Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105249
Nore Praet , Maarten Van Daele , Katleen Wils , Peter J. Haeussler , Robert C. Witter , Nicholas P. McKay , Britta J.L. Jensen , Jasper Moernaut , Marc De Batist
<div><div>The Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ) is one of the world's most seismically active plate boundaries and the source of the 1964 M<sub><em>w</em></sub> 9.2 Great Alaska earthquake–the second largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the world. Understanding the nature and frequency of such earthquakes is necessary for seismic and tsunami hazard assessment, but instrumental and historical records that span less than 150 years are too short to allow a statistically reliable analysis of earthquake recurrence times. This calls for studies of evidence of past earthquakes, extending the earthquake catalog further back in time. Subduction-zone paleoseismology in south-central Alaska is predominantly based on coastal evidence of land-level changes and tsunamis generated by megathrust earthquakes and preserved in the geological record. A complementary approach is lacustrine paleoseismology, which is still a relatively young discipline in Alaska. However, globally, lake basins are well-established high-resolution and continuous recorders of paleoseismic activity along subduction zones, relying on the identification of underwater landslide deposits and turbidites generated by seismic shaking. As a result, lake basins not only register ground shaking from megathrust earthquakes, but also from intraslab and crustal earthquakes, which are typically not accompanied by significant land-level changes. In this review paper, we combine coastal and lacustrine paleoseismology approaches to refine the south-central Alaskan earthquake history by comparing the paleoseismic records from two lakes (i.e., Eklutna Lake, located in the Chugach Mountain Range, and Skilak Lake, situated on the Kenai Peninsula) with the coastal and crustal earthquake catalog in Alaska. The resulting age ranges of all known megathrust earthquakes involving the Alaskan megathrust between the Kodiak and Prince William Sound (PWS) sections are more precise and accurate for the last 1.3 kyrs BP than the previously published age ranges from coastal records. As a result, this study supports the following key conclusions: (1) The 1964 CE earthquake was an exceptionally strong and unique event in the last 2000 years, rupturing the PWS, Kenai, Barren Islands, and Kodiak sections simultaneously. (2) The high-resolution and seasonal markings of the varved lake records now disentangle for the first time closely timed earthquakes, which was not possible based on the coastal evidence alone. (3) No persistent megathrust rupture boundaries exist. So, the possibility of a full rupture of the entire eastern AASZ, from PWS to Semidi cannot be excluded. (4) The rupture pattern in the eastern AASZ reveals superimposed cycles of multi-asperity ruptures (1964 earthquake) and clustered complementary partial ruptures, or rupture cascades. (5) The PWS section hosts the largest asperity in the eastern AASZ. (6) The shaking record of megathrust earthquakes indicates a time-dependent (quasiperiodic) behavi
{"title":"Refining the earthquake history of south-central Alaska through lake records","authors":"Nore Praet , Maarten Van Daele , Katleen Wils , Peter J. Haeussler , Robert C. Witter , Nicholas P. McKay , Britta J.L. Jensen , Jasper Moernaut , Marc De Batist","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ) is one of the world's most seismically active plate boundaries and the source of the 1964 M<sub><em>w</em></sub> 9.2 Great Alaska earthquake–the second largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the world. Understanding the nature and frequency of such earthquakes is necessary for seismic and tsunami hazard assessment, but instrumental and historical records that span less than 150 years are too short to allow a statistically reliable analysis of earthquake recurrence times. This calls for studies of evidence of past earthquakes, extending the earthquake catalog further back in time. Subduction-zone paleoseismology in south-central Alaska is predominantly based on coastal evidence of land-level changes and tsunamis generated by megathrust earthquakes and preserved in the geological record. A complementary approach is lacustrine paleoseismology, which is still a relatively young discipline in Alaska. However, globally, lake basins are well-established high-resolution and continuous recorders of paleoseismic activity along subduction zones, relying on the identification of underwater landslide deposits and turbidites generated by seismic shaking. As a result, lake basins not only register ground shaking from megathrust earthquakes, but also from intraslab and crustal earthquakes, which are typically not accompanied by significant land-level changes. In this review paper, we combine coastal and lacustrine paleoseismology approaches to refine the south-central Alaskan earthquake history by comparing the paleoseismic records from two lakes (i.e., Eklutna Lake, located in the Chugach Mountain Range, and Skilak Lake, situated on the Kenai Peninsula) with the coastal and crustal