Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041
Yongheng Yang, Yunfa Miao, Xuelian Wang, Jie Wu, Yulong Ren, Tao Zhang, Liwu Li, Xiaomin Fang
In arid regions, mountains usually exhibit diverse climates and complex ecological niches, fostering the formation of “wet islands”. However, the timing and mechanisms behind the formation of such “wet island” remain poorly understood, particularly in the central East Asia arid region (CEAA). This study focuses on the Qilian Mountains in the northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP), adjacent to the CEAA, which constitute an alpine “wet island” with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeding 500 mm. <ce:cross-ref ref>Miao et al. (2012)</ce:cross-ref> synthesized climate records spanning Eurasia and the oceans since the Middle Miocene and proposed a conceptual hypothesis: global temperature decreases drive aridification, while mountain uplift shapes regional climate humidity. In this study, we explore the Middle Miocene (16–12 Ma), a period characterized by significant global cooling and intense NTP uplift, to quantify how these processes contributed to the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”. First, we integrated typical climate records from the Westerlies, Asian monsoon, Plateau basin, and Qilian Mountains. The results show continuous aridification in the first three regions driven by a cooling-induced reduction in moisture transport. In contrast, the Qilian Mountains experienced a wetting trend due to orographic uplift. Second, this differential climate evolution led to divergent vegetation patterns between the Qilian Mountains and Qaidam Basin: conifers became dominant in the mountains, while the basin interior exhibited a complex vegetation response to both cooling and uplift. The moisture disparity between the mountains and basin also widened, with MAP differences widening from ∼100 mm at 16–15 Ma to ∼470 mm at 13–12 Ma. This growing disparity indicates that the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island” occurred during the Middle Miocene Climatic Cooling period (14–12 Ma). Third, we conducted a regional climate model (RegCM 4.6) simulation at a 30-km resolution, testing temperature sensitivity (a decrease of ∼2 °C) and comparing the results with a topography sensitivity test (uplift from one-third of the present elevation to current level) from <ce:cross-ref ref>Miao et al. (2022a)</ce:cross-ref>. The model results show that the cooling-driven precipitation reduction in the CEAA (−100 %) was much greater than the precipitation increase (+30 % to +80 %) caused by uplift. Conversely, the Qilian Mountains experienced a substantial precipitation increase (+100 %) due to uplift, which mitigated the slight cooling-driven decrease (−10 %). These results suggest that global cooling and mountain uplift were pivotal factors in the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”, within a context of overall drying in the CEAA. After the NTP reached its present elevation in the late Middle Miocene, global climate primarily governed the evolution of climate and environment in the interior of Asia. In summary, this study provides a model for understa
{"title":"How “wet islands” form – A case study of the Qilian Mountains on the arid northern Tibetan Plateau during the Middle Miocene","authors":"Yongheng Yang, Yunfa Miao, Xuelian Wang, Jie Wu, Yulong Ren, Tao Zhang, Liwu Li, Xiaomin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","url":null,"abstract":"In arid regions, mountains usually exhibit diverse climates and complex ecological niches, fostering the formation of “wet islands”. However, the timing and mechanisms behind the formation of such “wet island” remain poorly understood, particularly in the central East Asia arid region (CEAA). This study focuses on the Qilian Mountains in the northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP), adjacent to the CEAA, which constitute an alpine “wet island” with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeding 500 mm. <ce:cross-ref ref>Miao et al. (2012)</ce:cross-ref> synthesized climate records spanning Eurasia and the oceans since the Middle Miocene and proposed a conceptual hypothesis: global temperature decreases drive aridification, while mountain uplift shapes regional climate humidity. In this study, we explore the Middle Miocene (16–12 Ma), a period characterized by significant global cooling and intense NTP uplift, to quantify how these processes contributed to the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”. First, we integrated typical climate records from the Westerlies, Asian monsoon, Plateau basin, and Qilian Mountains. The results show continuous aridification in the first three regions driven by a cooling-induced reduction in moisture transport. In contrast, the Qilian Mountains experienced a wetting trend due to orographic uplift. Second, this differential climate evolution led to divergent vegetation patterns between the Qilian Mountains and Qaidam Basin: conifers became dominant in the mountains, while the basin interior exhibited a complex vegetation response to both cooling and uplift. The moisture disparity between the mountains and basin also widened, with MAP differences widening from ∼100 mm at 16–15 Ma to ∼470 mm at 13–12 Ma. This growing disparity indicates that the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island” occurred during the Middle Miocene Climatic Cooling period (14–12 Ma). Third, we conducted a regional climate model (RegCM 4.6) simulation at a 30-km resolution, testing temperature sensitivity (a decrease of ∼2 °C) and comparing the results with a topography sensitivity test (uplift from one-third of the present elevation to current level) from <ce:cross-ref ref>Miao et al. (2022a)</ce:cross-ref>. The model results show that the cooling-driven precipitation reduction in the CEAA (−100 %) was much greater than the precipitation increase (+30 % to +80 %) caused by uplift. Conversely, the Qilian Mountains experienced a substantial precipitation increase (+100 %) due to uplift, which mitigated the slight cooling-driven decrease (−10 %). These results suggest that global cooling and mountain uplift were