Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105423
Giuseppe Betino De Toni
Teixeira et al. (2025) integrated previously published regional geophysical and geochronological data with new gravimetric surveys of the Dom Feliciano Belt (DFB) and surrounding areas. However, the paper contains a few inaccuracies and overlooks some publications that should be considered in a review. This comment aims to deepen the discussion by recognizing some data not considered in their paper, foccusing in a critical evaluation of (1) "terrenology" as a working philosophy in the context of DFB, considering (2) the authochtonous nature of major tectonic domains, (3) the non-continuity between Dorsal de Canguçu and Major Gercino shear zones, and (4) the controversial origin of hinterland batholiths either as post-collisional or magmatic arc.
Teixeira等人（2025）将先前发表的区域地球物理和地质年代学数据与Dom Feliciano带（DFB）及周边地区的新重力测量数据相结合。然而，这篇论文包含了一些不准确的地方，并且忽略了一些应该在评论中考虑的出版物。这篇评论的目的是通过承认他们的论文中没有考虑到的一些数据来深化讨论，重点是对以下几个方面进行批判性评估：(1)“气源学”作为DFB背景下的工作哲学，考虑(2)主要构造域的权威性，(3)Dorsal de canguu和major Gercino剪切带之间的不连续性，以及(4)腹地岩基的有争议的起源，无论是碰撞后的还是岩浆弧。
{"title":"Comment on “Revisiting the Dom Feliciano Belt and surrounding areas – An integrated geophysical and isotope geology approach” by Teixeira et al","authors":"Giuseppe Betino De Toni","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Teixeira et al. (2025) integrated previously published regional geophysical and geochronological data with new gravimetric surveys of the Dom Feliciano Belt (DFB) and surrounding areas. However, the paper contains a few inaccuracies and overlooks some publications that should be considered in a review. This comment aims to deepen the discussion by recognizing some data not considered in their paper, foccusing in a critical evaluation of (1) \"terrenology\" as a working philosophy in the context of DFB, considering (2) the authochtonous nature of major tectonic domains, (3) the non-continuity between Dorsal de Canguçu and Major Gercino shear zones, and (4) the controversial origin of hinterland batholiths either as post-collisional or magmatic arc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 105423"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105424
C.D. Teixeira , T.J. Girelli , H. Serratt , F. Chemale Jr.
This Reply addresses the Comment by De Toni (EARTH-D-25-01160) on our article “Revisiting the Dom Feliciano Belt and surrounding areas – An integrated geophysical and isotope geology approach” (Teixeira et al., 2025). We respond to points regarding: (1) the use of terrane terminology; (2) methodological differences in aerogeophysical interpretations; (3) the structural continuity between the Dorsal de Canguçu and Major Gercino Shear Zones; and (4) the nature of Ediacaran magmatic arcs. We maintain that the integrated geophysical and geochronological evidence presented in our original work provides a robust framework for understanding the complex tectonic evolution of southwestern Gondwana.
本回复是针对De Toni （EARTH-D-25-01160）对我们的文章“重新审视Dom Feliciano带及其周边地区-综合地球物理和同位素地质方法”（Teixeira et al., 2025）的评论。我们对以下几点作出回应：(1)地面术语的使用；(2)航空地球物理解释方法差异；(3) canguarsu背侧剪切带与Gercino大剪切带之间的构造连续性；(4)埃迪卡拉期岩浆弧的性质。我们认为，在我们的原始工作中提出的综合地球物理和地质年代学证据为理解冈瓦纳西南部复杂的构造演化提供了一个强有力的框架。
{"title":"Reply to Comment on “Revisiting the Dom Feliciano Belt and surrounding areas – An integrated geophysical and isotope geology approach”","authors":"C.D. Teixeira , T.J. Girelli , H. Serratt , F. Chemale Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This Reply addresses the Comment by De Toni (EARTH-D-25-01160) on our article “Revisiting the Dom Feliciano Belt and surrounding areas – An integrated geophysical and isotope geology approach” (Teixeira et al., 2025). We respond to points regarding: (1) the use of terrane terminology; (2) methodological differences in aerogeophysical interpretations; (3) the structural continuity between the Dorsal de Canguçu and Major Gercino Shear Zones; and (4) the nature of Ediacaran magmatic arcs. We maintain that the integrated geophysical and geochronological evidence presented in our original work provides a robust framework for understanding the complex tectonic evolution of southwestern Gondwana.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 105424"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105420
X. Rui , D.S. Stamps
Previous studies have constrained fault slip rates and crustal block geometries of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) with contradictory results due to complex geodynamics and deformation patterns as well as subjective choices of crustal block boundaries. In this work, we address the issue of uncertain crustal block geometries by employing an unsupervised machine learning Euler pole clustering algorithm that automatically resolves regions that behave as rigid blocks (clusters) rotating on a sphere using GNSS velocity vectors. Optimal clustering results, determined by F-test and Euler-vector (angular velocity vector) overlap analyses, indicate 4 elongated crustal blocks exist in the SETP that are approximately parallel and delineated by a set of arcuate sinistral-slip faults. Our clustering results redefine the first-order kinematics of the SETP region with new crustal block definitions that elucidate the dominance of sinistral-slip faults.
