Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105045
James A. Craig , Ralph J. Battle , Yorick P. Veenma , William J. McMahon , Ben J. Slater , Anthony P. Shillito , Neil S. Davies
The sedimentary-stratigraphic record is the principal repository of empirical historic evidence for evolution and deep time environments. However, the record has a temporal incompleteness and inconsistency to its extensive quantity, driven by the spatial heterogeneity of deposition and erosion. This is argued to bias intensive fossil records, with correlations apparent between fossil diversity and mapped rock area from different intervals. However, mapped rock area is a poor proxy for strata accessible for fossil studies because most is concealed. Additionally, spatially diminutive older rocks commonly sample a greater stratigraphic transect per unit exposure area than widespread younger rocks because the tectonic forces that drive recycling additionally result in tilting. We calculate observable vertical stratigraphic thickness throughout geologic history for southern Britain and show that potential sample availability increases with age, in contrast to general models of rock survivorship. Using this subsample of the sedimentary-stratigraphic record as a calibration sample for the global record, we find no correlation between available stratigraphic thickness and palaeobiodiversity, except in flat-lying strata. We demonstrate instances where the first occurrences of fossil genera appear robust because there is high availability of suitable host rock pre-dating them. Our work suggests that preservation biases induced by variability in rock quantity have been significantly overstated and that local tectonic history renders different regions as stratigraphic hotspots for specific intervals, in which intensive high-veracity fossil records have exceptional value for elucidating global trends and timing in evolutionary history. The British non-marine Palaeozoic record is highlighted as such an example, with high-fidelity palynological records of plant evolution and ichnological records of animal terrestrialization.
{"title":"Thickness of the stratigraphic record of Britain: How the fidelity of geological and fossil data is unrelated to rock quantity","authors":"James A. Craig , Ralph J. Battle , Yorick P. Veenma , William J. McMahon , Ben J. Slater , Anthony P. Shillito , Neil S. Davies","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sedimentary-stratigraphic record is the principal repository of empirical historic evidence for evolution and deep time environments. However, the record has a temporal incompleteness and inconsistency to its extensive quantity, driven by the spatial heterogeneity of deposition and erosion. This is argued to bias intensive fossil records, with correlations apparent between fossil diversity and mapped rock area from different intervals. However, mapped rock area is a poor proxy for strata accessible for fossil studies because most is concealed. Additionally, spatially diminutive older rocks commonly sample a greater stratigraphic transect per unit exposure area than widespread younger rocks because the tectonic forces that drive recycling additionally result in tilting. We calculate observable vertical stratigraphic thickness throughout geologic history for southern Britain and show that potential sample availability increases with age, in contrast to general models of rock survivorship. Using this subsample of the sedimentary-stratigraphic record as a calibration sample for the global record, we find no correlation between available stratigraphic thickness and palaeobiodiversity, except in flat-lying strata. We demonstrate instances where the first occurrences of fossil genera appear robust because there is high availability of suitable host rock pre-dating them. Our work suggests that preservation biases induced by variability in rock quantity have been significantly overstated and that local tectonic history renders different regions as stratigraphic hotspots for specific intervals, in which intensive high-veracity fossil records have exceptional value for elucidating global trends and timing in evolutionary history. The British non-marine Palaeozoic record is highlighted as such an example, with high-fidelity palynological records of plant evolution and ichnological records of animal terrestrialization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105045"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105034
Martin J. Van Kranendonk , Allen P. Nutman , Clark R.L. Friend , Vickie C. Bennett
This paper reviews the origin of putative stromatolites within 3.7 Ga meta-dolostones from the Isua Supracrustal Belt (Greenland) as either bona fide biogenic structures, as other (abiogenic) types of primary sedimentary structures, or as the products of structural deformation.
Regional mapping shows that primary structures are preserved locally across a range of lithology, specifically within the hinge zones of fold structures. Examples of such primary structures – bedding, cross-bedding, and edgewise conglomerate – within the fold structure that hosts the stromatolites, which have been discounted by some as the products of high strain, are here re-affirmed to be primary structures. Importantly, this demonstrates the potential of localised exceptional preservation. Critically, bedding and cross-bedding are defined by a combination of compositional variations and grain size that, together with an asymptotic geometry of the latter present an uniquely compelling case against the formation of these features through shearing and deformational tectonic forces.
The stromatolites can be discriminated from either primary sedimentary flame structures caused by sediment loading, or sand volcanoes caused by dewatering. Similarly, they can be discriminated from necking structures formed by tectonic boudinage on geometrical grounds, nor are they boudins themselves as they are asymmetrical and irregularly spaced. They are also clearly distinct from small-scale fold structures because of the repeated flat-base versus conical-top geometry of the stromatolites across four individual layers.
Instead, the putative stromatolites display characteristic features consistent with formation as biogenic structures. They occur in specific horizons that lie within a well-preserved stratigraphy, have flat bases and coniform to domical upper surfaces, display internal laminations, and are made of dolomite with REE + Y and stable isotopic values consistent with deposition in a biologically-influenced shallow sea. They are strained structures, elongated along the plunge direction of the regional synformal anticlinal fold in which they occur (i.e., the X-axis of the local strain ellipsoid). Importantly, 3-D observations show that the coniform stromatolites taper in the finite extension direction and that overlying mica-rich meta-dolomite beds lap onto the stromatolites in all dimensions.