pivotal factors in the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”, within a context of overall drying in the CEAA. After the NTP reached its present elevation in the late Middle Miocene, global climate primarily governed the evolution of climate and environment in the interior of Asia. In summary, this study provides a model for understa","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A supercritical fluid (SCF) in a silicate-H2O system was generally regarded as a homogeneous phase formed under pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions higher than the second critical endpoint of the system. It evolves into a hydrous melt and aqueous fluid with decreasing P-T conditions or after interactions with wall rocks during fluid migration. Subduction zones are preferable sites for seeking records of SCFs in the natural systems, particularly when the P-T paths of the rocks cross through the stability area of the SCFs. This contribution first defines SCF by considering the homogeneous fluid above the critical curve of the corresponding rock–H2O system as a generalized SCF and then reviews the recent advances about the natural records of SCFs in subduction zones. Specifically, multiphase inclusions are the most direct proxy for SCF with both fluid-bearing and fluid-free ones containing complex mineral associations being probably linked to SCFs. The major element composition of the SCF recovered from multiphase inclusions is broadly consistent with the experimental data, showing an intermediate composition between the aqueous fluid and hydrous melt. The SCF-associated element transportation can be determined in ultrahigh pressure veins, accessory minerals, and mantle wedges, mostly based on the strong capability of SCFs to transport high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The phase separation of SCF is widespread, including both microscale evidence of inclusions and macroscale evidence of composite veins as well as concurrent signals of fluid and melt metasomatism in the mantle wedge. Isotopic fractionations associated with SCFs have been reported intermittently. However, it mainly depends on the isotope composition of source rock and the dissolving capacity of the SCF. Finally, we propose certain identification criteria of SCF relative to aqueous fluid and hydrous melt by integrating the published data, including specific multiphase inclusion signatures; major element ratios of CaO/Al2O3 (fluid/source rock) ≥ 1.15, FeO/Al2O3 (fluid/source rock) ≥ 0.5, and MgO/Al2O3 (fluid/source rock) ≥ 0.6; and large NbTa fractionation. Other signatures of SCFs, such as high sulfur content and abnormal Fe-Mg-Cr-O-S isotope compositions, also display potential. However, further studies are required to validate these.
{"title":"Natural records of supercritical fluids in subduction zones","authors":"Yang-Yang Wang, Yilin Xiao, Ren-Xu Chen, Yi-Xiang Chen, Ji-Lei Li, Shun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105031","url":null,"abstract":"A supercritical fluid (SCF) in a silicate-H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O system was generally regarded as a homogeneous phase formed under pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions higher than the second critical endpoint of the system. It evolves into a hydrous melt and aqueous fluid with decreasing P-T conditions or after interactions with wall rocks during fluid migration. Subduction zones are preferable sites for seeking records of SCFs in the natural systems, particularly when the P-T paths of the rocks cross through the stability area of the SCFs. This contribution first defines SCF by considering the homogeneous fluid above the critical curve of the corresponding rock–H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O system as a generalized SCF and then reviews the recent advances about the natural records of SCFs in subduction zones. Specifically, multiphase inclusions are the most direct proxy for SCF with both fluid-bearing and fluid-free ones containing complex mineral associations being probably linked to SCFs. The major element composition of the SCF recovered from multiphase inclusions is broadly consistent with the experimental data, showing an intermediate composition between the aqueous fluid and hydrous melt. The SCF-associated element transportation can be determined in ultrahigh pressure veins, accessory minerals, and mantle wedges, mostly based on the strong capability of SCFs to transport high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The phase separation of SCF is widespread, including both microscale evidence of inclusions and macroscale evidence of composite veins as well as concurrent signals of fluid and melt metasomatism in the mantle wedge. Isotopic fractionations associated with SCFs have been reported intermittently. However, it mainly depends on the isotope composition of source rock and the dissolving capacity of the SCF. Finally, we propose certain identification criteria of SCF relative to aqueous fluid and hydrous melt by integrating the published data, including specific multiphase inclusion signatures; major element ratios of CaO/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> (fluid/source rock) ≥ 1.15, FeO/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> (fluid/source rock) ≥ 0.5, and MgO/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> (fluid/source rock) ≥ 0.6; and large Nb<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph>Ta fractionation. Other signatures of SCFs, such as high sulfur content and abnormal Fe-Mg-Cr-O-S isotope compositions, also display potential. However, further studies are required to validate these.","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ferromanganese nodules (FMNs), simultaneously termed as manganese nodules, are metallic concretions typically found in the B horizon of iron and manganese-rich soils. These nodules are primarily formed through the biomineralization process driven by favorable redox reactions and microbial activity. The formation of FMNs in the soil is governed by complex geochemical interactions and influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, pH, organic matter, redox potential (Eh), wet/dry cycles, and nucleation sites. FMNs typically vary in size, ranging from a few microns to several centimeters, and exhibit diverse shapes, from spherical to irregular. These nodules play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and the adsorption of heavy metals, including phosphorus, lead, copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel, thereby improving soil quality and preventing metal leaching into aquatic environments. The ion exchange during redox reactions, complexation, occlusion, and adsorption are the key mechanisms through which heavy metals can become immobilized in soil FMNs. The formation of FMNs involves Mn-oxidizing bacteria, such as Bacillus, Pedomicrobium, Erythrobacter, Pseudomonas putida, Geobacter, and Leptothrix discophora, which use specific functional genes such as mnxG, moxA, mopA, CumA, ombB, omaB, OmcB, and mofA to facilitate manganese oxidation. This process reacts with geological material, resulting in the precipitation of metal leachates and the development of metal oxide coatings that serve as nucleation sites for FMNs. Such microbial activities are not only essential for FMNs formation but also for trapping heavy metals in soil, highlighting their importance in soil biogeochemical cycling and ecological functions. However, further research is needed to unravel the complex biogeochemical interactions that influence FMNs growth and composition, as well as to understand the stabilization and release dynamics of nutrients and heavy metals, and the roles of microbial communities and functional genes involved in these processes, particularly in relation to soil fertility and plant nutrition.
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms and biomineralization processes of ferromanganese nodule formation: Insights its effect on nutrient imbalance and heavy metal immobilization in native soil profiles","authors":"Danish Ali, Suprokash Koner, Ashiq Hussain, Bing-Mu Hsu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105029","url":null,"abstract":"Ferromanganese nodules (FMNs), simultaneously termed as manganese nodules, are metallic concretions typically found in the B horizon of iron and manganese-rich soils. These nodules are primarily formed through the biomineralization process driven by favorable redox reactions and microbial activity. The formation of FMNs in the soil is governed by complex geochemical interactions and influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, pH, organic matter, redox potential (Eh), wet/dry cycles, and nucleation sites. FMNs typically vary in size, ranging from a few microns to several centimeters, and exhibit diverse shapes, from spherical to irregular. These nodules play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and the adsorption of heavy metals, including phosphorus, lead, copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel, thereby improving soil quality and preventing metal leaching into aquatic environments. The ion exchange during redox reactions, complexation, occlusion, and adsorption are the key mechanisms through which heavy metals can become immobilized in soil FMNs. The formation of FMNs involves Mn-oxidizing bacteria, such as <ce:italic>Bacillus, Pedomicrobium, Erythrobacter, Pseudomonas putida, Geobacter,</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Leptothrix discophora,</ce:italic> which use specific functional genes such as <ce:italic>mnxG, moxA, mopA, CumA, ombB, omaB, OmcB,</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>mofA</ce:italic> to facilitate manganese oxidation. This process reacts with geological material, resulting in the precipitation of metal leachates and the development of metal oxide coatings that serve as nucleation sites for FMNs. Such microbial activities are not only essential for FMNs formation but also for trapping heavy metals in soil, highlighting their importance in soil biogeochemical cycling and ecological functions. However, further research is needed to unravel the complex biogeochemical interactions that influence FMNs growth and composition, as well as to understand the stabilization and release dynamics of nutrients and heavy metals, and the roles of microbial communities and functional genes involved in these processes, particularly in relation to soil fertility and plant nutrition.","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest permafrost area in the low- and mid-latitudes. With warmer ground temperatures and ice-rich terrain, the TP permafrost is potentially more vulnerable to climate warming. Abrupt thaw induced by rapid ground ice melt and thermokarst process has become more frequent in the TP, which will likely have a large impact on the regional water and carbon exchanges. This review presents recent researches on the drivers of abrupt thaw, with a focus on the hillslope thermokarst, and advances in remote sensing and process-based modeling of abrupt thaw process and the permafrost carbon feedback in the TP, with a comparison to the Arctic studies. Ground ice content and local topography are the two main factors controlling the rate and form of abrupt thaw; however, a lack of accurate estimates of ground ice content distribution and challenges in characterizing lateral heat transfer and groundwater flows greatly limit modeling capability in representing fine-scale thermokarst processes at a regional scale. High resolution satellite remote sensing has been widely used to identify various thermokarst landforms across the TP. However, studies using multi-source remote sensing to quantify the thermokarst-induced soil volume ice and mass loss are still lacking, particularly in the TP, which are important for characterizing the permafrost carbon feedback with abrupt thaw. Integration of spatial information derived from multi-source remote sensing with process-based models will allow better characterization of abrupt thaw processes, which generally occur at scales finer than model grid cells and are difficult to parameterize for coarse-resolution global and regional models. This synthesis can inform future research on better representing abrupt thaw process not only in the TP region but extending to other permafrost areas as well.
