Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning applications in tight porous media: Challenges, advances, and future directions","authors":"Guiang Li ,&nbsp;Chengyan Lin ,&nbsp;Yuqi Wu ,&nbsp;Pengjie Ma ,&nbsp;Pejman Tahmasebi ,&nbsp;Chunmei Dong ,&nbsp;Weibin Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Du ,&nbsp;Ziru Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As recoverable conventional energy resources decline, tight formations have gained significant global attention due to their potential as unconventional sources. The intrinsic heterogeneity and extremely low permeability of these geological systems, combined with the complexity of large data dimensions, present considerable challenges for traditional numerical and experimental approaches. Machine learning (ML), a robust data-driven tool, offers the potential to predict properties by capturing intricate, nonlinear relationships between input features and outcomes. However, a thorough review of ML applications to geological challenges, particularly in tight formations, is necessary to inform future research and clarify the current state of this field. This paper, grounded in bibliometric analysis and recent studies, explores four key areas: lithofacies identification and prediction, image segmentation and pore-fracture network reconstruction, subsurface property estimation, and the evaluation of resource potential and sweet spot detection. The review underscores the limitations of conventional methods, examines the application of ML in these areas, and assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various ML techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges, including data quality and imbalanced dataset solutions, model interpretability and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) implementations, and domain knowledge integration through interdisciplinary collaboration, while outlining future research directions encompassing advanced generative modeling approaches, the development of standardized benchmark datasets, and the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with enhanced geological constraints. These systematic advancements hold the potential to significantly enhance ML's role in understanding and characterizing the complexities of tight reservoir systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105306"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive interpretation of thermochronological data in the Hengduan Mountains with tectonic implications","authors":"Junqing He ,&nbsp;Rong Yang ,&nbsp;Sean D. Willett ,&nbsp;Maria Giuditta Fellin ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Wu ,&nbsp;Katrina Gelwick ,&nbsp;Xuhua Shi ,&nbsp;Colin Maden","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hengduan Mountains, located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is a key area for understanding the lateral growth and outward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. Although several kinematic models have been proposed, uncertainties remain. To refine our understanding of the deformation and exhumation histories of the Hengduan Mountains, the region is divided into 103 subareas, and new apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages combined with existing data are inverted for exhumation rates for each subarea using iterative pseudo-age-elevation profiles and Gaussian Linear Inversion of Data to Exhumation rate (GLIDE) modeling. These methods, calibrated with the current geothermal gradient, yield consistent exhumation patterns. Our results indicate two distinct phases of active deformation during the mid- to late Cenozoic. From the Oligocene to early Miocene, lateral shearing dominated to the west of the Ailao Shan–Red River Shear Zone, while crustal shortening prevailed along the Longmen Shan–Anninghe–Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts to the east. From the late Miocene to the present, the activation of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang Strike-Slip System marked a shift toward more diffuse and intensified deformation. This is reflected in increased activity along the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt, the southward migration of shortening from the Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts, and enhanced regional exhumation, particularly in the Three Rivers Region. The transition between the two phases is driven by changing boundary conditions due to rollback of the surrounding subducted plates offering more space or the rollback of southeastern Indian mantle lithosphere inducing a larger flow during the northward indentation of the Indian plate corner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105296"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geological record of highly explosive eruptions from Sumatra (Indonesia)","authors":"F. Forni ,&nbsp;M. Phua ,&nbsp;M.G. Fellin ,&nbsp;J.A. Oalmann ,&nbsp;B. Jicha ,&nbsp;K. Bradley ,&nbsp;C. Maden ,&nbsp;H. Rifai ,&nbsp;C. Bouvet de Maisonneuve","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosive volcanism on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia) has produced infrequent, yet destructive caldera-forming eruptions such as those from the well-known Toba caldera. Although the Toba ignimbrites have been studied extensively, pyroclastic deposits from other highly explosive eruptions in the region have received much less attention. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of proximal pyroclastic deposits associated with highly explosive eruptions across the western Sunda volcanic arc. We use a multifaceted approach that integrates literature with original proximal stratigraphic data, along with detailed geochemical and geochronological investigations. Although the compositions of the studied pyroclastic deposits are predominantly rhyolitic and estimates of intensive parameters indicate similar pre-eruptive storage conditions across the different sectors of the Sumatran arc, their characteristic geochemical signatures, combined with mineral assemblages, allow for the distinctive fingerprinting of the individual volcanic sources. Our geochronological data reveal that between ∼ 7.3 Ma and 33 ka, the Sumatran region experienced multiple highly explosive eruptions (VEI ≥ 6) often associated with caldera collapses, as well as moderately explosive eruptions (VEI ≤ 5) from stratovolcanoes. The apparent frequency of highly explosive eruptions increased gradually during the Quaternary and peaked in the last 48 ky. These findings substantially redefine the regional frequency of highly explosive eruptions from Sumatra. Additionally, given that most information regarding explosive Sumatran eruptions are derived from deep-sea tephra layers with unknown sources, our results provide a strong underpinning for robust tephra correlations along the western Sunda volcanic arc and the wider Southeast Asia region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105303"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 7000-year record of human influence on Global River Deltas: Geomorphology, stratigraphy, the Anthropocene overprint and future","authors":"E. Anthony ,&nbsp;J. Syvitski ,&nbsp;K.M. Cohen ,&nbsp;Y. Saito ,&nbsp;F. Zăinescu ,&nbsp;A. Vespremeanu-Stroe ,&nbsp;R.J. Nicholls ,&nbsp;N. Marriner ,&nbsp;A. Amorosi ,&nbsp;V. Maselli ,&nbsp;P.S.J. Minderhoud ,&nbsp;T. Tamura ,&nbsp;J. Day ,&nbsp;C.D. Woodroffe ,&nbsp;L. Preoteasa ,&nbsp;F. Tatui ,&nbsp;F. Sabatier ,&nbsp;C. Morhange ,&nbsp;M. Besset ,&nbsp;P. Kemp ,&nbsp;Z. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the inception of most of the world's deltas about 8000 years ago, deltaic floodplains started offering, about a thousand years later, arable land, water and ecosystem services for early human settlements. We identify delta geomorphic changes and proxies and geoarchaeological markers of the human presence on deltas and in their stratigraphy over the last 7000 years, and from ancient maps. We analyse the human-delta relationship in four phases: Neolithic, Metal Ages, Common Era, and Anthropocene, marking increasing human adaptation to changing delta geomorphology modulated by fluctuations in relative sea level and fluvial sediment supply. These adaptations fostered the emergence of urbanization and served as a catalyst for technological innovation and human modification of deltas. The sparse Neolithic human presence in delta stratigraphy gradually expanded to become pervasive in the contemporary Anthropocene, reflecting the twin effects of global population growth and increasingly favourable conditions for humans. We explore the links between early deltaic and non-deltaic communities and gauge the impact of humans on sediment supply from river catchments, and its consequences, notably in terms of frequent delta avulsions, expansion or vulnerability, and explore its inextricable links with climate variation. The Anthropocene is witnessing a profoundly transformed, globally distributed, human-managed delta landscape dominated by important urbanization, reduction in sediment supply, increasing intentional but also unintentional delta modifications, and vulnerability to sea-level rise compounded by exacerbated subsidence. Understanding the human-delta relationship over the past 7000 years contributes to fostering stronger links between geoscience and cultural heritage, to better delta management and sustainability, including an upstream river-basin scale perspective, and to better anticipation of delta futures, notably under the threat of sea-level rise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105302"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing continental weathering at the global scale using Li, Mg and Si isotopes in fluvial sediments","authors":"N. Vigier ,&nbsp;J.-S. Ryu ,&nbsp;Y. Goddéris ,&nbsp;G. Bayon","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg) elemental and isotopic compositions in the clay- and silt-sized fractions of sediments from major rivers worldwide. Combined with previously published silicon (Si) isotope data, these results are used to reassess their potential as large-scale silicate weathering proxies and to characterize the soil state at the global scale.</div><div>Among the three isotopic systems studied, Li isotopes exhibit the largest variations and differences between clays and silts, whereas Mg isotopes show no significant size-dependent differences. River clays are significantly enriched in Li and Mg compared to silts, indicating higher abundances than the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). This enrichment is consistent with the preferential incorporation of Li and Mg into neoformed secondary phases. In contrast, silt-sized fractions contain substantial amounts of quartz and other Li- and Mg-depleted primary minerals. In line with recent research, we show that a provenance proxy is required for deconvolving the weathering signal from measured clay δ⁷Li values, using either Nd isotopes or average estimates for bedrock δ⁷Li compositions.</div><div>Unlike silicon isotope ratios (δ³⁰Si) in fluvial clays, which correlate with environmental parameters, the weathering signal derived from Li isotopes appears independent of both clay mineralogy and climate. This challenges previous interpretations linking the evolution of clay δ⁷Li values to Late Quaternary climate variations.