In conclusion, the Isua stromatolites conform to known biogenic structures from throughout the geological record, both in terms of their overall setting, but also their unique geometry that is clearly distinct from any other known mechanism of formation. Their preservation is best explained by their occurrence within a fold hinge that has experienced plane strain in a small domain that escaped infiltration by H2O-rich metamorphic fluids into siliceous meta-dolostones.
{"title":"A review of 3.7 Ga stromatolites from the Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland","authors":"Martin J. Van Kranendonk , Allen P. Nutman , Clark R.L. Friend , Vickie C. Bennett","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reviews the origin of putative stromatolites within 3.7 Ga meta-dolostones from the Isua Supracrustal Belt (Greenland) as either bona fide biogenic structures, as other (abiogenic) types of primary sedimentary structures, or as the products of structural deformation.</div><div>Regional mapping shows that primary structures are preserved locally across a range of lithology, specifically within the hinge zones of fold structures. Examples of such primary structures – bedding, cross-bedding, and edgewise conglomerate – within the fold structure that hosts the stromatolites, which have been discounted by some as the products of high strain, are here re-affirmed to be primary structures. Importantly, this demonstrates the potential of localised exceptional preservation. Critically, bedding and cross-bedding are defined by a combination of compositional variations and grain size that, together with an asymptotic geometry of the latter present an uniquely compelling case against the formation of these features through shearing and deformational tectonic forces.</div><div>The stromatolites can be discriminated from either primary sedimentary flame structures caused by sediment loading, or sand volcanoes caused by dewatering. Similarly, they can be discriminated from necking structures formed by tectonic boudinage on geometrical grounds, nor are they boudins themselves as they are asymmetrical and irregularly spaced. They are also clearly distinct from small-scale fold structures because of the repeated flat-base versus conical-top geometry of the stromatolites across four individual layers.</div><div>Instead, the putative stromatolites display characteristic features consistent with formation as biogenic structures. They occur in specific horizons that lie within a well-preserved stratigraphy, have flat bases and coniform to domical upper surfaces, display internal laminations, and are made of dolomite with REE + Y and stable isotopic values consistent with deposition in a biologically-influenced shallow sea. They are strained structures, elongated along the plunge direction of the regional synformal anticlinal fold in which they occur (i.e., the X-axis of the local strain ellipsoid). Importantly, 3-D observations show that the coniform stromatolites taper in the finite extension direction and that overlying mica-rich meta-dolomite beds lap onto the stromatolites in all dimensions.</div><div>In conclusion, the Isua stromatolites conform to known biogenic structures from throughout the geological record, both in terms of their overall setting, but also their unique geometry that is clearly distinct from any other known mechanism of formation. Their preservation is best explained by their occurrence within a fold hinge that has experienced plane strain in a small domain that escaped infiltration by H<sub>2</sub>O-rich metamorphic fluids into siliceous meta-dolostones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105034"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Once coupled with global eustatic levels, bauxites, breccias, unconformities, and hiatuses are significant markers of compressional geodynamics. Most Balkan intra-Mesozoic bauxites, embedded within widespread Triassic carbonate parental sequences, are dominantly distributed in the tectonically exhumed broader Neotethyan realm (Dinarides <em>s.l.</em>). The same mid-Mesozoic stratigraphic interval within the Vardar Zone contains fewer bauxites (East Vardar Zone), exposing abundant corresponding depositional truncations, with occasional nappe stacking configuration and metamorphism. This study, which initially acquired data from a large number of mid-Mesozoic unconformities, carbonate breccias, and similar age bauxites spreading across Dinarides <em>s.l.</em>, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia (Inner and External Dinarides, Western and East Vardar Zone), including Hellenides in Greece, has provided valuable paleogeographic and geodynamic insights. The findings of this study, combined with the available mineralogical and geochemical data, deformation, including the resulting provenances of intra-Mesozoic bauxite deposits, have led to a complex and intriguing discussion on the tectonic origin of similar age unconformities across Dinaride-Hellenide and Vardar Zone Neotethyan regions. These Dinaride-Hellenide intra-Mesozoic unconformities, carbonate breccias, and widespread bauxites are a fascinating puzzle as no study deals with the complex and controversial processes of repeated regional-scale uplifts, erosion, and bauxite formation. The ambiguity revolves around the geodynamic origin of the Jurassic ophiolites in the first place and its connection with mid-Mesozoic Cimmerian orogenic events (Neocimmerian stage). Thus, the Triassic – Jurassic(Lower Cretaceous) Inner Dinaride Ophiolite belt is particularly interesting accounting for the absence of the latest Jurassic – earliest Cretacous stratigraphic interval. Many of the bauxite ores are produced on Middle Triassic to Jurassic parental limestones, whereby the hiatus can last until the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous.</div><div>The Triassic rifting and opening of “Dinaric Tethys”, which likely caused the pre-Neocimmerian Late Triassic shoulder uplift of early passive margins, continued into the Jurassic mid-oceanic spreading. The Triassic and Jurassic-aged zircon grains in bauxites, including new data extracted from the bauxite geochemical database, corroborate a volcanic parental affinity originating from exposed Jurassic volcanic rocks. The new geochemical analysis allowed the separation of ultramafic from mafic bauxite sources, whereby acidic sources are absent or well hidden within Inner Dinarides. Bauxite deposits at the southern edge of the Inner Dinaride area show an abundance of incompatible Mn, demonstrating a significant transgressional Oxfordian eustatic high-stand episode (precipitation of Mn on top of submerged paleokarst/bauxites). This, a Red Sea-type smal