{"title":"Abrupt thaw and its effects on permafrost carbon emissions in the Tibetan Plateau: A remote sensing and modeling perspective","authors":"Yonghong Yi, Tonghua Wu, Mousong Wu, Huiru Jiang, Yuanhe Yang, Brendan M. Rogers","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105020","url":null,"abstract":"The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest permafrost area in the low- and mid-latitudes. With warmer ground temperatures and ice-rich terrain, the TP permafrost is potentially more vulnerable to climate warming. Abrupt thaw induced by rapid ground ice melt and thermokarst process has become more frequent in the TP, which will likely have a large impact on the regional water and carbon exchanges. This review presents recent researches on the drivers of abrupt thaw, with a focus on the hillslope thermokarst, and advances in remote sensing and process-based modeling of abrupt thaw process and the permafrost carbon feedback in the TP, with a comparison to the Arctic studies. Ground ice content and local topography are the two main factors controlling the rate and form of abrupt thaw; however, a lack of accurate estimates of ground ice content distribution and challenges in characterizing lateral heat transfer and groundwater flows greatly limit modeling capability in representing fine-scale thermokarst processes at a regional scale. High resolution satellite remote sensing has been widely used to identify various thermokarst landforms across the TP. However, studies using multi-source remote sensing to quantify the thermokarst-induced soil volume ice and mass loss are still lacking, particularly in the TP, which are important for characterizing the permafrost carbon feedback with abrupt thaw. Integration of spatial information derived from multi-source remote sensing with process-based models will allow better characterization of abrupt thaw processes, which generally occur at scales finer than model grid cells and are difficult to parameterize for coarse-resolution global and regional models. This synthesis can inform future research on better representing abrupt thaw process not only in the TP region but extending to other permafrost areas as well.","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142790089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996
Massimo Nespoli , Hongyu Yu , Antonio Pio Rinaldi , Rebecca Harrington , Maria Elina Belardinelli , Giovanni Martinelli , Antonello Piombo
Fluids are naturally present in the crust from subsoil to several kilometers deep. The representation of the Earth's crust as a purely elastic medium ignores the effects of fluids within rock pores. Because the presence of fluids alters the mechanical response of rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be used to more accurately represent the deformation and the stress field of the crust, especially when the fluid saturation of rocks is high. In a poro-elastic medium, fluids interact with the hosting rocks through the pore-pressure. If the fluids have significantly different temperatures compared to the surrounding rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be generalized to the thermo-poro-elasticity, which also takes into account the effects of the thermal expansion of the medium The geophysical applications of these theoretical frameworks are highly diverse and based on different modeling approaches and assumptions. In this work, we emphasize potential applications of thermo-poro-elasticity theory in developing increasingly complex models of rock-fluid interactions. To do that, we focus on the different modeling approaches employed in some recent models of deep fluid exploitation, reservoir induced seismicity, interaction between seismic faults and fluids, and hydrothermal systems in volcanic zones. Our review paper aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the models, theories, code packages, and applications pertinent to this area and suggest some possible future developments of thermo-(poro-elastic) models in different application areas.
