and drifted in the early Paleozoic as a series of microcontinents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104985"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104976
Brette S. Harris, Kelly J. Rozanitis, Bruce Sutherland, Paul G. Myers, Kurt O. Konhauser, Murray K. Gingras
Microbial mats have existed for much of Earth's history. They represent some of the earliest evidence of life, are essential in biogeochemical cycles, and played a pivotal role in oxygenating the atmosphere. In addition, benthic microbiota impact sediment properties by enhancing the cohesion and stability of the substratum, a process known as ‘biostabilization’, which affects sediment dynamics and rheology. A substantial body of research has focused on experimentally quantifying biostabilization in siliciclastic sediments. This review compiles and synthesizes these studies in order to facilitate comparison of results. They, in turn, are compared with; (1) the Shields' diagram, (2) shear stress values in shallow marine environments, and (3) occurrences of microbially induced sedimentary structures in the marine stratigraphic record. The findings reveal significant variability in outcomes, with increases in the Shields' Parameter ranging from 0.1 to 4 orders of magnitude. They also demonstrate that high-energy hydrodynamic conditions, such as those above fairweather wave base, inhibit microbial colonization. Additionally, the review briefly discusses two applications of the data: (1) refining models of the Great Oxidation Event, and (2) evaluating microbial biostabilization as a response to increased coastal erosion driven by climate change.
{"title":"Biostabilization: Parameterizing the interactions between microorganisms and siliciclastic marine sediments","authors":"Brette S. Harris, Kelly J. Rozanitis, Bruce Sutherland, Paul G. Myers, Kurt O. Konhauser, Murray K. Gingras","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial mats have existed for much of Earth's history. They represent some of the earliest evidence of life, are essential in biogeochemical cycles, and played a pivotal role in oxygenating the atmosphere. In addition, benthic microbiota impact sediment properties by enhancing the cohesion and stability of the substratum, a process known as ‘biostabilization’, which affects sediment dynamics and rheology. A substantial body of research has focused on experimentally quantifying biostabilization in siliciclastic sediments. This review compiles and synthesizes these studies in order to facilitate comparison of results. They, in turn, are compared with; (1) the Shields' diagram, (2) shear stress values in shallow marine environments, and (3) occurrences of microbially induced sedimentary structures in the marine stratigraphic record. The findings reveal significant variability in outcomes, with increases in the Shields' Parameter ranging from 0.1 to 4 orders of magnitude. They also demonstrate that high-energy hydrodynamic conditions, such as those above fairweather wave base, inhibit microbial colonization. Additionally, the review briefly discusses two applications of the data: (1) refining models of the Great Oxidation Event, and (2) evaluating microbial biostabilization as a response to increased coastal erosion driven by climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104976"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104974
Funing Ma , Zhenxue Dai , Xiaoying Zhang , Fangfei Cai , Weiliang Wang , Yong Tian , Shangxian Yin , Yue Ma , Dayong Wang , Mohamad Reza Soltanian , Longcheng Liu , Paul Reimus
Driven by the global imperative for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), notable progress has been made in predicting radionuclide transport within fractured rocks. Current research has recognized that the presence of colloids may significantly influence radionuclide transport. However, challenges remain in understanding and quantifying this process from a multi-scale perspective. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in understanding the role of colloids in facilitating radionuclide transport in multi-scale fractured rocks. We first revisit the fundamental characteristics and processes controlling the transport of colloids and radionuclides in fractured rocks, including the properties of fractured rocks, colloids, and radionuclides, as well as their complex interactions. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in lab- and field-scale experiments and modeling techniques that shed light on the mechanisms controlling colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport. The focus then shifts to scaling issues, including scale-dependent transport processes and parameters, as well as the upscaling theories that bridge the gap between lab-scale experiments and field-scale assessments. Finally, we identify unresolved problems and promising development trends in colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport, which offer new opportunities for enhancing the accuracy of long-term safety assessments in HLW geological repositories.