{"title":"The intra-Mesozoic bauxite-bearing truncations of the peri-Neotethyan realm (Dinarides/Vardar Zone): A multidisciplinary approach shedding new light on the Neocimmerian event","authors":"Darko Spahić , Pavle Tančić , Lidja Kurešević , Željko Cvetković , Maja Poznanović Spahić","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Once coupled with global eustatic levels, bauxites, breccias, unconformities, and hiatuses are significant markers of compressional geodynamics. Most Balkan intra-Mesozoic bauxites, embedded within widespread Triassic carbonate parental sequences, are dominantly distributed in the tectonically exhumed broader Neotethyan realm (Dinarides <em>s.l.</em>). The same mid-Mesozoic stratigraphic interval within the Vardar Zone contains fewer bauxites (East Vardar Zone), exposing abundant corresponding depositional truncations, with occasional nappe stacking configuration and metamorphism. This study, which initially acquired data from a large number of mid-Mesozoic unconformities, carbonate breccias, and similar age bauxites spreading across Dinarides <em>s.l.</em>, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia (Inner and External Dinarides, Western and East Vardar Zone), including Hellenides in Greece, has provided valuable paleogeographic and geodynamic insights. The findings of this study, combined with the available mineralogical and geochemical data, deformation, including the resulting provenances of intra-Mesozoic bauxite deposits, have led to a complex and intriguing discussion on the tectonic origin of similar age unconformities across Dinaride-Hellenide and Vardar Zone Neotethyan regions. These Dinaride-Hellenide intra-Mesozoic unconformities, carbonate breccias, and widespread bauxites are a fascinating puzzle as no study deals with the complex and controversial processes of repeated regional-scale uplifts, erosion, and bauxite formation. The ambiguity revolves around the geodynamic origin of the Jurassic ophiolites in the first place and its connection with mid-Mesozoic Cimmerian orogenic events (Neocimmerian stage). Thus, the Triassic – Jurassic(Lower Cretaceous) Inner Dinaride Ophiolite belt is particularly interesting accounting for the absence of the latest Jurassic – earliest Cretacous stratigraphic interval. Many of the bauxite ores are produced on Middle Triassic to Jurassic parental limestones, whereby the hiatus can last until the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous.</div><div>The Triassic rifting and opening of “Dinaric Tethys”, which likely caused the pre-Neocimmerian Late Triassic shoulder uplift of early passive margins, continued into the Jurassic mid-oceanic spreading. The Triassic and Jurassic-aged zircon grains in bauxites, including new data extracted from the bauxite geochemical database, corroborate a volcanic parental affinity originating from exposed Jurassic volcanic rocks. The new geochemical analysis allowed the separation of ultramafic from mafic bauxite sources, whereby acidic sources are absent or well hidden within Inner Dinarides. Bauxite deposits at the southern edge of the Inner Dinaride area show an abundance of incompatible Mn, demonstrating a significant transgressional Oxfordian eustatic high-stand episode (precipitation of Mn on top of submerged paleokarst/bauxites). This, a Red Sea-type smal","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105040"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105023
Tae-Yoon S. Park , Yeongju Oh , Mirinae Lee , Taehwan Kim
<div><div>The Korean Peninsula occupies a critical part of East Asia, and thus understanding its tectonic development has a significant impact on comprehending the crustal evolution of the entire East Asia. However, there is still contention surrounding the formation of the Korean Peninsula during the Permian-Triassic collision of the Sino-Korean (North China) Craton (SKC) and the South China Craton (SCC). Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the tectonic affinity of different parts of the Korean Peninsula, complicating the proper understanding of the tectonic evolution in East Asia. This is partly due to a pre-existing geological framework that has played a pivotal role in the tectonic understanding of the Korean Peninsula, originally suggested during the age of the ‘geosyncline.’ This framework involves the tripartite division of the basement rocks into the Nangrim, Gyeonggi, and Yeongnam “massifs.” Not bound by this pre-existing paradigm, here we provide a new perspective on the tectonic evolution of the Korean Peninsula based on multidisciplinary geological data, including paleontology, sedimentology, petrology, and geochronology. An integrative reinterpretation of the data has led to the recognition of critical insights on the development of the Korean Peninsula: (1) the Paleoproterozoic crystalline rocks of the two Gyeonggi ‘blocks’ were basement rocks of the SKC southern margin that were dragged down by the subduction of the eastern tip of the SCC crust during the Permo-Triassic collision and then exhumed during the Late Triassic extensional regime; (2) continental core complexes of various sizes developed near the tectonic boundaries during the Late Triassic and Cretaceous extensional regimes, resulting in the formation of coeval small non-marine basins throughout the Korean Peninsula; (3) the Cathaysia Block-affinity rocks in the midwestern part of South Korea were brought up to the surface by the