</div><div>We also provide the first global estimates for average Si, Mg and Li isotope compositions and concentrations in the clay- and silt-size fractions of fluvial sediments entering the ocean. Compared to the UCC, our estimates indicate systematic imbalance away from steady-state driven by an excess of elemental dissolved fluxes to the ocean. The excess supports the hypothesis that continental weathering is currently in disequilibrium, potentially due to lingering elevated mineral dissolution rates following the last deglaciation. It also indicates that anthropogenic contribution to the riverine dissolved load remains to be elucidated at the global scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105288"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking the source heterogeneities and distinct origins of flood basalt provinces: Insights from Panjal, Rajmahal-Sylhet and Deccan Traps","authors":"M.P. Manu Prasanth ,&nbsp;J. Gregory Shellnutt ,&nbsp;M.L. Dora ,&nbsp;Feng Guo ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ping Xia ,&nbsp;Xin Zhu ,&nbsp;Lei Zou ,&nbsp;Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;K.R. Hari","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Panjal, Rajmahal–Sylhet, and Deccan Traps in India constitute voluminous flood basalt provinces emplaced under distinct tectono-magmatic regimes. The formation of Panjal Traps (∼289 Ma) is attributed to extensional tectonic processes—specifically lithospheric thinning and decompression melting of the lithospheric mantle domains associated with rifting of the Cimmerian terranes and opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, whereas the Rajmahal–Sylhet (∼117 Ma) and Deccan (∼66 Ma) Traps are considered to represent mantle plume-related large igneous provinces (LIPs) associated with the Kerguelen and Réunion hotspots, respectively. Using the most primitive basalt compositions, we constrained mantle potential temperatures (<em>T</em>_p), source lithologies, and melting depths of these spatially and temporally distinct provinces. The Panjal basalts yield <em>T</em>_p of 1379–1470 °C, with onset of melting at ∼81 km depth. The Rajmahal–Sylhet and Deccan basalts exhibit elevated <em>T</em>_p (1545–1639 °C and 1519–1556 °C), with melting initiated at depths of ∼177 km (Rajmahal–Sylhet) and ∼ 132 km (Deccan), respectively. Peridotite versus pyroxenite melting models suggest that plume-derived LIPs are best explained by the melting of hydrous peridotite sources. Pyroxenites are likely restricted to lithospheric mantle domains and are not intrinsic to deep mantle plume sources. The rapid increase in root mean square (RMS) plate velocities of India during the post-Pangean period are correlated with the spatio-temporally associated Mesozoic LIP events. This suggests that mantle plumes likely played a key role in accelerating India's motion by enhancing the influence of far-field plate boundary forces, possibly through thermomechanical erosion of the cratonic keel beneath the Indian plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105300"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote sensing applications for monitoring optically inactive water quality indicators: A comprehensive review","authors":"Abdul Majed Sajib ,&nbsp;Md Galal Uddin ,&nbsp;Azizur Rahman ,&nbsp;Reza Ahmadian ,&nbsp;Agnieszka I. Olbert","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105259","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Monitoring water quality (WQ) is crucial to ensure the safety and health of our water resources. Despite their importance, contemporary WQ monitoring programs are struggling with challenges such as high costs, limited spatio-temporal resolution, and data reliability issues. A promising solution to these challenges is the integration of remote sensing (RS) techniques with machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of WQ monitoring. Based on the literature, most of the studies have focused on optically active (OA)-WQ indicators like chlorophyll-a and colored dissolved organic matter, etc., while a few studies have been carried out focusing on optically inactive (OI)-WQ indicators. But WQ monitoring requires a number of OA- and OI-WQ indicators; for instance, the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) recommend 11 fundamental WQ indicators, which include both OA- and OI-WQ. Therefore, it is essential to consider both types of indicators in a regular WQ monitoring program to develop an effective water resources management plan. However, several recent studies have shown that the development of RS-based OI-WQ indicator retrieval model(s) introduces considerable uncertainty in the final retrieval results due to various factors. Additionally, these studies highlight that most of the retrieval models may not be suitable for global application. To highlight these challenges, the goal of the research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of various RS data and existing techniques in order to more accurately retrieve OI-WQ indicators such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DOX), biological oxygen demand (BOD&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in different waterbodies. To achieve the research objectives, this study conducted a critical review analysis of 105 research publications, including journal papers and conference papers, from 2005 to 2023. The study not only identified different types of satellite data, such as Landsat, Sentinel, and Aqua/Terra (MODIS), which are widely used, but also identified the advantages and disadvantages of different models, including empirical, semi-empirical, and ML/AI-based methods that are widely used in developing RS-driven retrieval model(s) for various OI-WQ indicators. Additionally, the study identified a range of opportunities (e.g., proposing a structural framework, reliable global model, etc.) and limitations (e.g., lack of in-situ data, structural framework, optimal RS wavelength for different OI-WQ indicators, etc.) in existing retrieval models. Moreover, the analysis suggests that advanced ML/AI approaches can be effective in retrieving OI-WQ indicators compared to other techniques in terms of retrieval data accuracy and reliability. The study also highlights current limitations of RS data and retrieval methods, such as spatial and temporal constraints, the need","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105259"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrestrial iron biosignatures and their potential in solar system exploration for astrobiology","authors":"Laura I. Tenelanda-Osorio ,&nbsp;Andreas Kappler ,&nbsp;Muammar Mansor","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant elements in the solar system. It plays an important role in life by participating in redox reactions for energy generation (e.g.