{"title":"Euler-pole clustering of GNSS velocities using unsupervised machine learning in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Crustal block identification and the dominance of sinistral-slip faults","authors":"X. Rui , D.S. Stamps","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have constrained fault slip rates and crustal block geometries of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) with contradictory results due to complex geodynamics and deformation patterns as well as subjective choices of crustal block boundaries. In this work, we address the issue of uncertain crustal block geometries by employing an unsupervised machine learning Euler pole clustering algorithm that automatically resolves regions that behave as rigid blocks (clusters) rotating on a sphere using GNSS velocity vectors. Optimal clustering results, determined by F-test and Euler-vector (angular velocity vector) overlap analyses, indicate 4 elongated crustal blocks exist in the SETP that are approximately parallel and delineated by a set of arcuate sinistral-slip faults. Our clustering results redefine the first-order kinematics of the SETP region with new crustal block definitions that elucidate the dominance of sinistral-slip faults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 105420"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105418
Xiuling Ren , Fujun Niu , Degou Cai , Jing Luo , Qihao Yu , Minghao Liu , Guoan Yin , Zeyong Gao
Soil frost heave seriously threatens the stability of engineering structures and the normal operation of major infrastructures in cold regions. This paper aims to synthesize the development and state of the art in moisture migration, cryostructure, soil frost heave, as well as their underlying micro-mechanisms, impacting factors and simulation models. First, we provide a brief review on moisture migration, cryostructure and soil frost heave. Second, some microstructural experiments incorporate X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were reviewed to elucidate the underlying micro-mechanisms. Third, impacting factors for soil frost heave covering soil intrinsic properties, testing and environmental conditions were summarized. Moreover, numerous frost heave models involving theoretical, numerical, and machine learning (ML) models were discussed. Then, we point out some limits and identify the direction of future efforts. Despite advances achieved through decades of researches, some issues remain in the research on the frost heave of the coarse-grained soils, and soils with admixtures. To solve these problems by performing one-dimensional (1D) freezing and microstructural experiments on these soils considering these factors, and establishing novel frost heave models. Overall, this review will provide significant references for further research on soil frost heave, and an important theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of the frost heave distresses of infrastructures.
