Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105339
Nikolaos Michael, Rainer Zühlke
The main objectives of this paper include a quantitative understanding of sediment supply from continental source areas to intra-shelf basins at a plate-scale, key mechanisms and a review of frequently applied propositions in clastic sequence stratigraphy studies. The Cretaceous source-to-sink system preserved on the Arabian Plate serves as test case due to the availability of a unique subsurface data base with more than 1500 wells over an area of 1700 × 1500 km. Sand front trajectories, contours of ≤10 % sand content, indicate the distal limit of coarse sediment transport on the shelf top. At plate scale, sand volumes and rates of input strongly varied with ratios of up to 14:1 between individual Cretaceous time intervals of 1.3–10 Myr each, comparable to 3rd to 2nd order durations of eustatic sea-level change. The sand front migrated up to +200 km in basin-ward and up to ‐100 km in continent-ward direction. For extended time intervals, changes in sediment input primarily controlled the pro−/retrogradation of shelf-top clastic depositional systems, not eustatic or relative sea-level changes as proposed in many sequence stratigraphic studies. The lowstand shedding concept for clastic depositional systems holds the potential for misinterpretation if continental sediment supply is assumed to be constant. Sediment trajectories are not necessarily a reliable indicator of changes in relative or eustatic sea-level. Sediment supply was controlled by structural reconfigurations in continental source areas, specifically by periodic large-scale uplift, regional block faulting and strike-slip faulting. Changes in the proportion of total clastics and in the ratio of coarse:fine clastics correlate with moderate climate changes during the Cretaceous in low-latitude areas of the Arabian Plate.
{"title":"Sediment export from continental source areas to intra-shelf basins: Mass balancing, controls and sequence stratigraphy (Arabian Plate, Cretaceous)","authors":"Nikolaos Michael, Rainer Zühlke","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objectives of this paper include a quantitative understanding of sediment supply from continental source areas to intra-shelf basins at a plate-scale, key mechanisms and a review of frequently applied propositions in clastic sequence stratigraphy studies. The Cretaceous source-to-sink system preserved on the Arabian Plate serves as test case due to the availability of a unique subsurface data base with more than 1500 wells over an area of 1700 × 1500 km. Sand front trajectories, contours of ≤10 % sand content, indicate the distal limit of coarse sediment transport on the shelf top. At plate scale, sand volumes and rates of input strongly varied with ratios of up to 14:1 between individual Cretaceous time intervals of 1.3–10 Myr each, comparable to 3<sup>rd</sup> to 2<sup>nd</sup> order durations of eustatic sea-level change. The sand front migrated up to +200 km in basin-ward and up to ‐100 km in continent-ward direction. For extended time intervals, changes in sediment input primarily controlled the pro−/retrogradation of shelf-top clastic depositional systems, not eustatic or relative sea-level changes as proposed in many sequence stratigraphic studies. The lowstand shedding concept for clastic depositional systems holds the potential for misinterpretation if continental sediment supply is assumed to be constant. Sediment trajectories are not necessarily a reliable indicator of changes in relative or eustatic sea-level. Sediment supply was controlled by structural reconfigurations in continental source areas, specifically by periodic large-scale uplift, regional block faulting and strike-slip faulting. Changes in the proportion of total clastics and in the ratio of coarse:fine clastics correlate with moderate climate changes during the Cretaceous in low-latitude areas of the Arabian Plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105339"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the middle and late Eocene, Asian terrestrial mammals dispersed to Europe, while primates and rodents dispersed across the 500-to-2000 km wide Neotethys Ocean and the 1500-to-2000 km wide Atlantic Ocean to colonize Afro-Arabia and South America. This study explores how these mammals have achieved such remarkable and enigmatic dispersals. We present high-resolution paleogeographic models for the middle to late Eocene based on updated plate kinematic reconstructions, paleo-bathymetry and paleo-topography data. With this, we evaluate landmass configurations and connectivity that may have facilitated faunal exchanges from Asia toward Europe, Afro-Arabia, and South America and discuss dispersal mechanisms between these biogeographic provinces. Our reconstructions reveal that during the Bartonian (∼40–38 Ma), an overland dispersal corridor between Asia and Balkanatolia became available to terrestrial mammals and acted as a pivotal pathway for Asian faunas dispersing toward western Europe and Afro-Arabia. We identified two Balkanatolian island-hopping routes across the Western Neotethys potentially enabling the dispersal of small-bodied Asian primates, rodents and artiodactyls to Afro-Arabia. Alternatively, these taxa may have rafted across the Central Neotethys. By ∼34 Ma, Balkanatolia fully connected with Western Europe, opening a southern “Grande Coupure” route for Asian faunas. In the Atlantic, we identify long-distance rafting as the most plausible mechanism for the 40–34 Ma transoceanic dispersal of the Asian-originated primates and rodents from Afro-Arabia to South America despite the likely presence of sparse islands along the Walvis Ridge and the Rio Grande Rise.