<em>,</em> by Fe(II)-oxidizing and Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms) and as a cofactor in multiple assimilatory metabolisms (e.g.<em>,</em> DNA replication). Fe-metabolizing microorganisms are ubiquitous on Earth, from soils and sediments to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They catalyze Fe redox transformations between its most common redox species Fe(II) and Fe(III), and couple this to carbon degradation, CO₂ fixation, nitrate reduction and photosynthesis, thus linking the biogeochemical cycles of Fe with carbon and nitrogen. Biogenic Fe (oxyhydr)oxide minerals (BIOS), i.e. the products of neutrophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms, are biosignatures of interest on Earth and potentially on other habitable bodies in our solar system, such as Mars and icy moons. Here, we review the habitats, mechanisms, products and preservation of Fe-metabolizing microorganisms on Earth. We translate this knowledge into a biosignature context for the search of potential Fe-metabolizing microorganisms in the solar system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105318"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planetary albedo and reflected shortwave flux: Basic characteristics, mechanisms of change and future projections","authors":"Ruixue Li ,&nbsp;Bida Jian ,&nbsp;Jiming Li,&nbsp;Jiayi Li,&nbsp;Zhenyu Cao,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Earth's planetary albedo (PA) and reflected solar radiation (RSR) are critical for energy distribution and variability, significantly influencing the climate system and its response to climate change. This review presents an updated assessment of the characteristics, mechanisms, model simulations, and future projections of PA and RSR, providing valuable insights into their implications for the Earth's climate system. We summarize the trends and long-term variations in PA/RSR and their key drivers. Over the past two decades, global mean PA/RSR has significantly decreased, exacerbating Earth's energy imbalance, which is attributed to reduced low/mid-level cloud cover in tropical and subtropical oceans, retreating snow/ice cover at high latitudes, and reduced aerosol scattering at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Note that cloud fraction dominates RSR variations in most areas, but snow/ice coverage plays a larger role in polar coastal regions. Furthermore, we review the potential mechanisms that maintain hemispheric PA symmetry, highlighting the combined effects of tropical cloud movement and asymmetries in extratropical baroclinic activities. By applying the emergent constraint method and observations, we reduce the uncertainty of future projected RSR by 76 %. We find a significant decline in both global and hemispheric RSR this century, with trends slowing under low and medium emission scenarios, but accelerating under high emission scenarios. Finally, we emphasize future challenges in paleoclimatic radiation studies and the need for accurate long-term radiation data, and we suggest that strategies like emission reductions and reforestation may be vital for stabilizing Earth's PA on a long-term scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105274"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the biomass gap: Advances, challenges and prospects in unlocking Radar's potential in terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"Sana Ullah ,&nbsp;Majid Nazeer ,&nbsp;Man Sing Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radar (radio detection and ranging) technology operates in all weather and lighting conditions, making it a valuable tool for several purposes. It offers advantages such as the ability to penetrate vegetation canopies and ground surfaces. This study examines the progress, challenges, and prospects of using radar technology for improved biomass estimation in terrestrial ecosystems. Various sensors have been utilized for biomass estimation, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), interferometric SAR (InSAR), and ground penetrating radar (GPR). SAR applications in tropical forests have employed C-band SAR sensors, such as Sentinal-1 A/B, while RADARSAT-2 has been used in temperate and subtropical forests. Advanced SAR (ASAR) has been effective in both tropical and temperate forests. L-band SAR sensors, such as phase array L-band SAR (PALSAR), have been used in tropical, temperate, boreal, and mixed forests, while unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-SAR and polarimetric L-band imaging SAR (PLIS) have been employed in boreal, mixed, and temperate forests, respectively. L-band InSAR has been used in boreal forests, and X-band InSAR, including Tandem-X and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM), has been implemented in boreal, tropical, and temperate forests. P-band SAR and polarimetric interferometry SAR (PolInSAR) have been used with ONERA aerial system SETHI in tropical forests, and GPR with field portable GEOTECH in subtropical forests. SAR sensors face challenges including signal attenuation due to incidence angle, polarization sensitivity, heterogeneous landscapes, data availability, and temporal decorrelation. InSAR sensors encounter phase decorrelation, baseline issues, and various errors. GPR sensors face signal attenuation, ground penetration, target detection, and ground truth validity challenges. To improve biomass estimation, this article suggests considering forest type-specific models, using multi-frequency SAR, employing polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) for scattering analysis, integrating radar with light emission and detection (LiDAR) or optical data, implementing advanced data processing techniques, and utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and stochastic modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105275"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}