Late Triassic Hongseong Core Complex, and; (4) the Hwanghae-Taean Belt around the western coast of the Korean Peninsula was formed by a Late Cretaceous ‘continental crust spreading’ event. Accordingly, a new subdivision of tectonic provinces of the Korean Peninsula is presented, which does not accord with the previous tectonic models that proposed either a simple collision belt running through the peninsula or the entire peninsula belonging to the SKC. We present retrograde reconstructions of the Korean Peninsula, representing the geological components from the Late Cretaceous to Permian, and integrate the results with the framework of the Permo-Triassic collision between the SKC and the SCC. Under the new perspective, geological aspects and events known in the Korean Peninsula can be revisited. Except for the northeastern terranes, the Macheollyeong Block, the Gwanmo Massif, and the Dumangang Belt, the tectonic provinces of the Korean Peninsula, from northwest to southeast, consist of the Nangrim Spread Crustal Region (SCR) (includi
{"title":"Tectonic evolution of the Korean Peninsula: A new paradigm for critical building blocks of East Asia","authors":"Tae-Yoon S. Park , Yeongju Oh , Mirinae Lee , Taehwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Korean Peninsula occupies a critical part of East Asia, and thus understanding its tectonic development has a significant impact on comprehending the crustal evolution of the entire East Asia. However, there is still contention surrounding the formation of the Korean Peninsula during the Permian-Triassic collision of the Sino-Korean (North China) Craton (SKC) and the South China Craton (SCC). Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the tectonic affinity of different parts of the Korean Peninsula, complicating the proper understanding of the tectonic evolution in East Asia. This is partly due to a pre-existing geological framework that has played a pivotal role in the tectonic understanding of the Korean Peninsula, originally suggested during the age of the ‘geosyncline.’ This framework involves the tripartite division of the basement rocks into the Nangrim, Gyeonggi, and Yeongnam “massifs.” Not bound by this pre-existing paradigm, here we provide a new perspective on the tectonic evolution of the Korean Peninsula based on multidisciplinary geological data, including paleontology, sedimentology, petrology, and geochronology. An integrative reinterpretation of the data has led to the recognition of critical insights on the development of the Korean Peninsula: (1) the Paleoproterozoic crystalline rocks of the two Gyeonggi ‘blocks’ were basement rocks of the SKC southern margin that were dragged down by the subduction of the eastern tip of the SCC crust during the Permo-Triassic collision and then exhumed during the Late Triassic extensional regime; (2) continental core complexes of various sizes developed near the tectonic boundaries during the Late Triassic and Cretaceous extensional regimes, resulting in the formation of coeval small non-marine basins throughout the Korean Peninsula; (3) the Cathaysia Block-affinity rocks in the midwestern part of South Korea were brought up to the surface by the Late Triassic Hongseong Core Complex, and; (4) the Hwanghae-Taean Belt around the western coast of the Korean Peninsula was formed by a Late Cretaceous ‘continental crust spreading’ event. Accordingly, a new subdivision of tectonic provinces of the Korean Peninsula is presented, which does not accord with the previous tectonic models that proposed either a simple collision belt running through the peninsula or the entire peninsula belonging to the SKC. We present retrograde reconstructions of the Korean Peninsula, representing the geological components from the Late Cretaceous to Permian, and integrate the results with the framework of the Permo-Triassic collision between the SKC and the SCC. Under the new perspective, geological aspects and events known in the Korean Peninsula can be revisited. Except for the northeastern terranes, the Macheollyeong Block, the Gwanmo Massif, and the Dumangang Belt, the tectonic provinces of the Korean Peninsula, from northwest to southeast, consist of the Nangrim Spread Crustal Region (SCR) (includi","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105023"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996
Massimo Nespoli , Hongyu Yu , Antonio Pio Rinaldi , Rebecca Harrington , Maria Elina Belardinelli , Giovanni Martinelli , Antonello Piombo
Fluids are naturally present in the crust from subsoil to several kilometers deep. The representation of the Earth's crust as a purely elastic medium ignores the effects of fluids within rock pores. Because the presence of fluids alters the mechanical response of rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be used to more accurately represent the deformation and the stress field of the crust, especially when the fluid saturation of rocks is high. In a poro-elastic medium, fluids interact with the hosting rocks through the pore-pressure. If the fluids have significantly different temperatures compared to the surrounding rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be generalized to the thermo-poro-elasticity, which also takes into account the effects of the thermal expansion of the medium The geophysical applications of these theoretical frameworks are highly diverse and based on different modeling approaches and assumptions. In this work, we emphasize potential applications of thermo-poro-elasticity theory in developing increasingly complex models of rock-fluid interactions. To do that, we focus on the different modeling approaches employed in some recent models of deep fluid exploitation, reservoir induced seismicity, interaction between seismic faults and fluids, and hydrothermal systems in volcanic zones. Our review paper aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the models, theories, code packages, and applications pertinent to this area and suggest some possible future developments of thermo-(poro-elastic) models in different application areas.