{"title":"Across ancient oceans: Eocene dispersal routes of Asian terrestrial mammals to Europe, Afro-Arabia and South America","authors":"Leny Montheil , Alexis Licht , K. Christopher Beard , Grégoire Métais , Pauline Coster , Bram Vaes , Yannick Donnadieu , Erwan Pineau , Laurent Husson , Guillaume Dupont-Nivet","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the middle and late Eocene, Asian terrestrial mammals dispersed to Europe, while primates and rodents dispersed across the 500-to-2000 km wide Neotethys Ocean and the 1500-to-2000 km wide Atlantic Ocean to colonize Afro-Arabia and South America. This study explores how these mammals have achieved such remarkable and enigmatic dispersals. We present high-resolution paleogeographic models for the middle to late Eocene based on updated plate kinematic reconstructions, paleo-bathymetry and paleo-topography data. With this, we evaluate landmass configurations and connectivity that may have facilitated faunal exchanges from Asia toward Europe, Afro-Arabia, and South America and discuss dispersal mechanisms between these biogeographic provinces. Our reconstructions reveal that during the Bartonian (∼40–38 Ma), an overland dispersal corridor between Asia and Balkanatolia became available to terrestrial mammals and acted as a pivotal pathway for Asian faunas dispersing toward western Europe and Afro-Arabia. We identified two Balkanatolian island-hopping routes across the Western Neotethys potentially enabling the dispersal of small-bodied Asian primates, rodents and artiodactyls to Afro-Arabia. Alternatively, these taxa may have rafted across the Central Neotethys. By ∼34 Ma, Balkanatolia fully connected with Western Europe, opening a southern “Grande Coupure” route for Asian faunas. In the Atlantic, we identify long-distance rafting as the most plausible mechanism for the 40–34 Ma transoceanic dispersal of the Asian-originated primates and rodents from Afro-Arabia to South America despite the likely presence of sparse islands along the Walvis Ridge and the Rio Grande Rise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105352"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105337
Bastien Huet , Eric Lasseur , Nicolas Bellahsen , Justine Briais , Nicolas Loget , Jean-Pierre Suc , Jean-Loup Rubino , Matthias Bernet , Speranta-Maria Popescu
In the Western Alpine Foreland Basin (WAFB), Late Eocene and Miocene periods were characterized by longitudinal sediment routing systems: The first one was situated within the turbidite basin during the underfilled phase and exhibited a northward orientation toward the Swiss Basin, whereas the second was located in the Rhône Valley during the overfilled phase and was directed southward toward the Mediterranean Sea. The transition between these two periods occurred during the Oligocene, which corresponds to both the underfilled/overfilled transition and the early overfilled period. In this study, we provide new fieldwork observations, seismic and well data interpretations, biostratigraphic analyses and a literature synthesis to reconstruct the palaeogeographic and source-to-sink evolution of the WAFB from Priabonian to Aquitanian. The aim is to discuss this reorganisation of sediment routing in relation to the evolution of the Alpine orogenic wedge, as well as the structural inheritance and the suite of geodynamic events that affected southeastern France during the mid-Cenozoic. We divided the WAFB sedimentary formations into four depositional sequences (S1 to S4). During the deposition of the first two sequences (Priabonian to early late Rupelian; ∼37.4–28.8 Ma), the WAFB routing system was influenced by the end of the Pyrenean-Provençal orogeny, the European Cenozoic Rifting System (controlling the Rhône Valley s.l.) and the Alpine orogenic wedge (controlling the Alpine foredeep). The very first connection between the Alpine domain and the Rhône Valley is established at ∼30 Ma, during the late Rupelian (S2 highstand), controlled by E-W inherited Pyrenean-Provençal structures implying a ‘broken foreland’. In the meanwhile, from the Dévoluy Basin and northward, the orogenic wedge controlled a classical, although thin, foreland basin characterized by a northward sediment routing connected to the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin. Most of the S3 sequence (Latest Rupelian to middle Chattian; ∼28.8–23.25 Ma) corresponds to a decrease of clastic Alpine inputs throughout SE France caused by a reorganisation of the drainage network related with the exhumation of the southern External Crystalline Massifs. S3 highstand and S4 sequence (late Chattian to Aquitanian; from ∼23.25 Ma) correspond to the establishment of a longitudinal sediment routing system in the Rhône Valley, with material flowing southwards toward the Gulf of Lion, and supplied by the Palaeo-Isère to the north and potentially by the Palaeo-Durance to the south. This final stage in the reorganisation of the drainage network is clearly associated with the post-rift phase of the Gulf of Lion, which facilitated the opening of a new sink and the ultimate southward migration of the sedimentary area.