{"title":"Incorporating cross-scale insights into colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport in fractured rocks: A critical review","authors":"Funing Ma , Zhenxue Dai , Xiaoying Zhang , Fangfei Cai , Weiliang Wang , Yong Tian , Shangxian Yin , Yue Ma , Dayong Wang , Mohamad Reza Soltanian , Longcheng Liu , Paul Reimus","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the global imperative for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), notable progress has been made in predicting radionuclide transport within fractured rocks. Current research has recognized that the presence of colloids may significantly influence radionuclide transport. However, challenges remain in understanding and quantifying this process from a multi-scale perspective. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in understanding the role of colloids in facilitating radionuclide transport in multi-scale fractured rocks. We first revisit the fundamental characteristics and processes controlling the transport of colloids and radionuclides in fractured rocks, including the properties of fractured rocks, colloids, and radionuclides, as well as their complex interactions. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in lab- and field-scale experiments and modeling techniques that shed light on the mechanisms controlling colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport. The focus then shifts to scaling issues, including scale-dependent transport processes and parameters, as well as the upscaling theories that bridge the gap between lab-scale experiments and field-scale assessments. Finally, we identify unresolved problems and promising development trends in colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport, which offer new opportunities for enhancing the accuracy of long-term safety assessments in HLW geological repositories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104974"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104973
Yunqiao Zhou , Xiaoping Wang , Chuanfei Wang , Zhiwei Ji , Xuerui Niu , Huike Dong
The cryosphere serves as a significant sink in the global circulation of organic pollutants. Among them, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as “forever chemical”, are of great concern as their concentrations surpass the Earth's planetary safety boundary. In this review, we synthesize knowledge on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere, focusing on their sources, accumulation, release process, and ecological effects. Long-range atmospheric transport leads to widespread of PFAS in the cryosphere, whereas local activities are primarily responsible for the regional PFAS pollution. Because of the wide replacements of the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons after the Montreal Protocol, the ultra-short chain (C < 4) PFAS, particularly trifluoroacetic acid, have emerged as the predominant compounds in the cryosphere, which may become a focus of future research. Cryospheric components such as snowfall, sea ice, and permafrost are important accumulation reservoirs of PFAS, while under climate warming, air-snow exchange, sea-ice melting and permafrost thaw lead to redistribution of PFAS. During snow/ice melt, short-chain PFAS are released earlier than long-chain PFAS. The PFAS remaining in the proglacial environment exhibit a range of ecological effects on both micro- and higher trophic organisms through the food web, ultimately leading to biodiversity loss. Our analysis shed light on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere under climate warming and highlighted the urgent need for their long-term monitoring and study of PFAS in glacial regions to protect the fragile ice world.
{"title":"Fate of ‘forever chemicals’ in the global cryosphere","authors":"Yunqiao Zhou , Xiaoping Wang , Chuanfei Wang , Zhiwei Ji , Xuerui Niu , Huike Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cryosphere serves as a significant sink in the global circulation of organic pollutants. Among them, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as “forever chemical”, are of great concern as their concentrations surpass the Earth's planetary safety boundary. In this review, we synthesize knowledge on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere, focusing on their sources, accumulation, release process, and ecological effects. Long-range atmospheric transport leads to widespread of PFAS in the cryosphere, whereas local activities are primarily responsible for the regional PFAS pollution. Because of the wide replacements of the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons after the Montreal Protocol, the ultra-short chain (C < 4) PFAS, particularly trifluoroacetic acid, have emerged as the predominant compounds in the cryosphere, which may become a focus of future research. Cryospheric components such as snowfall, sea ice, and permafrost are important accumulation reservoirs of PFAS, while under climate warming, air-snow exchange, sea-ice melting and permafrost thaw lead to redistribution of PFAS. During snow/ice melt, short-chain PFAS are released earlier than long-chain PFAS. The PFAS remaining in the proglacial environment exhibit a range of ecological effects on both micro- and higher trophic organisms through the food web, ultimately leading to biodiversity loss. Our analysis shed light on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere under climate warming and highlighted the urgent need for their long-term monitoring and study of PFAS in glacial regions to protect the fragile ice world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104973"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104975
Heather Braid , Kevin Taylor , Edward Hough , Chris Rochelle , Vahid Niasar , Lin Ma
Hydrogen is considered a viable energy vector, it can be produced through the electrolysis of water and stored as a gaseous phase in the subsurface. Hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is not yet commercially operational, to increase the technological readiness, the complex interactions between rock, pore fluid, and hydrogen under reservoir conditions (increased pressure and temperature) need thorough understanding. It is acknowledged that abiotic geochemical reactions are a potential barrier for UHS as hydrogen is an electron donor and can form highly reactive hydrogen ions. Using a comparative approach, this study reviews the current disparity in the literature regarding the impacts and extents of hydrogen-induced abiotic reactions, to identify knowledge gaps requiring further investigation. Data from both experimental and modelled methods are summarised in relation to individual minerals, common in the subsurface, and their implications to efficiency and security of underground hydrogen storage. This review demonstrates a significant agreement concerning the lack of reaction between hydrogen and rock-forming silicate minerals, and a strong likelihood that under reservoir conditions (heightened temperature and pressure) hydrogen can reduce pyrite to pyrrhotite. It also reveals compelling evidence suggesting exposure to hydrogen can lead to the dissolution of sulphates (anhydrite) and carbonates (calcite). We conclude development of future hydrogen storage projects in saline aquifers should therefore focus on silicate-rich formations. And further work is needed to establish a clear understanding of extents and rates of potential mineral reactions to ensure storage security and efficiency in future projects.