{"title":"Moisture migration, ice lenses and frost heave characteristics of soils under one-dimensional freezing action: A critical literature review","authors":"Xiuling Ren , Fujun Niu , Degou Cai , Jing Luo , Qihao Yu , Minghao Liu , Guoan Yin , Zeyong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil frost heave seriously threatens the stability of engineering structures and the normal operation of major infrastructures in cold regions. This paper aims to synthesize the development and state of the art in moisture migration, cryostructure, soil frost heave, as well as their underlying micro-mechanisms, impacting factors and simulation models. First, we provide a brief review on moisture migration, cryostructure and soil frost heave. Second, some microstructural experiments incorporate X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were reviewed to elucidate the underlying micro-mechanisms. Third, impacting factors for soil frost heave covering soil intrinsic properties, testing and environmental conditions were summarized. Moreover, numerous frost heave models involving theoretical, numerical, and machine learning (ML) models were discussed. Then, we point out some limits and identify the direction of future efforts. Despite advances achieved through decades of researches, some issues remain in the research on the frost heave of the coarse-grained soils, and soils with admixtures. To solve these problems by performing one-dimensional (1D) freezing and microstructural experiments on these soils considering these factors, and establishing novel frost heave models. Overall, this review will provide significant references for further research on soil frost heave, and an important theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of the frost heave distresses of infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 105418"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105425
Ellen Wohl , Nikolai Maximenko , Rebecca Helm
Forests cover nearly one third of Earth’s land. Dead, downed wood plays a critical role in the planet's physical, biogeochemical, evolutionary, and ecological processes. Wood from terrestrial source areas moves into freshwater and marine environments in wood cascades. Cascades embody a ‘source-to-sink’ approach emphasizing the details of connectivity between production and eventual recycling and can be applied at local to global scales. We lack quantitative studies of specific source-to-sink wood movement, including volumes of wood involved in the cascade, timespans of transport and storage, or partitioning of terrestrial wood from a particular forested area into diverse potential sinks. Characterizing wood cascades can highlight differences in wood dynamics from source to sink and identify geographically specific wood cascades disrupted by human activities, the potential consequences associated with this disruption, and strategies for mitigating the disruption. We review existing understanding of wood production at terrestrial sources, transport processes and rates in freshwater and marine settings, and wood abundance in sinks, and highlight knowledge gaps. Wood dynamics in forests and rivers are the best understood components of wood cascades. Global deforestation and freshwater and coastal management have drastically altered wood cascades. Despite the documented importance of wood, contemporary understanding of wood abundance and quantitative prediction of transport processes and pathways or wood accumulation sites is limited. An integrative conceptualization of wood from source to sink and research targeted at known gaps can advance our understanding of the importance of wood and inform efforts to manage wood for human and environmental benefits.
{"title":"Global wood cascades from terrestrial sources to terrestrial, freshwater, and marine sinks","authors":"Ellen Wohl , Nikolai Maximenko , Rebecca Helm","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests cover nearly one third of Earth’s land. Dead, downed wood plays a critical role in the planet's physical, biogeochemical, evolutionary, and ecological processes. Wood from terrestrial source areas moves into freshwater and marine environments in wood cascades. Cascades embody a ‘source-to-sink’ approach emphasizing the details of connectivity between production and eventual recycling and can be applied at local to global scales. We lack quantitative studies of specific source-to-sink wood movement, including volumes of wood involved in the cascade, timespans of transport and storage, or partitioning of terrestrial wood from a particular forested area into diverse potential sinks. Characterizing wood cascades can highlight differences in wood dynamics from source to sink and identify geographically specific wood cascades disrupted by human activities, the potential consequences associated with this disruption, and strategies for mitigating the disruption. We review existing understanding of wood production at terrestrial sources, transport processes and rates in freshwater and marine settings, and wood abundance in sinks, and highlight knowledge gaps. Wood dynamics in forests and rivers are the best understood components of wood cascades. Global deforestation and freshwater and coastal management have drastically altered wood cascades. Despite the documented importance of wood, contemporary understanding of wood abundance and quantitative prediction of transport processes and pathways or wood accumulation sites is limited. An integrative conceptualization of wood from source to sink and research targeted at known gaps can advance our understanding of the importance of wood and inform efforts to manage wood for human and environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 105425"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401
Peter D. Clift , Bailey Wycoff , Andrew Carter , Samuel Muñoz , Nikki Neubeck , Brittney Gregory , Carol A. Wilson , Tammy Rittenour , Jerzy Blusztajn , Tamer Ali
Models of large alluviated rivers suggest that erosional signals from the headwaters are not transported to the marine depocenter over many timescales because of extensive sediment buffering and recycling in flood plains. We present here a new integrated Late Holocene sedimentary record of the Mississippi River, synthesizing earlier analyses and new material from oxbow lakes, filled channel plugs and a continuous core from the delta to reconstruct a detailed 3000-year record of sediment compositions in the lower reaches. As well as major element data and new detrital zircon U-Pb dating since 860 y BP, our study presents a new basin-wide Sr and Nd isotope record. We show that weathering proxies are controlled by grain size, with little evidence for a long-term trend in chemical weathering in the last 3000 years. 87Sr/86Sr, but not εNd values are linked to grain size and the degree of chemical alteration, with coarser material generally lower in 87Sr/86Sr compared to fine sediment.