{"title":"Sediment routing and palaeogeographic evolution of the Western Alpine Foreland Basin during the early collisional stage","authors":"Bastien Huet , Eric Lasseur , Nicolas Bellahsen , Justine Briais , Nicolas Loget , Jean-Pierre Suc , Jean-Loup Rubino , Matthias Bernet , Speranta-Maria Popescu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Western Alpine Foreland Basin (WAFB), Late Eocene and Miocene periods were characterized by longitudinal sediment routing systems: The first one was situated within the turbidite basin during the underfilled phase and exhibited a northward orientation toward the Swiss Basin, whereas the second was located in the Rhône Valley during the overfilled phase and was directed southward toward the Mediterranean Sea. The transition between these two periods occurred during the Oligocene, which corresponds to both the underfilled/overfilled transition and the early overfilled period. In this study, we provide new fieldwork observations, seismic and well data interpretations, biostratigraphic analyses and a literature synthesis to reconstruct the palaeogeographic and source-to-sink evolution of the WAFB from Priabonian to Aquitanian. The aim is to discuss this reorganisation of sediment routing in relation to the evolution of the Alpine orogenic wedge, as well as the structural inheritance and the suite of geodynamic events that affected southeastern France during the mid-Cenozoic. We divided the WAFB sedimentary formations into four depositional sequences (S1 to S4). During the deposition of the first two sequences (Priabonian to early late Rupelian; ∼37.4–28.8 Ma), the WAFB routing system was influenced by the end of the Pyrenean-Provençal orogeny, the European Cenozoic Rifting System (controlling the Rhône Valley s.l.) and the Alpine orogenic wedge (controlling the Alpine foredeep). The very first connection between the Alpine domain and the Rhône Valley is established at ∼30 Ma, during the late Rupelian (S2 highstand), controlled by <em>E</em>-W inherited Pyrenean-Provençal structures implying a ‘broken foreland’. In the meanwhile, from the Dévoluy Basin and northward, the orogenic wedge controlled a classical, although thin, foreland basin characterized by a northward sediment routing connected to the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin. Most of the S3 sequence (Latest Rupelian to middle Chattian; ∼28.8–23.25 Ma) corresponds to a decrease of clastic Alpine inputs throughout SE France caused by a reorganisation of the drainage network related with the exhumation of the southern External Crystalline Massifs. S3 highstand and S4 sequence (late Chattian to Aquitanian; from ∼23.25 Ma) correspond to the establishment of a longitudinal sediment routing system in the Rhône Valley, with material flowing southwards toward the Gulf of Lion, and supplied by the Palaeo-Isère to the north and potentially by the Palaeo-Durance to the south. This final stage in the reorganisation of the drainage network is clearly associated with the post-rift phase of the Gulf of Lion, which facilitated the opening of a new sink and the ultimate southward migration of the sedimentary area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105337"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105344
Vladimir I. Davydov , Spencer G. Lucas , Eugeny V. Karasev , Yunus Mamadzhanov , Mark D. Schmitz
The distribution and dispersal patterns of Late Paleozoic tetrapods remain poorly constrained. Diverse assemblages of Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods are well documented across western Pangaea, whereas in eastern Pangaea (east of the Ural seaway), tetrapods only become abundant from the mid-Permian onwards. It is unclear whether this discrepancy reflects imprecise chronostratigraphy or a genuine absence of Carboniferous–Early Permian tetrapods in eastern Pangaea. Recently proposed vicariance models of tetrapod evolution incorporate several questionable datasets, and existing palaeogeographic reconstructions of western–eastern Pangaean connections remain controversial, requiring improved constraints and documentation. We report a CA–IDTIMS radioisotopic age of 292.14 ± 0.14 Ma (Sakmarian) from one of the earliest tetrapods (discosauriscid) in the East Pangaea localities in Tajikistan, that closely resembles discosauriscid assemblages from Kazakhstan. This age supports the recently proposed model for the development of the Precaspian Isthmus during the Asselian–Sakmarian transition, interpreted as the first terrestrial corridor enabling tetrapod dispersal from western to eastern Pangaea. Integrated analyses of regional paleogeography, tectonics, palaeoclimate, palaeobiogeography, palaeofacies, and heavy-mineral provenance indicate that tetrapod migration pathways evolved through time: the initial eastward dispersal occurred via the Precaspian Isthmus during the Asselian–Sakmarian transition, whereas subsequent migrations (late Kungurian, late Roadian, Wuchiapingian, and Changhsingian) proceeded both directly eastward from the East European Platform and through recurrent connections across the Precaspian corridor.