{"title":"Applications and future developments of the (thermo-) poro-elastic theory in geophysics","authors":"Massimo Nespoli , Hongyu Yu , Antonio Pio Rinaldi , Rebecca Harrington , Maria Elina Belardinelli , Giovanni Martinelli , Antonello Piombo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluids are naturally present in the crust from subsoil to several kilometers deep. The representation of the Earth's crust as a purely elastic medium ignores the effects of fluids within rock pores. Because the presence of fluids alters the mechanical response of rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be used to more accurately represent the deformation and the stress field of the crust, especially when the fluid saturation of rocks is high. In a poro-elastic medium, fluids interact with the hosting rocks through the pore-pressure. If the fluids have significantly different temperatures compared to the surrounding rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be generalized to the thermo-poro-elasticity, which also takes into account the effects of the thermal expansion of the medium The geophysical applications of these theoretical frameworks are highly diverse and based on different modeling approaches and assumptions. In this work, we emphasize potential applications of thermo-poro-elasticity theory in developing increasingly complex models of rock-fluid interactions. To do that, we focus on the different modeling approaches employed in some recent models of deep fluid exploitation, reservoir induced seismicity, interaction between seismic faults and fluids, and hydrothermal systems in volcanic zones. Our review paper aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the models, theories, code packages, and applications pertinent to this area and suggest some possible future developments of thermo-(poro-elastic) models in different application areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104996"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998
Patrice Baby , Alice Prudhomme , Stéphane Brusset , Alexandra Robert , Martin Roddaz , Ysabel Calderon , Adrien Eude , Willy Gil , Wilber Hermoza , Christian Hurtado , Stéphanie Brichau , Gérôme Calvès , Pierre-Olivier Antoine , Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi
The mechanism for crustal thickening and superposition of several orogens is critical for understanding the growth of mountain ranges. Our study focuses on a trans-orogen crustal cross-section to revisit the Andean tectonic evolution in the Northern Central Andes (5°-8°S). It is based on a review of the geological setting, the definition of long-term tectono-sedimentary successions, and for the first time, a crustal balanced cross-section 895 km long through the entire orogen. We show that the Northern Central Andes were born in the Jurassic, and correspond to the superposition of several orogens representing a minimum total shortening of ∼207 km. They were built over 180 Ma during three orogenic periods (180–140 Ma; 100–50 Ma; 30–0 Ma), separated by two post-orogenic periods during which most Andean relieves were erased (140–100 Ma; 50–30 Ma). Each post-orogenic period was recorded by 1) a major regional erosional unconformity sealed by a widespread marine transgression, and 2) extensional tectonics in the forearc. Crustal shortening was driven by westward South America Plate displacement and continental crustal underthrusting, and not by oceanic subduction. The propagation of the Andean wedge has been controlled by successive inversions of two pre-existing rifts. The sequential restoration of the trans-orogen balanced cross-section, constrained by the sedimentary record, provides a realistic picture of each orogenic and post-orogenic stage. For the first time, the pre-Neogene basins are reconstructed respecting the Andean shortening. The first-order factors that have controlled the complex growth evolution of Northern Central Andes are South America Plate dynamics changes associated with shifts in the geometry of the subducting oceanic slab. Some correlations can be established with Phanerozoic climate changes.
{"title":"The Northern Central Andes and Andean tectonic evolution revisited: An integrated stratigraphic and structural model of three superimposed orogens","authors":"Patrice Baby , Alice Prudhomme , Stéphane Brusset , Alexandra Robert , Martin Roddaz , Ysabel Calderon , Adrien Eude , Willy Gil , Wilber Hermoza , Christian Hurtado , Stéphanie Brichau , Gérôme Calvès , Pierre-Olivier Antoine , Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanism for crustal thickening and superposition of several orogens is critical for understanding the growth of mountain ranges. Our study focuses on a trans-orogen crustal cross-section to revisit the Andean tectonic evolution in the Northern Central Andes (5°-8°S). It is based on a review of the geological setting, the definition of long-term tectono-sedimentary successions, and for the first time, a crustal balanced cross-section 895 km long through the entire orogen. We show that the Northern Central Andes were born in the Jurassic, and correspond to the superposition of several orogens representing a minimum total shortening of ∼207 km. They were built over 180 Ma during three orogenic periods (180–140 Ma; 100–50 Ma; 30–0 Ma), separated by two post-orogenic periods during which most Andean relieves were erased (140–100 Ma; 50–30 Ma). Each post-orogenic period was recorded by 1) a major regional erosional unconformity sealed by a widespread marine transgression, and 2) extensional tectonics in the forearc. Crustal shortening was driven by westward South America Plate displacement and continental crustal underthrusting, and not by oceanic subduction. The propagation of the Andean wedge has been controlled by successive inversions of two pre-existing rifts. The sequential restoration of the trans-orogen balanced cross-section, constrained by the sedimentary record, provides a realistic picture of each orogenic and post-orogenic stage. For the first time, the pre-Neogene basins are reconstructed respecting the Andean shortening. The first-order factors that have controlled the complex growth evolution of Northern Central Andes are South America Plate dynamics changes associated with shifts in the geometry of the subducting oceanic slab. Some correlations can be established with Phanerozoic climate changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104998"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995
Vlad V. Sysoev , Aisylu G. Ibragimova , Maria A. Gololobova , Andrew Medeiros , John P. Smol , Alexey A. Kotov
Body size may potentially be a key characteristic for both an individual and a community response to environmental change that palaeolimnological studies can document. Most palaeoecological investigations are based on the reconstruction of past changes in species assemblages, although some studies have incorporated body size as an indicator of past limnological conditions. Here, we review previously published relationships (or simple correlations) between body size and environmental variables among five different groups of organisms typically well-represented in lake sediments: Cladocera, Ostracoda, Chironomidae, testate amoebae, and diatoms. The most convincing examples showing the value of body size data in palaeolimnology are probably best demonstrated in publications about Cladocera and testacid protozoa; however, even here researchers sometimes reach different conclusions. In this review, we summarize a diverse array of studies examining size relationships and conclude that, whilst considerably more research is needed, size relationships may provide key information in palaeolimnological studies.