{"title":"Applications and future developments of the (thermo-) poro-elastic theory in geophysics","authors":"Massimo Nespoli , Hongyu Yu , Antonio Pio Rinaldi , Rebecca Harrington , Maria Elina Belardinelli , Giovanni Martinelli , Antonello Piombo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluids are naturally present in the crust from subsoil to several kilometers deep. The representation of the Earth's crust as a purely elastic medium ignores the effects of fluids within rock pores. Because the presence of fluids alters the mechanical response of rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be used to more accurately represent the deformation and the stress field of the crust, especially when the fluid saturation of rocks is high. In a poro-elastic medium, fluids interact with the hosting rocks through the pore-pressure. If the fluids have significantly different temperatures compared to the surrounding rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be generalized to the thermo-poro-elasticity, which also takes into account the effects of the thermal expansion of the medium The geophysical applications of these theoretical frameworks are highly diverse and based on different modeling approaches and assumptions. In this work, we emphasize potential applications of thermo-poro-elasticity theory in developing increasingly complex models of rock-fluid interactions. To do that, we focus on the different modeling approaches employed in some recent models of deep fluid exploitation, reservoir induced seismicity, interaction between seismic faults and fluids, and hydrothermal systems in volcanic zones. Our review paper aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the models, theories, code packages, and applications pertinent to this area and suggest some possible future developments of thermo-(poro-elastic) models in different application areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104996"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998
Patrice Baby , Alice Prudhomme , Stéphane Brusset , Alexandra Robert , Martin Roddaz , Ysabel Calderon , Adrien Eude , Willy Gil , Wilber Hermoza , Christian Hurtado , Stéphanie Brichau , Gérôme Calvès , Pierre-Olivier Antoine , Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi
The mechanism for crustal thickening and superposition of several orogens is critical for understanding the growth of mountain ranges. Our study focuses on a trans-orogen crustal cross-section to revisit the Andean tectonic evolution in the Northern Central Andes (5°-8°S). It is based on a review of the geological setting, the definition of long-term tectono-sedimentary successions, and for the first time, a crustal balanced cross-section 895 km long through the entire orogen. We show that the Northern Central Andes were born in the Jurassic, and correspond to the superposition of several orogens representing a minimum total shortening of ∼207 km. They were built over 180 Ma during three orogenic periods (180–140 Ma; 100–50 Ma; 30–0 Ma), separated by two post-orogenic periods during which most Andean relieves were erased (140–100 Ma; 50–30 Ma). Each post-orogenic period was recorded by 1) a major regional erosional unconformity sealed by a widespread marine transgression, and 2) extensional tectonics in the forearc. Crustal shortening was driven by westward South America Plate displacement and continental crustal underthrusting, and not by oceanic subduction. The propagation of the Andean wedge has been controlled by successive inversions of two pre-existing rifts. The sequential restoration of the trans-orogen balanced cross-section, constrained by the sedimentary record, provides a realistic picture of each orogenic and post-orogenic stage. For the first time, the pre-Neogene basins are reconstructed respecting the Andean shortening. The first-order factors that have controlled the complex growth evolution of Northern Central Andes are South America Plate dynamics changes associated with shifts in the geometry of the subducting oceanic slab. Some correlations can be established with Phanerozoic climate changes.
{"title":"The Northern Central Andes and Andean tectonic evolution revisited: An integrated stratigraphic and structural model of three superimposed orogens","authors":"Patrice Baby , Alice Prudhomme , Stéphane Brusset , Alexandra Robert , Martin Roddaz , Ysabel Calderon , Adrien Eude , Willy Gil , Wilber Hermoza , Christian Hurtado , Stéphanie Brichau , Gérôme Calvès , Pierre-Olivier Antoine , Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanism for crustal thickening and superposition of several orogens is critical for understanding the growth of mountain ranges. Our study focuses on a trans-orogen crustal cross-section to revisit the Andean tectonic evolution in the Northern Central Andes (5°-8°S). It is based on a review of the geological setting, the definition of long-term tectono-sedimentary successions, and for the first time, a crustal balanced cross-section 895 km long through the entire orogen. We show that the Northern Central Andes were born in the Jurassic, and correspond to the superposition of several orogens representing a minimum total shortening of ∼207 km. They were built over 180 Ma during three orogenic periods (180–140 Ma; 100–50 Ma; 30–0 Ma), separated by two post-orogenic periods during which most Andean relieves were erased (140–100 Ma; 50–30 Ma). Each post-orogenic period was recorded by 1) a major regional erosional unconformity sealed by a widespread marine transgression, and 2) extensional tectonics in the forearc. Crustal shortening was driven by westward South America Plate displacement and continental crustal underthrusting, and not by oceanic subduction. The propagation of the Andean wedge has been controlled by successive inversions of two pre-existing rifts. The sequential restoration of the trans-orogen balanced cross-section, constrained by the sedimentary record, provides a realistic picture of each orogenic and post-orogenic stage. For the first time, the pre-Neogene basins are reconstructed respecting the Andean shortening. The first-order factors that have controlled the complex growth evolution of Northern Central Andes are South America Plate dynamics changes associated with shifts in the geometry of the subducting oceanic slab. Some correlations can be established with Phanerozoic climate changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104998"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995
Vlad V. Sysoev , Aisylu G. Ibragimova , Maria A. Gololobova , Andrew Medeiros , John P. Smol , Alexey A. Kotov
Body size may potentially be a key characteristic for both an individual and a community response to environmental change that palaeolimnological studies can document. Most palaeoecological investigations are based on the reconstruction of past changes in species assemblages, although some studies have incorporated body size as an indicator of past limnological conditions. Here, we review previously published relationships (or simple correlations) between body size and environmental variables among five different groups of organisms typically well-represented in lake sediments: Cladocera, Ostracoda, Chironomidae, testate amoebae, and diatoms. The most convincing examples showing the value of body size data in palaeolimnology are probably best demonstrated in publications about Cladocera and testacid protozoa; however, even here researchers sometimes reach different conclusions. In this review, we summarize a diverse array of studies examining size relationships and conclude that, whilst considerably more research is needed, size relationships may provide key information in palaeolimnological studies.