{"title":"Hydrogen-induced mineral alteration: A review in the context of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in saline aquifers","authors":"Heather Braid , Kevin Taylor , Edward Hough , Chris Rochelle , Vahid Niasar , Lin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is considered a viable energy vector, it can be produced through the electrolysis of water and stored as a gaseous phase in the subsurface. Hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is not yet commercially operational, to increase the technological readiness, the complex interactions between rock, pore fluid, and hydrogen under reservoir conditions (increased pressure and temperature) need thorough understanding. It is acknowledged that abiotic geochemical reactions are a potential barrier for UHS as hydrogen is an electron donor and can form highly reactive hydrogen ions. Using a comparative approach, this study reviews the current disparity in the literature regarding the impacts and extents of hydrogen-induced abiotic reactions, to identify knowledge gaps requiring further investigation. Data from both experimental and modelled methods are summarised in relation to individual minerals, common in the subsurface, and their implications to efficiency and security of underground hydrogen storage. This review demonstrates a significant agreement concerning the lack of reaction between hydrogen and rock-forming silicate minerals, and a strong likelihood that under reservoir conditions (heightened temperature and pressure) hydrogen can reduce pyrite to pyrrhotite. It also reveals compelling evidence suggesting exposure to hydrogen can lead to the dissolution of sulphates (anhydrite) and carbonates (calcite). We conclude development of future hydrogen storage projects in saline aquifers should therefore focus on silicate-rich formations. And further work is needed to establish a clear understanding of extents and rates of potential mineral reactions to ensure storage security and efficiency in future projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104975"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104970
Xiwu Luan
The recent IODP drillings in the South China Sea (SCS) have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the SCS, but also raised new questions on the opening of the SCS and the pre-SCS tectonic history. Recently available data on the South China block (SCB), SCS, Indochina block, Borneo, Sumatra, Andaman, Myanmar, and the Tibetan plateau allow an updated tectonic model for the Southeast Asian margin in the mid-Cretaceous (around 100 Ma). A global scale granitoid belt can be readily identified from Sikhote-Alin in the north all the way to Northwest Borneo and to the Qiangtang terrane, as representing a giant magmatic arc system in response to the direction change of the subduction of the Izinagi plate and the Indian-Australian plate at ∼100 Ma. This global subduction/magmatic system was displaced in the Early Cenozoic as the result of India-Asian collision, followed by the development of the escape tectonics characterized by strike-slip fault systems. The subsequent rifting further broke and dispersed the granitoid belts into fragments to the present locations in the Greater Southeast Asian tectonic realm.
最近在南中国海（SCS）进行的国际大洋钻探计划（IODP）钻探大大提高了我们对南中国海构造和演化的认识，但也对南中国海的开辟和南中国海之前的构造历史提出了新的问题。最近获得的有关华南地块（SCB）、SCS、印度支那地块、婆罗洲、苏门答腊、安达曼、缅甸和青藏高原的数据，为白垩纪中期（约 100 Ma）东南亚边缘的构造模型提供了更新的资料。从北部的锡霍特-阿林一直到婆罗洲西北部和羌塘地层，可以很容易地识别出一个全球规模的花岗岩带，它代表了一个巨型岩浆弧系统，是对伊兹那木板块和印度-澳大利亚板块在 100 Ma 左右的俯冲方向变化的反应。这一全球性俯冲/岩浆系统在早新生代因印度-亚洲碰撞而发生位移，随后以走向滑动断层系统为特征的逃逸构造运动发展起来。随后的断裂进一步将花岗岩带破碎并分散到大东南亚构造领域的现今位置。
{"title":"A model of plate tectonic framework for the Southeast Asia margin in the mid-Cretaceous","authors":"Xiwu Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recent IODP drillings in the South China Sea (SCS) have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the SCS, but also raised new questions on the opening of the SCS and the pre-SCS tectonic history. Recently available data on the South China block (SCB), SCS, Indochina block, Borneo, Sumatra, Andaman, Myanmar, and the Tibetan plateau allow an updated tectonic model for the Southeast Asian margin in the mid-Cretaceous (around 100 Ma). A global scale granitoid belt can be readily identified from Sikhote-Alin in the north all the way to Northwest Borneo and to the Qiangtang terrane, as representing a giant magmatic arc system in response to the direction change of the subduction of the Izinagi plate and the Indian-Australian plate at ∼100 Ma. This global subduction/magmatic system was displaced in the Early Cenozoic as the result of India-Asian collision, followed by the development of the escape tectonics characterized by strike-slip fault systems. The subsequent rifting further broke and dispersed the granitoid belts into fragments to the present locations in the Greater Southeast Asian tectonic realm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104970"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104972