{"title":"Changes in size of key indicators used in palaeolimnological studies: A critical review","authors":"Vlad V. Sysoev , Aisylu G. Ibragimova , Maria A. Gololobova , Andrew Medeiros , John P. Smol , Alexey A. Kotov","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Body size may potentially be a key characteristic for both an individual and a community response to environmental change that palaeolimnological studies can document. Most palaeoecological investigations are based on the reconstruction of past changes in species assemblages, although some studies have incorporated body size as an indicator of past limnological conditions. Here, we review previously published relationships (or simple correlations) between body size and environmental variables among five different groups of organisms typically well-represented in lake sediments: Cladocera, Ostracoda, Chironomidae, testate amoebae, and diatoms. The most convincing examples showing the value of body size data in palaeolimnology are probably best demonstrated in publications about Cladocera and testacid protozoa; however, even here researchers sometimes reach different conclusions. In this review, we summarize a diverse array of studies examining size relationships and conclude that, whilst considerably more research is needed, size relationships may provide key information in palaeolimnological studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104995"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986
Xiaoduo Pan , Deliang Chen , Baoxiang Pan , Xiaozhong Huang , Kun Yang , Shilong Piao , Tianjun Zhou , Yongjiu Dai , Fahu Chen , Xin Li
Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the lithosphere, and the growing impacts of human activities for modeling Earth system. We then focus on the current opportunities in Earth system modeling, driven by the growing capacity for data-driven approaches such as machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
The next generation of ESMs should embrace dynamic frameworks that enable more precise representations of physical processes across a range of spatiotemporal scales. Multi-resolution models are pivotal in bridging the gap between global and regional scales, fostering a deeper understanding of local and remote influences. Data-driven methodologies including ML/AI offer promising avenues for advancing ESMs by harnessing a wide array of data sources and surmounting limitations inherent in traditional parameterization techniques. However, the integration of ML/AI into ESMs presents its own set of challenges, including the identification of suitable data sources, the seamless incorporation of ML/AI algorithms into existing modeling infrastructures, and the resolution of issues related to model interpretability and robustness. A harmonious amalgamation of physics-based and data-driven methodologies have the potential to produce ESMs that achieve greater precision and computational efficiency, better capturing the intricate dynamics of Earth system processes.
Although ESMs have made substantial progress in simulating the complex dynamics of Earth system's subsystems, there is still considerable work to be done. Prospects in the development of ESMs entail a deepened comprehension of pivotal subsystems, including the anthroposphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. Adopting innovative technologies and methodologies, such as ML/AI and multi-resolution modeling, holds immense potential to substantially enhance our capability to anticipate and mitigate the consequences of human activities on the Earth system.
{"title":"Evolution and prospects of Earth system models: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Xiaoduo Pan , Deliang Chen , Baoxiang Pan , Xiaozhong Huang , Kun Yang , Shilong Piao , Tianjun Zhou , Yongjiu Dai , Fahu Chen , Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the lithosphere, and the growing impacts of human activities for modeling Earth system. We then focus on the current opportunities in Earth system modeling, driven by the growing capacity for data-driven approaches such as machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).</div><div>The next generation of ESMs should embrace dynamic frameworks that enable more precise representations of physical processes across a range of spatiotemporal scales. Multi-resolution models are pivotal in bridging the gap between global and regional scales, fostering a deeper understanding of local and remote influences. Data-driven methodologies including ML/AI offer promising avenues for advancing ESMs by harnessing a wide array of data sources and surmounting limitations inherent in traditional parameterization techniques. However, the integration of ML/AI into ESMs presents its own set of challenges, including the identification of suitable data sources, the seamless incorporation of ML/AI algorithms into existing modeling infrastructures, and the resolution of issues related to model interpretability and robustness. A harmonious amalgamation of physics-based and data-driven methodologies have the potential to produce ESMs that achieve greater precision and computational efficiency, better capturing the intricate dynamics of Earth system processes.</div><div>Although ESMs have made substantial progress in simulating the complex dynamics of Earth system's subsystems, there is still considerable work to be done. Prospects in the development of ESMs entail a deepened comprehension of pivotal subsystems, including the anthroposphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. Adopting innovative technologies and methodologies, such as ML/AI and multi-resolution modeling, holds immense potential to substantially enhance our capability to anticipate and mitigate the consequences of human activities on the Earth system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104986"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993
P. van Elderen , G. Erkens , C. Zwanenburg , H. Middelkoop , E. Stouthamer
Viscous compression, the delayed slow compression of soils after loading, has emerged as a challenging process contributing to land subsidence in soft soil areas. Despite previous research on clay soils, there is still limited understanding of the processes and mechanisms of viscous compression of organic soils. As peat is more susceptible to viscous compression than clay, and the subsurface of subsiding deltas can contain substantial bodies of peat, understanding of processes, mechanisms and drivers is needed to predict the potential for and amount of viscous compression to occur and assess the effect of mitigation measures to delta subsidence. This study integrates findings from prior research on viscous compression behaviour of clay for a comprehensive comparison of the structural, geomechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics of clay and peat, to evaluate to what extent compression mechanisms in clay operate in a similar way in peat. The study focuses on mechanisms of viscous clay compression, which are: expulsion of micropore water, changes in the adsorbed water layer, and particle interactions. Our review establishes that these mechanisms also manifest in peat, albeit with varying contributions to the reorientation of peat fibres. Notably, the distinct pore structure and larger average pore diameters of peat result in water expulsion behaviour that is different from clay. Additionally, the negative electrical charge on clay mineral surfaces is stronger than that of peat fibre surfaces, influencing attraction or repulsion forces among particles and the adsorbed water. This study introduces decomposition of organic matter as an additional long-term control of subsidence. Decomposition weakens the peat structure and facilitates particle reorientation, which enhances the susceptibility to compression. On the other hand, when organic material is already decomposed, it shows lower compressibility compared to fibrous organic material.