{"title":"Late Paleozoic tetrapods in eastern Pangaea: when and how did they get there?","authors":"Vladimir I. Davydov , Spencer G. Lucas , Eugeny V. Karasev , Yunus Mamadzhanov , Mark D. Schmitz","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distribution and dispersal patterns of Late Paleozoic tetrapods remain poorly constrained. Diverse assemblages of Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods are well documented across western Pangaea, whereas in eastern Pangaea (east of the Ural seaway), tetrapods only become abundant from the mid-Permian onwards. It is unclear whether this discrepancy reflects imprecise chronostratigraphy or a genuine absence of Carboniferous–Early Permian tetrapods in eastern Pangaea. Recently proposed vicariance models of tetrapod evolution incorporate several questionable datasets, and existing palaeogeographic reconstructions of western–eastern Pangaean connections remain controversial, requiring improved constraints and documentation. We report a CA–IDTIMS radioisotopic age of 292.14 ± 0.14 Ma (Sakmarian) from one of the earliest tetrapods (discosauriscid) in the East Pangaea localities in Tajikistan, that closely resembles discosauriscid assemblages from Kazakhstan. This age supports the recently proposed model for the development of the Precaspian Isthmus during the Asselian–Sakmarian transition, interpreted as the first terrestrial corridor enabling tetrapod dispersal from western to eastern Pangaea. Integrated analyses of regional paleogeography, tectonics, palaeoclimate, palaeobiogeography, palaeofacies, and heavy-mineral provenance indicate that tetrapod migration pathways evolved through time: the initial eastward dispersal occurred via the Precaspian Isthmus during the Asselian–Sakmarian transition, whereas subsequent migrations (late Kungurian, late Roadian, Wuchiapingian, and Changhsingian) proceeded both directly eastward from the East European Platform and through recurrent connections across the Precaspian corridor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105344"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105370
Yong-Fei Zheng
The origin of Archean continental crust remains a critical yet unresolved question in the evolution of early Earth, closely tied to debates on the emergence of plate tectonics. This review focuses on the petrogenesis of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suites and the origin of low δ18O values (1.0–2.7 ‰) observed in Hadean to Archean zircons, which challenge conventional interpretations involving meteoric water interaction. By integrating zircon U-Pb ages and O isotope data with the thermodynamic principle of stable isotope geochemistry (equilibrium O isotope fractionations between basaltic rock and water converge to 0 ± 1 ‰ at high temperatures of >400 °C), it is demonstrated that these low δ18O signatures would originate from high-temperature seawater-hydrothermal alteration of the juvenile basaltic crust at mid-ocean ridges, rather than meteoric water involvement. Even if the low δ18O signature could exist in the felsic crust on early Earth, the formation of low δ18O rocks would necessitate a three-stage mechanism. The first is the O isotope exchange between seawater and thick (30–40 km) basaltic crust along mid-ocean ridges during plate divergence, the second is the collisional thickening of the juvenile crust to 60–80 km during plate convergence, and the third is the partial melting of the hydrated, ultrathick basaltic crust during lithospheric rifting to produce TTG magmas in the post-convergent stage. The lithospheric rifting is induced by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle in response to foundering of the lithospheric mantle. This three-stage model for the petrogenesis of Archean TTG rocks keeps pace with an ancient Wilson cycle at high Archean mantle temperatures, emphasizing divergent-convergent plate coupling and lithospheric rifting in response to poloidal mantle convection. It argues against subduction-driven TTG magmatism but affirms the operation of ancient plate tectonics through the water-rock interaction during the seafloor spreading and then the crustal anatexis due to the asthenospheric upwelling consequential to the lithospheric foundering. Therefore, the low δ18O zircon growth is linked to the high-temperature seawater-hydrothermally altered sources at divergent plate margins, and the TTG generation is attributed to the post-collisional reworking at convergent plate margins. This results in a holistic model for the growth of Archean continental crust and the geodynamic regime of early Earth. As such, the petrogenesis of Archean TTG rocks witnesses the operation of ancient plate tectonics at that time.
{"title":"Petrogenetic interpretation of Archean low δ18O zircon: Implications for origin of continental crust on early Earth","authors":"Yong-Fei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The origin of Archean continental crust remains a critical yet unresolved question in the evolution of early Earth, closely tied to debates on the emergence of plate tectonics. This review focuses on the petrogenesis of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suites and the origin of low δ<sup>18</sup>O values (1.0–2.7 ‰) observed in Hadean to Archean zircons, which challenge conventional interpretations involving meteoric water interaction. By integrating zircon U-Pb ages and O isotope data with the thermodynamic principle of stable isotope geochemistry (equilibrium O isotope fractionations between basaltic rock and water converge to 0 ± 1 ‰ at high temperatures of >400 °C), it is demonstrated that these low δ<sup>18</sup>O signatures would originate from high-temperature seawater-hydrothermal alteration of the juvenile basaltic crust at mid-ocean ridges, rather than meteoric water involvement. Even if the low δ<sup>18</sup>O signature could exist in the felsic crust on early Earth, the formation of low δ<sup>18</sup>O rocks would necessitate a three-stage mechanism. The first is the O isotope exchange between seawater and thick (30–40 km) basaltic crust along mid-ocean ridges during plate divergence, the second is the collisional thickening of the juvenile crust to 60–80 km during plate convergence, and the third is the partial melting of the hydrated, ultrathick basaltic crust during lithospheric rifting to produce TTG magmas in the post-convergent stage. The lithospheric rifting is induced by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle in response to foundering of the lithospheric mantle. This three-stage model for the petrogenesis of Archean TTG rocks keeps pace with an ancient Wilson cycle at high Archean mantle temperatures, emphasizing divergent-convergent plate coupling and lithospheric rifting in response to poloidal mantle convection. It argues against subduction-driven TTG magmatism but affirms the operation of ancient plate tectonics through the water-rock interaction during the seafloor spreading and then the crustal anatexis due to the asthenospheric upwelling consequential to the lithospheric foundering. Therefore, the low δ<sup>18</sup>O zircon growth is linked to the high-temperature seawater-hydrothermally altered sources at divergent plate margins, and the TTG generation is attributed to the post-collisional reworking at convergent plate margins. This results in a holistic model for the growth of Archean continental crust and the geodynamic regime of early Earth. As such, the petrogenesis of Archean TTG rocks witnesses the operation of ancient plate tectonics at that time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105370"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105350