{"title":"Changes in size of key indicators used in palaeolimnological studies: A critical review","authors":"Vlad V. Sysoev , Aisylu G. Ibragimova , Maria A. Gololobova , Andrew Medeiros , John P. Smol , Alexey A. Kotov","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Body size may potentially be a key characteristic for both an individual and a community response to environmental change that palaeolimnological studies can document. Most palaeoecological investigations are based on the reconstruction of past changes in species assemblages, although some studies have incorporated body size as an indicator of past limnological conditions. Here, we review previously published relationships (or simple correlations) between body size and environmental variables among five different groups of organisms typically well-represented in lake sediments: Cladocera, Ostracoda, Chironomidae, testate amoebae, and diatoms. The most convincing examples showing the value of body size data in palaeolimnology are probably best demonstrated in publications about Cladocera and testacid protozoa; however, even here researchers sometimes reach different conclusions. In this review, we summarize a diverse array of studies examining size relationships and conclude that, whilst considerably more research is needed, size relationships may provide key information in palaeolimnological studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104995"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986
Xiaoduo Pan , Deliang Chen , Baoxiang Pan , Xiaozhong Huang , Kun Yang , Shilong Piao , Tianjun Zhou , Yongjiu Dai , Fahu Chen , Xin Li
Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the lithosphere, and the growing impacts of human activities for modeling Earth system. We then focus on the current opportunities in Earth system modeling, driven by the growing capacity for data-driven approaches such as machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
The next generation of ESMs should embrace dynamic frameworks that enable more precise representations of physical processes across a range of spatiotemporal scales. Multi-resolution models are pivotal in bridging the gap between global and regional scales, fostering a deeper understanding of local and remote influences. Data-driven methodologies including ML/AI offer promising avenues for advancing ESMs by harnessing a wide array of data sources and surmounting limitations inherent in traditional parameterization techniques. However, the integration of ML/AI into ESMs presents its own set of challenges, including the identification of suitable data sources, the seamless incorporation of ML/AI algorithms into existing modeling infrastructures, and the resolution of issues related to model interpretability and robustness. A harmonious amalgamation of physics-based and data-driven methodologies have the potential to produce ESMs that achieve greater precision and computational efficiency, better capturing the intricate dynamics of Earth system processes.
Although ESMs have made substantial progress in simulating the complex dynamics of Earth system's subsystems, there is still considerable work to be done. Prospects in the development of ESMs entail a deepened comprehension of pivotal subsystems, including the anthroposphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. Adopting innovative technologies and methodologies, such as ML/AI and multi-resolution modeling, holds immense potential to substantially enhance our capability to anticipate and mitigate the consequences of human activities on the Earth system.