{"title":"Viscous compression of clay and peat","authors":"P. van Elderen , G. Erkens , C. Zwanenburg , H. Middelkoop , E. Stouthamer","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viscous compression, the delayed slow compression of soils after loading, has emerged as a challenging process contributing to land subsidence in soft soil areas. Despite previous research on clay soils, there is still limited understanding of the processes and mechanisms of viscous compression of organic soils. As peat is more susceptible to viscous compression than clay, and the subsurface of subsiding deltas can contain substantial bodies of peat, understanding of processes, mechanisms and drivers is needed to predict the potential for and amount of viscous compression to occur and assess the effect of mitigation measures to delta subsidence. This study integrates findings from prior research on viscous compression behaviour of clay for a comprehensive comparison of the structural, geomechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics of clay and peat, to evaluate to what extent compression mechanisms in clay operate in a similar way in peat. The study focuses on mechanisms of viscous clay compression, which are: expulsion of micropore water, changes in the adsorbed water layer, and particle interactions. Our review establishes that these mechanisms also manifest in peat, albeit with varying contributions to the reorientation of peat fibres. Notably, the distinct pore structure and larger average pore diameters of peat result in water expulsion behaviour that is different from clay. Additionally, the negative electrical charge on clay mineral surfaces is stronger than that of peat fibre surfaces, influencing attraction or repulsion forces among particles and the adsorbed water. This study introduces decomposition of organic matter as an additional long-term control of subsidence. Decomposition weakens the peat structure and facilitates particle reorientation, which enhances the susceptibility to compression. On the other hand, when organic material is already decomposed, it shows lower compressibility compared to fibrous organic material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104993"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991
Peter R. Vogt , Gillian R. Foulger
We explore the origins of anorogenic post-breakup magmatism in two areas of the mid-Atlantic Appalachians: the New England-Quebec Province (ca. 130–120 Ma) and the Shenandoah Province (ca. 49–47 Ma). Radiometric rock ages and other data do not support claims that this magmatism occurred when these sites were located above postulated Great Meteor and Bermuda mantle hotspots/plumes. We propose instead that the sites are persistent lithospheric ‘weakspots’ favorable for magma ascent during relatively short intervals of a few Myr when global-scale plate motion reorganizes every 20–30 Myr. Magma ascends into the crust when compressive intra-plate stress is relaxed. Weakspots in the plate, not fixed mantle hotspots, can explain why anorogenic magmatism occurred at the same two sites also much earlier (by ca. 50 Myr in the New England-Quebec province and ca. 100 Myr in the Shenandoah Province), and why the Bermuda volcanoes formed not later, but coevally with the Shenandoah Province, 1400 km along the postulated hotspot trace. The plume hypothesis also fails to explain why the New England-Quebec magmas were emplaced at the same time as anomalously productive magmatism along the northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and coincident with the breakup of Iberia from the Grand Banks, sites almost 2000 km distant from the New England-Quebec Province. Moreover, New England-Quebec radiometric age distributions suggest that distant magmatic events and continental breakup affecting other plates were global plate reorganization events that may be ‘recorded’ by volcanism at weakspots. Shenandoah-Bermuda magmatism happened during the Pacific plate motion change recorded by the Hawaii-Emperor Bend. The ca. 720 Ma Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons in Virginia, USA, may be an old analog of the Shenandoah Province exploiting the same lithospheric weakspot. The New England-Quebec magmatic period 130–120 Ma is also the time over which the geomagnetic reversal frequency slowed, reaching zero at the onset of the Cretaceous normal superchron (C34n) at ca. 120 Ma. This event was recorded at the mid-Atlantic Ridge axis as the J-Anomaly Ridge and a large increase in spreading half-rate from 1 to 2.5 cm/a. Thus, geomagnetic reversal frequency may also be related to plate tectonics.