Lucy Bricheno , Isobel Yeo , Michael Clare , James Hunt , Allan Griffiths , Lionel Carter , Peter J. Talling , Megan Baker , Stuart Wilson , Matthew West , Semisi Panuve , Samuiela Fonua
Subsea cables underpin global communications, carrying more than 99 % of all digital data traffic worldwide. While this >1.6 million km-long network has been designed to be highly resilient, subsea cables can be damaged by a number of natural hazards that occur across all water depths in the ocean. Here, we explore the diversity of natural hazards that can damage cables, considering a broad frequency-magnitude spectrum. This paper is the first global perspective of actual and potential hazards affecting cables. As such, it is an accessible overview of the regional variability and complexity of hazards. Relatively rare and extreme events, such as super typhoons, submarine landslides or associated turbidity currents and volcanic eruptions, can synchronously cause widespread damage to multiple systems, in some cases disconnecting entire countries or dramatically slowing data traffic. We show that damage is rarely linked to an initial event, instead arising from cascades of processes that can lag by years. Not all instances of cable damage that relate to natural processes are linked to extreme events. We show that much smaller intensity meteorological and oceanographic processes such as storms and continuous seafloor currents that have been overlooked by previous studies can also damage subsea cables. New analysis of past instances of cable damage reveals that a significant proportion of previously unattributed faults may relate to such low-level but sustained impacts. It is these hazards that are most likely to change in frequency and magnitude in response to ongoing climate change but are also more predictable. Through mapping of exposure to these different hazards, we identify geographically-constrained hazard hotspots and identify various mitigation measures to enhance the evidence base and further strengthen subsea telecommunications network resilience.
{"title":"The diversity, frequency and severity of natural hazard impacts on subsea telecommunications networks","authors":"Lucy Bricheno , Isobel Yeo , Michael Clare , James Hunt , Allan Griffiths , Lionel Carter , Peter J. Talling , Megan Baker , Stuart Wilson , Matthew West , Semisi Panuve , Samuiela Fonua","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsea cables underpin global communications, carrying more than 99 % of all digital data traffic worldwide. While this >1.6 million km-long network has been designed to be highly resilient, subsea cables can be damaged by a number of natural hazards that occur across all water depths in the ocean. Here, we explore the diversity of natural hazards that can damage cables, considering a broad frequency-magnitude spectrum. This paper is the first global perspective of actual and potential hazards affecting cables. As such, it is an accessible overview of the regional variability and complexity of hazards. Relatively rare and extreme events, such as super typhoons, submarine landslides or associated turbidity currents and volcanic eruptions, can synchronously cause widespread damage to multiple systems, in some cases disconnecting entire countries or dramatically slowing data traffic. We show that damage is rarely linked to an initial event, instead arising from cascades of processes that can lag by years. Not all instances of cable damage that relate to natural processes are linked to extreme events. We show that much smaller intensity meteorological and oceanographic processes such as storms and continuous seafloor currents that have been overlooked by previous studies can also damage subsea cables. New analysis of past instances of cable damage reveals that a significant proportion of previously unattributed faults may relate to such low-level but sustained impacts. It is these hazards that are most likely to change in frequency and magnitude in response to ongoing climate change but are also more predictable. Through mapping of exposure to these different hazards, we identify geographically-constrained hazard hotspots and identify various mitigation measures to enhance the evidence base and further strengthen subsea telecommunications network resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104972"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104933
Etienne Jaillard
{"title":"Reply to comment on: Late Cretaceous-Paleogene orogenic build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes: Review and discussion by Antenor Alemán","authors":"Etienne Jaillard","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104933","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104933"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104931
Andrea Sembroni , Claudio Faccenna , Thorsten W. Becker , Paola Molin
{"title":"Corrigendum to “The uplift of the East Africa – Arabia swell” [Earth Science Review, 257 (2024), 104901]","authors":"Andrea Sembroni , Claudio Faccenna , Thorsten W. Becker , Paola Molin","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104931"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：