{"title":"Evolution and prospects of Earth system models: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Xiaoduo Pan , Deliang Chen , Baoxiang Pan , Xiaozhong Huang , Kun Yang , Shilong Piao , Tianjun Zhou , Yongjiu Dai , Fahu Chen , Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the lithosphere, and the growing impacts of human activities for modeling Earth system. We then focus on the current opportunities in Earth system modeling, driven by the growing capacity for data-driven approaches such as machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).</div><div>The next generation of ESMs should embrace dynamic frameworks that enable more precise representations of physical processes across a range of spatiotemporal scales. Multi-resolution models are pivotal in bridging the gap between global and regional scales, fostering a deeper understanding of local and remote influences. Data-driven methodologies including ML/AI offer promising avenues for advancing ESMs by harnessing a wide array of data sources and surmounting limitations inherent in traditional parameterization techniques. However, the integration of ML/AI into ESMs presents its own set of challenges, including the identification of suitable data sources, the seamless incorporation of ML/AI algorithms into existing modeling infrastructures, and the resolution of issues related to model interpretability and robustness. A harmonious amalgamation of physics-based and data-driven methodologies have the potential to produce ESMs that achieve greater precision and computational efficiency, better capturing the intricate dynamics of Earth system processes.</div><div>Although ESMs have made substantial progress in simulating the complex dynamics of Earth system's subsystems, there is still considerable work to be done. Prospects in the development of ESMs entail a deepened comprehension of pivotal subsystems, including the anthroposphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. Adopting innovative technologies and methodologies, such as ML/AI and multi-resolution modeling, holds immense potential to substantially enhance our capability to anticipate and mitigate the consequences of human activities on the Earth system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104986"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993
P. van Elderen , G. Erkens , C. Zwanenburg , H. Middelkoop , E. Stouthamer
Viscous compression, the delayed slow compression of soils after loading, has emerged as a challenging process contributing to land subsidence in soft soil areas. Despite previous research on clay soils, there is still limited understanding of the processes and mechanisms of viscous compression of organic soils. As peat is more susceptible to viscous compression than clay, and the subsurface of subsiding deltas can contain substantial bodies of peat, understanding of processes, mechanisms and drivers is needed to predict the potential for and amount of viscous compression to occur and assess the effect of mitigation measures to delta subsidence. This study integrates findings from prior research on viscous compression behaviour of clay for a comprehensive comparison of the structural, geomechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics of clay and peat, to evaluate to what extent compression mechanisms in clay operate in a similar way in peat. The study focuses on mechanisms of viscous clay compression, which are: expulsion of micropore water, changes in the adsorbed water layer, and particle interactions. Our review establishes that these mechanisms also manifest in peat, albeit with varying contributions to the reorientation of peat fibres. Notably, the distinct pore structure and larger average pore diameters of peat result in water expulsion behaviour that is different from clay. Additionally, the negative electrical charge on clay mineral surfaces is stronger than that of peat fibre surfaces, influencing attraction or repulsion forces among particles and the adsorbed water. This study introduces decomposition of organic matter as an additional long-term control of subsidence. Decomposition weakens the peat structure and facilitates particle reorientation, which enhances the susceptibility to compression. On the other hand, when organic material is already decomposed, it shows lower compressibility compared to fibrous organic material.
{"title":"Viscous compression of clay and peat","authors":"P. van Elderen , G. Erkens , C. Zwanenburg , H. Middelkoop , E. Stouthamer","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viscous compression, the delayed slow compression of soils after loading, has emerged as a challenging process contributing to land subsidence in soft soil areas. Despite previous research on clay soils, there is still limited understanding of the processes and mechanisms of viscous compression of organic soils. As peat is more susceptible to viscous compression than clay, and the subsurface of subsiding deltas can contain substantial bodies of peat, understanding of processes, mechanisms and drivers is needed to predict the potential for and amount of viscous compression to occur and assess the effect of mitigation measures to delta subsidence. This study integrates findings from prior research on viscous compression behaviour of clay for a comprehensive comparison of the structural, geomechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics of clay and peat, to evaluate to what extent compression mechanisms in clay operate in a similar way in peat. The study focuses on mechanisms of viscous clay compression, which are: expulsion of micropore water, changes in the adsorbed water layer, and particle interactions. Our review establishes that these mechanisms also manifest in peat, albeit with varying contributions to the reorientation of peat fibres. Notably, the distinct pore structure and larger average pore diameters of peat result in water expulsion behaviour that is different from clay. Additionally, the negative electrical charge on clay mineral surfaces is stronger than that of peat fibre surfaces, influencing attraction or repulsion forces among particles and the adsorbed water. This study introduces decomposition of organic matter as an additional long-term control of subsidence. Decomposition weakens the peat structure and facilitates particle reorientation, which enhances the susceptibility to compression. On the other hand, when organic material is already decomposed, it shows lower compressibility compared to fibrous organic material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104993"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991
Peter R. Vogt , Gillian R. Foulger
We explore the origins of anorogenic post-breakup magmatism in two areas of the mid-Atlantic Appalachians: the New England-Quebec Province (ca. 130–120 Ma) and the Shenandoah Province (ca. 49–47 Ma). Radiometric rock ages and other data do not support claims that this magmatism occurred when these sites were located above postulated Great Meteor and Bermuda mantle hotspots/plumes. We propose instead that the sites are persistent lithospheric ‘weakspots’ favorable for magma ascent during relatively short intervals of a few Myr when global-scale plate motion reorganizes every 20–30 Myr. Magma ascends into the crust when compressive intra-plate stress is relaxed. Weakspots in the plate, not fixed mantle hotspots, can explain why anorogenic magmatism occurred at the same two sites also much earlier (by ca. 50 Myr in the New England-Quebec province and ca. 100 Myr in the Shenandoah Province), and why the Bermuda volcanoes formed not later, but coevally with the Shenandoah Province, 1400 km along the postulated hotspot trace. The plume hypothesis also fails to explain why the New England-Quebec magmas were emplaced at the same time as anomalously productive magmatism along the northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and coincident with the breakup of Iberia from the Grand Banks, sites almost 2000 km distant from the New England-Quebec Province. Moreover, New England-Quebec radiometric age distributions suggest that distant magmatic events and continental breakup affecting other plates were global plate reorganization events that may be ‘recorded’ by volcanism at weakspots. Shenandoah-Bermuda magmatism happened during the Pacific plate motion change recorded by the Hawaii-Emperor Bend. The ca. 720 Ma Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons in Virginia, USA, may be an old analog of the Shenandoah Province exploiting the same lithospheric weakspot. The New England-Quebec magmatic period 130–120 Ma is also the time over which the geomagnetic reversal frequency slowed, reaching zero at the onset of the Cretaceous normal superchron (C34n) at ca. 120 Ma. This event was recorded at the mid-Atlantic Ridge axis as the J-Anomaly Ridge and a large increase in spreading half-rate from 1 to 2.5 cm/a. Thus, geomagnetic reversal frequency may also be related to plate tectonics.