Jihede Haj Messaoud , Sayed Hassan Majed Alsaihati , Najeh Ben Chaabane , Philippe Razin , Frans van Buchem
The Middle Jurassic Callovian Stage (∼165.2–160.8 Ma) represents a pivotal interval in Earth’s history marked by climate change, both warming and cooling (glacio-eustasy), widespread organic matter accumulation, and perturbations in the carbon cycle. On the Arabian Plate, this stage witnessed the initiation of intrashelf basins, large-scale coral–stromatoporoid reef growth, and a glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuation. Detailed global reconstructions are, however, hindered by discontinuous stratigraphic records, significant hiatuses, and a lack of integrated datasets. Here we present a synthesis of sedimentological, biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental data from a well preserved and extended (290 m thick) carbonate-dominated Callovian succession in Saudi Arabia, which is continuously exposed along a >1000 km long escarpment. We integrate legacy datasets of dispersed reports and theses, produced during the mapping campaigns in the 1980s–1990s, with reinterpreted published carbon-isotope curves and a new sedimentological section, with refined calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, using modern taxonomy, standardized biozonation, and a Bayesian age model. The C-isotope curve shows an early Callovian positive δ13C excursion in the upper part of the gracilis Ammonoid Zone, followed by a negative shift at the base of the anceps Zone coinciding with siliciclastic influx from the Arabian shield. δ13C values rise through the Middle Callovian global warming with enhanced organic carbon burial on the Arabian Plate. The late Callovian cooling phase records extensive coral–stromatoporoid bioherms terminated by a sea-level fall near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary. This work establishes the Arabian Plate as a key northern Gondwanan reference point for Callovian chronostratigraphy and calibration of global paleoceanographic, depositional, and climatic trends.
{"title":"A synthesis of biostratigraphic, isotope-stratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental records from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) carbonate succession of Saudi Arabia and its global implications","authors":"Jihede Haj Messaoud , Sayed Hassan Majed Alsaihati , Najeh Ben Chaabane , Philippe Razin , Frans van Buchem","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle Jurassic Callovian Stage (∼165.2–160.8 Ma) represents a pivotal interval in Earth’s history marked by climate change, both warming and cooling (glacio-eustasy), widespread organic matter accumulation, and perturbations in the carbon cycle. On the Arabian Plate, this stage witnessed the initiation of intrashelf basins, large-scale coral–stromatoporoid reef growth, and a glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuation. Detailed global reconstructions are, however, hindered by discontinuous stratigraphic records, significant hiatuses, and a lack of integrated datasets. Here we present a synthesis of sedimentological, biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental data from a well preserved and extended (290 m thick) carbonate-dominated Callovian succession in Saudi Arabia, which is continuously exposed along a >1000 km long escarpment. We integrate legacy datasets of dispersed reports and theses, produced during the mapping campaigns in the 1980s–1990s, with reinterpreted published carbon-isotope curves and a new sedimentological section, with refined calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, using modern taxonomy, standardized biozonation, and a Bayesian age model. The C-isotope curve shows an early Callovian positive δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion in the upper part of the <em>gracilis</em> Ammonoid Zone, followed by a negative shift at the base of the <em>anceps</em> Zone coinciding with siliciclastic influx from the Arabian shield. δ<sup>13</sup>C values rise through the Middle Callovian global warming with enhanced organic carbon burial on the Arabian Plate. The late Callovian cooling phase records extensive coral–stromatoporoid bioherms terminated by a sea-level fall near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary. This work establishes the Arabian Plate as a key northern Gondwanan reference point for Callovian chronostratigraphy and calibration of global paleoceanographic, depositional, and climatic trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105350"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105364
M.R. Nandu , Y. Anilkumar , M. Santosh , Cheng-Xue Yang , Sung Won Kim , A.P. Pradeepkumar , M.P. Manu Prasanth , A.S. Amrutha
Alkaline magmatism through space and time over the globe has contributed significantly to crustal growth and the formation of important rare metal and rare earth reserves. The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in India is an important archive of Proterozoic alkaline complexes that are largely unmetamorphosed and undeformed, occurring as linear chains aligned along crustal-scale paleo-suture zones or major transcrustal faults. These alkaline magmatic suites include syenites, carbonatites, nepheline syenites, alkali granites and lamprophyres occur as ring complexes, individual plutons, intrusive lenses, dykes, and plugs. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of seventeen alkaline magmatic suites, highlighting their petrogenetic significance and geodynamic implications. The Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in the Southern Granulite Terrane is marked by three distinct phases: an early Paleoproterozoic episode (∼2498–2340 Ma), a mid-Neoproterozoic episode (∼830–720 Ma), and a late Neoproterozoic (∼620–572 Ma). These alkaline magmatic suites exhibit variable morphologies, with some of the Cryogenian alkaline–carbonatite complexes occurring as ring or crescent-shaped structures. Carbonatites, unlike associated alkaline silicate and ultramafic rocks, display markedly steeper rare earth element (REE) patterns and pronounced LREE/HREE fractionation, consistent with derivation from low-degree partial melting of a mantle source. The majority of δ18O and δ13C values for the Southern Granulite Terrane carbonatites fall within the field of primary mantle-derived carbonatites. Radiogenic SrNd isotopic signatures show a temporal trend toward more enriched compositions from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic, reflecting progressive geochemical evolution of the source mantle through time. The Sr–Nd–Pb–C–O isotopic compositions of these alkaline rocks and carbonatite indicate the involvement of compositionally heterogeneous mantle domains beneath the Southern Granulite Terrane. Field relationships, along with mineralogical and isotopic data, suggest that syenites, carbonatites, and pyroxenites were emplaced as discrete magmatic intrusions derived from compositionally distinct sources, rather than representing derivatives of a single parental melt. The alkaline rocks and carbonatites exhibit post-collisional geochemical signatures and isotopic evidence for source heterogeneity, consistent with an extensional tectonic regime. Prolonged extension likely facilitated lithospheric thinning, promoting asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. These magmas subsequently interacted with subduction-modified lithospheric components of varying ages, producing compositionally diverse melts that were emplaced as shallow-level intrusions along major crustal-scale suture zones.