There is a long-term trend towards more erosion of ancient crust shown in suspended sediment, with greater flux from the Superior Province via the Upper Mississippi, increasing after 2000 y BP, when the climate dried, and humans adopted a more sedentary rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This contrast with the sandy sediment that shows less erosion from the Trans-Hudson, Superior Province and Appalachian until ∼400 years ago. Another change is noted in both muddy and sandy sediment after ∼400 years ago, close to the start of the Little Ice Age, a time of colder and drier climate, when there was a gradual decrease in flux from the Rocky Mountain foreland basin via the Missouri River. The Mississippi River is not fully buffered on centennial scales prior to the installation of man-made levees. Short-term changes in zircon U-Pb populations indicate pulses of sediment supply to the lower reaches, likely related to floods. Maximum sediment supply from the Missouri River occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the recent past (∼10 years).
A drying climate after 1000 years ago increased sediment delivery from the Appalachians, Trans-Hudson and Yavapai terranes by enhancing stream incision while reducing reworking of moraines eroded from the Superior Province. After ∼400 years ago human settlement of the Rocky Mountain foreland enhanced erosion from that region. Modern Mississippi sediment supply is heavily anthropogenically disrupted and thus makes a poor analog for older sediments deposited in the Gulf of Mexico.
大型冲积河流的模型表明，由于洪泛区广泛的沉积物缓冲和再循环，来自源头的侵蚀信号在许多时间尺度上不会被输送到海洋沉积中心。在此，我们提出了一个新的完整的晚全新世密西西比河沉积记录，综合了早期的分析和来自牛轭湖的新材料，填满的河道塞和三角洲的连续岩心，重建了下游3000年沉积物组成的详细记录。结合860 y BP以来的主要元素数据和碎屑锆石U-Pb定年，提出了新的全盆地Sr和Nd同位素记录。我们发现风化指标受粒度控制，在过去3000 年里化学风化的长期趋势几乎没有证据。87Sr/86Sr，但εNd值与粒度和化学蚀变程度无关，粗质沉积物的87Sr/86Sr含量普遍低于细质沉积物。
{"title":"Climatic and anthropogenic controls on late Holocene sediment transport to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River","authors":"Peter D. Clift , Bailey Wycoff , Andrew Carter , Samuel Muñoz , Nikki Neubeck , Brittney Gregory , Carol A. Wilson , Tammy Rittenour , Jerzy Blusztajn , Tamer Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models of large alluviated rivers suggest that erosional signals from the headwaters are not transported to the marine depocenter over many timescales because of extensive sediment buffering and recycling in flood plains. We present here a new integrated Late Holocene sedimentary record of the Mississippi River, synthesizing earlier analyses and new material from oxbow lakes, filled channel plugs and a continuous core from the delta to reconstruct a detailed 3000-year record of sediment compositions in the lower reaches. As well as major element data and new detrital zircon U-Pb dating since 860 y BP, our study presents a new basin-wide Sr and Nd isotope record. We show that weathering proxies are controlled by grain size, with little evidence for a long-term trend in chemical weathering in the last 3000 years. <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr, but not ε<sub>Nd</sub> values are linked to grain size and the degree of chemical alteration, with coarser material generally lower in <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr compared to fine sediment.</div><div>There is a long-term trend towards more erosion of ancient crust shown in suspended sediment, with greater flux from the Superior Province via the Upper Mississippi, increasing after 2000 y BP, when the climate dried, and humans adopted a more sedentary rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This contrast with the sandy sediment that shows less erosion from the Trans-Hudson, Superior Province and Appalachian until ∼400 years ago. Another change is noted in both muddy and sandy sediment after ∼400 years ago, close to the start of the Little Ice Age, a time of colder and drier climate, when there was a gradual decrease in flux from the Rocky Mountain foreland basin via the Missouri River. The Mississippi River is not fully buffered on centennial scales prior to the installation of man-made levees. Short-term changes in zircon U-Pb populations indicate pulses of sediment supply to the lower reaches, likely related to floods. Maximum sediment supply from the Missouri River occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the recent past (∼10 years).</div><div>A drying climate after 1000 years ago increased sediment delivery from the Appalachians, Trans-Hudson and Yavapai terranes by enhancing stream incision while reducing reworking of moraines eroded from the Superior Province. After ∼400 years ago human settlement of the Rocky Mountain foreland enhanced erosion from that region. Modern Mississippi sediment supply is heavily anthropogenically disrupted and thus makes a poor analog for older sediments deposited in the Gulf of Mexico.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105401"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105414