我们在大西洋中部阿巴拉契亚山脉的两个地区：新英格兰-魁北克省（约 130-120 Ma）和谢南多省（约 49-47 Ma）探索了断裂后原生岩浆活动的起源。放射性岩石年龄和其他数据并不支持这样的说法，即岩浆活动发生时，这些地点位于推测的大流星和百慕大地幔热点/羽流之上。相反，我们认为这些地点是岩石圈的持续性 "薄弱点"，在全球尺度板块运动每 20-30 Myr 进行重组时，在相对较短的几 Myr 间隔内有利于岩浆上升。当板块内压应力松弛时，岩浆就会上升到地壳中。板块中的薄弱点，而不是固定的地幔热点，可以解释为什么在同样的两个地点也会更早地出现源生岩浆活动（在新英格兰-魁北克省约为 50 Myr，在谢南多尔省约为 100 Myr），以及为什么百慕大火山不是后来形成的，而是与谢南多尔省同时形成的，沿着假定的热点轨迹 1400 公里。羽流假说也无法解释为什么新英格兰-魁北克岩浆与大西洋中脊北部的异常高产岩浆同时喷出，并且与伊比利亚从大浅滩（距离新英格兰-魁北克省近 2000 公里的地点）分裂的时间相吻合。此外，新英格兰-魁北克辐射年龄分布表明，遥远的岩浆事件和影响其他板块的大陆断裂是全球板块重组事件，可能被薄弱点的火山活动 "记录 "下来。神户-百慕大岩浆活动发生在夏威夷-皇帝弯记录的太平洋板块运动变化期间。约 720 Ma 的罗伯逊河岩浆岩群美国弗吉尼亚州的罗伯逊河岩浆岩组（Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons）约 720 Ma，可能是利用同一岩石圈薄弱点的神南多省的古老类似物。新英格兰-魁北克岩浆期 130-120 Ma 也是地磁反转频率减慢的时期，在大约 120 Ma 的白垩纪正常超同步（C34n）开始时达到零。120 Ma。这一事件在大西洋中脊轴线上被记录为J-异常脊，扩张半速率从1 cm/a大幅增加到2.5 cm/a。因此，地磁反转频率也可能与板块构造有关。
{"title":"Lithospheric weakspots, not hotspots: New England-Quebec and Shenandoah anorogenic magmatism in the context of global plate tectonics, intraplate stress and LIPs","authors":"Peter R. Vogt , Gillian R. Foulger","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We explore the origins of anorogenic post-breakup magmatism in two areas of the mid-Atlantic Appalachians: the New England-Quebec Province (ca. 130–120 Ma) and the Shenandoah Province (ca. 49–47 Ma). Radiometric rock ages and other data do not support claims that this magmatism occurred when these sites were located above postulated Great Meteor and Bermuda mantle hotspots/plumes. We propose instead that the sites are persistent lithospheric ‘weakspots’ favorable for magma ascent during relatively short intervals of a few Myr when global-scale plate motion reorganizes every 20–30 Myr. Magma ascends into the crust when compressive intra-plate stress is relaxed. Weakspots in the plate, not fixed mantle hotspots, can explain why anorogenic magmatism occurred at the same two sites also much earlier (by ca. 50 Myr in the New England-Quebec province and ca. 100 Myr in the Shenandoah Province), and why the Bermuda volcanoes formed not later, but coevally with the Shenandoah Province, 1400 km along the postulated hotspot trace. The plume hypothesis also fails to explain why the New England-Quebec magmas were emplaced at the same time as anomalously productive magmatism along the northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and coincident with the breakup of Iberia from the Grand Banks, sites almost 2000 km distant from the New England-Quebec Province. Moreover, New England-Quebec radiometric age distributions suggest that distant magmatic events and continental breakup affecting other plates were global plate reorganization events that may be ‘recorded’ by volcanism at weakspots. Shenandoah-Bermuda magmatism happened during the Pacific plate motion change recorded by the Hawaii-Emperor Bend. The ca. 720 Ma Robertson River Igneous Suite of anorogenic plutons in Virginia, USA, may be an old analog of the Shenandoah Province exploiting the same lithospheric weakspot. The New England-Quebec magmatic period 130–120 Ma is also the time over which the geomagnetic reversal frequency slowed, reaching zero at the onset of the Cretaceous normal superchron (C34n) at ca. 120 Ma. This event was recorded at the mid-Atlantic Ridge axis as the J-Anomaly Ridge and a large increase in spreading half-rate from 1 to 2.5 cm/a. Thus, geomagnetic reversal frequency may also be related to plate tectonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 104991"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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