{"title":"Alkaline magmatism in the Southern Granulite Terrane, India: Insights into Precambrian tectonics and mantle evolution","authors":"M.R. Nandu , Y. Anilkumar , M. Santosh , Cheng-Xue Yang , Sung Won Kim , A.P. Pradeepkumar , M.P. Manu Prasanth , A.S. Amrutha","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkaline magmatism through space and time over the globe has contributed significantly to crustal growth and the formation of important rare metal and rare earth reserves. The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in India is an important archive of Proterozoic alkaline complexes that are largely unmetamorphosed and undeformed, occurring as linear chains aligned along crustal-scale paleo-suture zones or major transcrustal faults. These alkaline magmatic suites include syenites, carbonatites, nepheline syenites, alkali granites and lamprophyres occur as ring complexes, individual plutons, intrusive lenses, dykes, and plugs. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of seventeen alkaline magmatic suites, highlighting their petrogenetic significance and geodynamic implications. The Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in the Southern Granulite Terrane is marked by three distinct phases: an early Paleoproterozoic episode (∼2498–2340 Ma), a mid-Neoproterozoic episode (∼830–720 Ma), and a late Neoproterozoic (∼620–572 Ma). These alkaline magmatic suites exhibit variable morphologies, with some of the Cryogenian alkaline–carbonatite complexes occurring as ring or crescent-shaped structures. Carbonatites, unlike associated alkaline silicate and ultramafic rocks, display markedly steeper rare earth element (REE) patterns and pronounced LREE/HREE fractionation, consistent with derivation from low-degree partial melting of a mantle source. The majority of δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C values for the Southern Granulite Terrane carbonatites fall within the field of primary mantle-derived carbonatites. Radiogenic Sr<img>Nd isotopic signatures show a temporal trend toward more enriched compositions from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic, reflecting progressive geochemical evolution of the source mantle through time. The Sr–Nd–Pb–C–O isotopic compositions of these alkaline rocks and carbonatite indicate the involvement of compositionally heterogeneous mantle domains beneath the Southern Granulite Terrane. Field relationships, along with mineralogical and isotopic data, suggest that syenites, carbonatites, and pyroxenites were emplaced as discrete magmatic intrusions derived from compositionally distinct sources, rather than representing derivatives of a single parental melt. The alkaline rocks and carbonatites exhibit post-collisional geochemical signatures and isotopic evidence for source heterogeneity, consistent with an extensional tectonic regime. Prolonged extension likely facilitated lithospheric thinning, promoting asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. These magmas subsequently interacted with subduction-modified lithospheric components of varying ages, producing compositionally diverse melts that were emplaced as shallow-level intrusions along major crustal-scale suture zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105364"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105369
Xiaomei Wang , Zhichao Yu , Pingchang Sun , Ziming Zhang , Kun He , Shuichang Zhang , Zhijun Jin
Natural hydrogen, a pivotal alternative energy source for achieving net-zero carbon emissions, has attracted considerable global interest. It is generated by multiple geological processes, of which the serpentinization of Fe(II)-rich rocks is a well-established primary source of natural hydrogen. Large ophiolite complexes associated with supra-subduction zone (SSZ) processes represent major geological reservoirs of Fe(II) on Earth. In this review, we systematically examine the spatiotemporal distribution, hydrogen-generating lithology and mineral assemblages, and geochemical characteristics of hydrogen-generating rock units in SSZ-type ophiolites with high natural hydrogen contents distributed around the Neo-Tethys realm. The results identify three key geological features associated with natural hydrogen accumulation in SSZ-type ophiolites: (1) the dominant hydrogen-generating lithology assemblage consists of harzburgite, dunite and lherzolite; (2) the upper ophiolite lavas unit is characterized by extreme enrichment in albite, depletion in K-feldspar, exhibiting the immobile element patterns of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) with high Th/Nb ratios, deriving from a depleted mantle source; (3) the lower mantle peridotites unit exhibits a CIPW normative mineral composition marked by a W-shaped distribution of forsterite, fayalite, enstatite, and ferrosilite. The upper rock units of the ophiolite complexes, sealed by deep-sea sediments, pillow lavas, and dolerite/gabbroic dykes, are considered the most favorable structural position for natural hydrogen accumulation. The geological framework established in this review represents a significant advancement in the precise identification of SSZ-type ophiolite complexes, expands the potential frontiers for natural hydrogen exploration, and provides a scientific foundation for the scalable and economic recovery of natural hydrogen resources.