Marta Magán , David J. Sanderson , David C.P. Peacock
Joint networks exhibit a range of geometrical and topological features described by many different parameters. Data were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle images of ten limestone beds in the Lower Liassic rocks of Somerset, SW England, which were analysed using a GIS and relational database. Parameters were measured from digitizing maps and images of joint networks, and investigated using a range of parameters and statistical methods without assigning joints to sets. Geometry is analysed using: rose diagrams and cumulative plots of orientation, trace length statistics, and measures of intensity and block size; with the poly-modal orientation data treated by non-parametric methods (Kuiper tests). Topology is analysed based on the numbers of nodes, branches and regions.
The results show that the networks have similar topology, but have significant variations in intensity, block size and orientation between beds. The within-bed and between-bed variability is evaluated using analysis of variance methods. This allows discussion of stratigraphical and spatial variation, and the evolution of joint networks in multi-bedded sequences. Although bed thickness accounts for some of this variability, long, early formed joints are argued to control much of the network geometry and topology. The methods developed here can be applied directly, or with minor modification, to networks of veins, faults and other structures.
{"title":"Comparison of joint networks in limestones interbedded in shales","authors":"Marta Magán , David J. Sanderson , David C.P. Peacock","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joint networks exhibit a range of geometrical and topological features described by many different parameters. Data were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle images of ten limestone beds in the Lower Liassic rocks of Somerset, SW England, which were analysed using a GIS and relational database. Parameters were measured from digitizing maps and images of joint networks, and investigated using a range of parameters and statistical methods without assigning joints to sets. Geometry is analysed using: rose diagrams and cumulative plots of orientation, trace length statistics, and measures of intensity and block size; with the poly-modal orientation data treated by non-parametric methods (Kuiper tests). Topology is analysed based on the numbers of nodes, branches and regions.</div><div>The results show that the networks have similar topology, but have significant variations in intensity, block size and orientation between beds. The within-bed and between-bed variability is evaluated using analysis of variance methods. This allows discussion of stratigraphical and spatial variation, and the evolution of joint networks in multi-bedded sequences. Although bed thickness accounts for some of this variability, long, early formed joints are argued to control much of the network geometry and topology. The methods developed here can be applied directly, or with minor modification, to networks of veins, faults and other structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105414"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coastal regions, home to critical infrastructure and diverse ecosystems, are increasingly vulnerable to short-wave (incident-band) runup-induced hazards, including coastal erosion, flooding, and infrastructure damage. Accurately predicting short-wave runup is essential for effective coastal management, flood risk assessment, and climate adaptation strategies. This study presents a comprehensive scoping review of short-wave runup prediction methodologies, systematically evaluating empirical formulas, numerical models, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. We critically analyze their theoretical foundations, computational frameworks, and predictive capabilities under diverse coastal conditions. The review integrates a global wave runup dataset, providing a data-driven comparison of model performance across varying beach morphologies and hydrodynamic conditions. A key contribution of this review is conducting a cross-methodological evaluation, providing a structured assessment of the trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and real-world applicability across the three approaches. Furthermore, we examine the implications of climate change on wave runup prediction methodologies, emphasizing the effects of rising sea levels, changing storm characteristics, and changing wave energy on predictive reliability. The findings underscore the need for integrated modeling techniques to enhance predictive accuracy and support adaptive coastal management. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this review serves as a foundation for advancing wave runup prediction science, with direct applications in coastal engineering, risk mitigation, and climate resilience planning.