我们在大西洋中部阿巴拉契亚山脉的两个地区：新英格兰-魁北克省（约 130-120 Ma）和谢南多省（约 49-47 Ma）探索了断裂后原生岩浆活动的起源。放射性岩石年龄和其他数据并不支持这样的说法，即岩浆活动发生时，这些地点位于推测的大流星和百慕大地幔热点/羽流之上。相反，我们认为这些地点是岩石圈的持续性 "薄弱点"，在全球尺度板块运动每 20-30 Myr 进行重组时，在相对较短的几 Myr 间隔内有利于岩浆上升。当板块内压应力松弛时，岩浆就会上升到地壳中。板块中的薄弱点，而不是固定的地幔热点，可以解释为什么在同样的两个地点也会更早地出现源生岩浆活动（在新英格兰-魁北克省约为 50 Myr，在谢南多尔省约为 100 Myr），以及为什么百慕大火山不是后来形成的，而是与谢南多尔省同时形成的，沿着假定的热点轨迹 1400 公里。羽流假说也无法解释为什么新英格兰-魁北克岩浆与大西洋中脊北部的异常高产岩浆同时喷出，并且与伊比利亚从大浅滩（距离新英格兰-魁北克省近 2000 公里的地点）分裂的时间相吻合。此外，新英格兰-魁北克辐射年龄分布表明，遥远的岩浆事件和影响其他板块的大陆断裂是全球板块重组事件，可能被薄弱点的火山活动 "记录 "下来。神户-百慕大岩浆活动发生在夏威夷-皇帝弯记录的太平洋板块运动变化期间。约 720 Ma 的罗伯逊河岩浆岩群美国弗吉尼亚州的罗伯逊河岩浆岩组（Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons）约 720 Ma，可能是利用同一岩石圈薄弱点的神南多省的古老类似物。新英格兰-魁北克岩浆期 130-120 Ma 也是地磁反转频率减慢的时期，在大约 120 Ma 的白垩纪正常超同步（C34n）开始时达到零。120 Ma。这一事件在大西洋中脊轴线上被记录为J-异常脊，扩张半速率从1 cm/a大幅增加到2.5 cm/a。因此，地磁反转频率也可能与板块构造有关。
{"title":"Lithospheric weakspots, not hotspots: New England-Quebec and Shenandoah anorogenic magmatism in the context of global plate tectonics, intraplate stress and LIPs","authors":"Peter R. Vogt , Gillian R. Foulger","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We explore the origins of anorogenic post-breakup magmatism in two areas of the mid-Atlantic Appalachians: the New England-Quebec Province (ca. 130–120 Ma) and the Shenandoah Province (ca. 49–47 Ma). Radiometric rock ages and other data do not support claims that this magmatism occurred when these sites were located above postulated Great Meteor and Bermuda mantle hotspots/plumes. We propose instead that the sites are persistent lithospheric ‘weakspots’ favorable for magma ascent during relatively short intervals of a few Myr when global-scale plate motion reorganizes every 20–30 Myr. Magma ascends into the crust when compressive intra-plate stress is relaxed. Weakspots in the plate, not fixed mantle hotspots, can explain why anorogenic magmatism occurred at the same two sites also much earlier (by ca. 50 Myr in the New England-Quebec province and ca. 100 Myr in the Shenandoah Province), and why the Bermuda volcanoes formed not later, but coevally with the Shenandoah Province, 1400 km along the postulated hotspot trace. The plume hypothesis also fails to explain why the New England-Quebec magmas were emplaced at the same time as anomalously productive magmatism along the northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and coincident with the breakup of Iberia from the Grand Banks, sites almost 2000 km distant from the New England-Quebec Province. Moreover, New England-Quebec radiometric age distributions suggest that distant magmatic events and continental breakup affecting other plates were global plate reorganization events that may be ‘recorded’ by volcanism at weakspots. Shenandoah-Bermuda magmatism happened during the Pacific plate motion change recorded by the Hawaii-Emperor Bend. The ca. 720 Ma Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons in Virginia, USA, may be an old analog of the Shenandoah Province exploiting the same lithospheric weakspot. The New England-Quebec magmatic period 130–120 Ma is also the time over which the geomagnetic reversal frequency slowed, reaching zero at the onset of the Cretaceous normal superchron (C34n) at ca. 120 Ma. This event was recorded at the mid-Atlantic Ridge axis as the J-Anomaly Ridge and a large increase in spreading half-rate from 1 to 2.5 cm/a. Thus, geomagnetic reversal frequency may also be related to plate tectonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104991"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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