{"title":"Serpentinization-mediated H2-generation and its genesis link to supra-subduction zone ophiolites","authors":"Xiaomei Wang , Zhichao Yu , Pingchang Sun , Ziming Zhang , Kun He , Shuichang Zhang , Zhijun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural hydrogen, a pivotal alternative energy source for achieving net-zero carbon emissions, has attracted considerable global interest. It is generated by multiple geological processes, of which the serpentinization of Fe(II)-rich rocks is a well-established primary source of natural hydrogen. Large ophiolite complexes associated with supra-subduction zone (SSZ) processes represent major geological reservoirs of Fe(II) on Earth. In this review, we systematically examine the spatiotemporal distribution, hydrogen-generating lithology and mineral assemblages, and geochemical characteristics of hydrogen-generating rock units in SSZ-type ophiolites with high natural hydrogen contents distributed around the Neo-Tethys realm. The results identify three key geological features associated with natural hydrogen accumulation in SSZ-type ophiolites: (1) the dominant hydrogen-generating lithology assemblage consists of harzburgite, dunite and lherzolite; (2) the upper ophiolite lavas unit is characterized by extreme enrichment in albite, depletion in K-feldspar, exhibiting the immobile element patterns of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) with high Th/Nb ratios, deriving from a depleted mantle source; (3) the lower mantle peridotites unit exhibits a CIPW normative mineral composition marked by a W-shaped distribution of forsterite, fayalite, enstatite, and ferrosilite. The upper rock units of the ophiolite complexes, sealed by deep-sea sediments, pillow lavas, and dolerite/gabbroic dykes, are considered the most favorable structural position for natural hydrogen accumulation. The geological framework established in this review represents a significant advancement in the precise identification of SSZ-type ophiolite complexes, expands the potential frontiers for natural hydrogen exploration, and provides a scientific foundation for the scalable and economic recovery of natural hydrogen resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105369"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105356
Taigang Zhang , Weicai Wang , Adam Emmer , Gang Jin , Keshao Liu , Baosheng An , Tandong Yao
Rapidly expanding glacial lakes are transforming cryospheric, hydrologic, ecologic, and societal dynamics worldwide. They affect water resources, hydropower, sediment transport, and carbon cycles while also being influenced by the increased instability and interactions with their surroundings due to global warming. Here, we present a state-of-the-art synthesis on glacial lakes, focusing on their ecohydrological and geomorphological importance. First, warming-driven deglaciation is inducing extensive glacial lake expansion, enhancing freshwater storage capacity and hydropower potential. Sediment-rich meltwater promotes underwater weathering, positioning glacial lakes as important yet underrecognized carbon sinks, with a preliminary global carbon consumption flux estimated at over 0.26 Tg C-CO2 yr−1. Second, glacial lakes profoundly reshape high mountain landscapes by acting as sediment sinks, drivers of catastrophic sediment transport events, and modulators of cascading hazards. They trap sediment fluxes from glacier-fed systems, creating long-term geological archives and influencing downstream geomorphology. Extreme lake outbursts can mobilize vast quantities of sediment, dramatically altering river networks, floodplains, and valley morphology. Moreover, interactions between expanding proglacial lakes, retreating and calving glaciers, and unstable ice-rich moraine dams heighten geomorphic instability under ongoing warming, increasing the susceptibility of lake outbursts. Overall, glacial lakes can significantly affect geomorphic evolution, biogeochemical cycles, and socioeconomic activities in the surrounding areas up to tens of kilometers downstream. Future research requires systematic field planning and monitoring to reveal these critical interactions and improve local risk management.