{"title":"Advances and challenges in predicting wave runup in coastal regions: A scoping review of empirical, numerical, and AI-based approaches","authors":"Erfan Amini , Mehrdad Baniesmaeil , Hossein Mehdipour , Mehdi Neshat , Reza Marsooli","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions, home to critical infrastructure and diverse ecosystems, are increasingly vulnerable to short-wave (incident-band) runup-induced hazards, including coastal erosion, flooding, and infrastructure damage. Accurately predicting short-wave runup is essential for effective coastal management, flood risk assessment, and climate adaptation strategies. This study presents a comprehensive scoping review of short-wave runup prediction methodologies, systematically evaluating empirical formulas, numerical models, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. We critically analyze their theoretical foundations, computational frameworks, and predictive capabilities under diverse coastal conditions. The review integrates a global wave runup dataset, providing a data-driven comparison of model performance across varying beach morphologies and hydrodynamic conditions. A key contribution of this review is conducting a cross-methodological evaluation, providing a structured assessment of the trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and real-world applicability across the three approaches. Furthermore, we examine the implications of climate change on wave runup prediction methodologies, emphasizing the effects of rising sea levels, changing storm characteristics, and changing wave energy on predictive reliability. The findings underscore the need for integrated modeling techniques to enhance predictive accuracy and support adaptive coastal management. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this review serves as a foundation for advancing wave runup prediction science, with direct applications in coastal engineering, risk mitigation, and climate resilience planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105399"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396
Miriam Britt Marzen , Kanat Akshalov , Carlos Asensio Grima , Fernando Avecilla , Daniel E. Buschiazzo , Juan Cruz Colazo , Elisabetta Del Bello , Lars Engelmann , Vicken Etyemezian , Michael Raymond Fischella , Wolfgang Fister , Roger Funk , Thomas Iserloh , Itzhak Katra , Moritz Koza , Jonathan Merrison , Gregory Okin , Mahrooz Rezaei , Johannes Bernhard Ries , Gerd Schmidt , R. Scott Van Pelt
A Portable wind tunnel is a highly specialized device capable of examining soil surfaces in their natural state and independently from naturally occurring wind events. The field experiments give valuable insights into wind-induced entrainment, transport, redistribution and emission of mineral and organic particles from surfaces in their original state to understand geomorphological, pedological, and ecological processes. Recent portable wind tunnel studies highlight a broad range of research objectives including the determination of threshold wind velocities, the quantification of wind-eroded sediment, the development of dust emissions, and wind-induced dynamics of nutrients and contaminants. Portable wind tunnels usually follow a straight tunnel design with a push or suction-type wind source, an air straightening section, and an open-bottom test area. Research groups developed and applied specific add-on features such as sediment feeders to simulate an erosive saltation layer, an integrated rainfall simulator for wind-driven rain studies, and miniaturized tunnels. A large variety of techniques is used to collect and count the entrained mineral and organic particles to allow for quantification and qualitative analysis. Validity, reproducibility, and reliability of the experimental setup and data application for extrapolation and modeling are discussed based on physical constraints of the tunnel and spatiotemporal characteristics of the data. The manuscript also summarizes experiences and recommendations for application and maintenance and proposes methods to compare results generated by different devices.