迅速扩大的冰川湖泊正在改变世界范围内的冰冻圈、水文、生态和社会动态。它们影响着水资源、水电、泥沙运输和碳循环，同时也受到全球变暖导致的不稳定性增加和与周围环境相互作用的影响。在这里，我们提出了一个最先进的冰川湖综合，重点是他们的生态水文和地貌学的重要性。首先，全球变暖导致的冰川消融导致冰湖大面积扩张，增强了淡水储存量和水电潜力。富含沉积物的融水促进了水下风化，将冰川湖定位为重要的但尚未得到充分认识的碳汇，初步估计全球碳消耗通量超过0.26 Tg C-CO2 yr - 1。其次，冰川湖作为沉积物汇、灾难性沉积物运输事件的驱动因素和级联灾害的调节器，深刻地重塑了高山景观。它们捕获了冰川补给系统的沉积物通量，形成了长期的地质档案，并影响了下游的地貌。极端的湖泊爆发可以调动大量的沉积物，极大地改变河网、洪泛平原和山谷的形态。此外，扩大的前冰期湖泊、退缩和崩解的冰川以及不稳定的富冰碛垄之间的相互作用加剧了持续变暖下地貌的不稳定性，增加了湖泊溃决的易感性。总体而言，冰湖可以显著影响下游数十公里范围内周边地区的地貌演化、生物地球化学循环和社会经济活动。未来的研究需要系统的实地规划和监测，以揭示这些关键的相互作用并改善当地的风险管理。
{"title":"Ecohydrological and geomorphological importance of glacial lakes","authors":"Taigang Zhang , Weicai Wang , Adam Emmer , Gang Jin , Keshao Liu , Baosheng An , Tandong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapidly expanding glacial lakes are transforming cryospheric, hydrologic, ecologic, and societal dynamics worldwide. They affect water resources, hydropower, sediment transport, and carbon cycles while also being influenced by the increased instability and interactions with their surroundings due to global warming. Here, we present a state-of-the-art synthesis on glacial lakes, focusing on their ecohydrological and geomorphological importance. First, warming-driven deglaciation is inducing extensive glacial lake expansion, enhancing freshwater storage capacity and hydropower potential. Sediment-rich meltwater promotes underwater weathering, positioning glacial lakes as important yet underrecognized carbon sinks, with a preliminary global carbon consumption flux estimated at over 0.26 Tg C-CO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>. Second, glacial lakes profoundly reshape high mountain landscapes by acting as sediment sinks, drivers of catastrophic sediment transport events, and modulators of cascading hazards. They trap sediment fluxes from glacier-fed systems, creating long-term geological archives and influencing downstream geomorphology. Extreme lake outbursts can mobilize vast quantities of sediment, dramatically altering river networks, floodplains, and valley morphology. Moreover, interactions between expanding proglacial lakes, retreating and calving glaciers, and unstable ice-rich moraine dams heighten geomorphic instability under ongoing warming, increasing the susceptibility of lake outbursts. Overall, glacial lakes can significantly affect geomorphic evolution, biogeochemical cycles, and socioeconomic activities in the surrounding areas up to tens of kilometers downstream. Future research requires systematic field planning and monitoring to reveal these critical interactions and improve local risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105356"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105357
Pavel G. Talalay , Nan Zhang , Xiaopeng Fan , Yazhou Li , Da Gong , Bing Li
Glaciers including ice sheets, ice caps, and mountain glaciers cover more than 10 % of the Earth's land area. Borehole drilling in glaciers serves a wide range of scientific purposes, such as the evolution of the Earth's climate and environment, formation and movement of snow and ice, impact of glacial phenomena on landscapes, subglacial environment, and so on. Geophysical logging is a crucial component of most ice-drilling projects, providing valuable in-situ data on the physical and structural properties of the natural snow and ice surrounding the borehole. These properties include temperature, density, creep parameters, optical characteristics, visual stratigraphy, and subglacial electrical resistivity. However, conventional geophysical logging techniques are often not suitable for ice due to its distinct physical properties. Over the past six decades, specialized downhole tools—such as light-emitting loggers and optical televiewers—have been developed to image borehole walls and resolve stratigraphy at resolutions comparable to those of ice core analysis. These advanced methods bridge ice-core data with regional glaciological parameters, such as ice flow dynamics and geothermal heat flux. This paper provides an overview of current and emerging borehole logging techniques and their applications in glacier research, while a subsequent paper discusses long-term in-situ borehole observatories.
{"title":"Borehole geophysical studies in glaciers. Part I: Borehole logging","authors":"Pavel G. Talalay , Nan Zhang , Xiaopeng Fan , Yazhou Li , Da Gong , Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glaciers including ice sheets, ice caps, and mountain glaciers cover more than 10 % of the Earth's land area. Borehole drilling in glaciers serves a wide range of scientific purposes, such as the evolution of the Earth's climate and environment, formation and movement of snow and ice, impact of glacial phenomena on landscapes, subglacial environment, and so on. Geophysical logging is a crucial component of most ice-drilling projects, providing valuable in-situ data on the physical and structural properties of the natural snow and ice surrounding the borehole. These properties include temperature, density, creep parameters, optical characteristics, visual stratigraphy, and subglacial electrical resistivity. However, conventional geophysical logging techniques are often not suitable for ice due to its distinct physical properties. Over the past six decades, specialized downhole tools—such as light-emitting loggers and optical televiewers—have been developed to image borehole walls and resolve stratigraphy at resolutions comparable to those of ice core analysis. These advanced methods bridge ice-core data with regional glaciological parameters, such as ice flow dynamics and geothermal heat flux. This paper provides an overview of current and emerging borehole logging techniques and their applications in glacier research, while a subsequent paper discusses long-term in-situ borehole observatories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 105357"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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