{"title":"Switch on tunnel vision: Portable wind tunnels to understand and quantify aeolian processes","authors":"Miriam Britt Marzen , Kanat Akshalov , Carlos Asensio Grima , Fernando Avecilla , Daniel E. Buschiazzo , Juan Cruz Colazo , Elisabetta Del Bello , Lars Engelmann , Vicken Etyemezian , Michael Raymond Fischella , Wolfgang Fister , Roger Funk , Thomas Iserloh , Itzhak Katra , Moritz Koza , Jonathan Merrison , Gregory Okin , Mahrooz Rezaei , Johannes Bernhard Ries , Gerd Schmidt , R. Scott Van Pelt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Portable wind tunnel is a highly specialized device capable of examining soil surfaces in their natural state and independently from naturally occurring wind events. The field experiments give valuable insights into wind-induced entrainment, transport, redistribution and emission of mineral and organic particles from surfaces in their original state to understand geomorphological, pedological, and ecological processes. Recent portable wind tunnel studies highlight a broad range of research objectives including the determination of threshold wind velocities, the quantification of wind-eroded sediment, the development of dust emissions, and wind-induced dynamics of nutrients and contaminants. Portable wind tunnels usually follow a straight tunnel design with a push or suction-type wind source, an air straightening section, and an open-bottom test area. Research groups developed and applied specific add-on features such as sediment feeders to simulate an erosive saltation layer, an integrated rainfall simulator for wind-driven rain studies, and miniaturized tunnels. A large variety of techniques is used to collect and count the entrained mineral and organic particles to allow for quantification and qualitative analysis. Validity, reproducibility, and reliability of the experimental setup and data application for extrapolation and modeling are discussed based on physical constraints of the tunnel and spatiotemporal characteristics of the data. The manuscript also summarizes experiences and recommendations for application and maintenance and proposes methods to compare results generated by different devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105396"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373
Simon Seelig , Magdalena Seelig , Karl Krainer , Gerfried Winkler
Rock glaciers are key components of alpine hydrology, regulating groundwater flow and shaping catchment responses in permafrost-affected environments. While traditional models represent subsurface flow as diffuse through a porous matrix, field evidence increasingly demonstrates that channelized flow exerts a critical influence on groundwater dynamics. This review explores the hydrological processes governed by these channel networks, which enable rapid, turbulent water movement along distinct pathways. Observations of channels and hydraulically related features from 73 sites across mountain regions worldwide, viewed through a range of disciplinary perspectives, are synthesized into a unified conceptual framework. Building on this body of field evidence, we analyze the implications of channelized flow for groundwater movement, water quality, solute and heat transfer, permafrost degradation, and slope stability, advancing understanding of these interconnected processes. Our synthesis suggests that channels enhance water transport efficiency, accelerate permafrost thaw, and trigger debris flows and thermokarst lake outburst floods. The rapid transfer of suspended and dissolved matter makes downstream springs vulnerable to contamination and affects their suitability for water supply. Through integrating field observations, geophysical surveys, tracer experiments, borehole data, and ground temperatures, we reveal key processes governing water movement and its interconnected effects on heat, solutes, and permafrost structure in rock glaciers and related periglacial systems. We propose a novel conceptual model that integrates preferential flow paths into the framework of permafrost hydrology and identifies new directions for investigating hydrological processes in alpine aquifers.
{"title":"Preferential flow paths in active rock glaciers","authors":"Simon Seelig , Magdalena Seelig , Karl Krainer , Gerfried Winkler","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock glaciers are key components of alpine hydrology, regulating groundwater flow and shaping catchment responses in permafrost-affected environments. While traditional models represent subsurface flow as diffuse through a porous matrix, field evidence increasingly demonstrates that channelized flow exerts a critical influence on groundwater dynamics. This review explores the hydrological processes governed by these channel networks, which enable rapid, turbulent water movement along distinct pathways. Observations of channels and hydraulically related features from 73 sites across mountain regions worldwide, viewed through a range of disciplinary perspectives, are synthesized into a unified conceptual framework. Building on this body of field evidence, we analyze the implications of channelized flow for groundwater movement, water quality, solute and heat transfer, permafrost degradation, and slope stability, advancing understanding of these interconnected processes. Our synthesis suggests that channels enhance water transport efficiency, accelerate permafrost thaw, and trigger debris flows and thermokarst lake outburst floods. The rapid transfer of suspended and dissolved matter makes downstream springs vulnerable to contamination and affects their suitability for water supply. Through integrating field observations, geophysical surveys, tracer experiments, borehole data, and ground temperatures, we reveal key processes governing water movement and its interconnected effects on heat, solutes, and permafrost structure in rock glaciers and related periglacial systems. We propose a novel conceptual model that integrates preferential flow paths into the framework of permafrost hydrology and identifies new directions for investigating hydrological processes in alpine aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105373"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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