earthquake catalog in Alaska. The resulting age ranges of all known megathrust earthquakes involving the Alaskan megathrust between the Kodiak and Prince William Sound (PWS) sections are more precise and accurate for the last 1.3 kyrs BP than the previously published age ranges from coastal records. As a result, this study supports the following key conclusions: (1) The 1964 CE earthquake was an exceptionally strong and unique event in the last 2000 years, rupturing the PWS, Kenai, Barren Islands, and Kodiak sections simultaneously. (2) The high-resolution and seasonal markings of the varved lake records now disentangle for the first time closely timed earthquakes, which was not possible based on the coastal evidence alone. (3) No persistent megathrust rupture boundaries exist. So, the possibility of a full rupture of the entire eastern AASZ, from PWS to Semidi cannot be excluded. (4) The rupture pattern in the eastern AASZ reveals superimposed cycles of multi-asperity ruptures (1964 earthquake) and clustered complementary partial ruptures, or rupture cascades. (5) The PWS section hosts the largest asperity in the eastern AASZ. (6) The shaking record of megathrust earthquakes indicates a time-dependent (quasiperiodic) behavi","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105249"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105285
Haihui Quan, Peng Chai, Zengqian Hou, Lingling Yuan, Chongbin Su
<div><div>Post-collisional porphyry deposits are among the main global sources of copper (Cu), gold (Au), and molybdenum (Mo). However, the controls on metallogenic assemblages in post-collisional porphyry deposits remain poorly constrained. The Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt hosts a suite of Eocene-Oligocene post-collisional porphyry Cu, Au-Cu, and Au deposits, offering an ideal natural laboratory to elucidate the factors controlling the differential enrichment of metal assemblages in post-collisional porphyry mineralization systems. To identify the primary factors controlling the differential enrichment of metallogenic assemblages, over 2500 published whole-rock and mineral geochemical data from mineralization-related porphyries in post-collisional porphyry deposits of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt were compiled and combined with geophysical and thermodynamic modeling results. The results indicate that the parental magmas of mineralization-related porphyries in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt were generated by variable mixing proportions of juvenile lower-crust melts and underlying metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) melts. Our results demonstrate that the degree of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity, water contents, and crustal thickness progressively decrease as the metallogenic assemblage transitions from Cu to Au-Cu and finally to Au. Magma undergoes prolonged evolution in lower crustal reservoirs (2.19 kbar) beneath thick crust (60–63 km), exhibiting higher degrees of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 1.79–2.76), and water contents (3.89 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O), thereby promoting the formation of post-collisional porphyry Cu deposits. However, higher pressure and water contents promote early sulfide saturation, which in turn causes Au depletion through the precipitation of sulfides. Additionally, high oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ > ∼1.00) suppresses Au dissolution in the magma. In contrast, shallow magma reservoirs (< 1.00 kbar) in thinner crust (33–36 km) undergo brief evolution and are characterized by lower degrees of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 0.78), and water contents (2.91 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O). Meanwhile, lower pressures and water contents delayed sulfide saturation, favoring Au enrichment and creating conditions conducive to forming post-collisional porphyry Au deposits. Moreover, moderate degrees of magma differentiation, pressure (1.01–1.64 kbar), water contents (3.29–3.60 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O), and oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 1.22–1.98) in medium-thick crust (42–51 km) collectively promote the simultaneous enrichment of Au and Cu in the magma, providing sufficient metal for the formation of post-collisional porphyry Au-Cu deposits. During fluid exsolution, the salinity of the exsolved fluid decreases with decreasing magma emplacement depth, thereby reducing Cu extraction but enhancing Au extraction from the melt, as Au is primarily transported as bisu
{"title":"Controls on the differential enrichment of metal assemblages in post-collisional porphyry mineralization systems, Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt, SW China","authors":"Haihui Quan, Peng Chai, Zengqian Hou, Lingling Yuan, Chongbin Su","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-collisional porphyry deposits are among the main global sources of copper (Cu), gold (Au), and molybdenum (Mo). However, the controls on metallogenic assemblages in post-collisional porphyry deposits remain poorly constrained. The Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt hosts a suite of Eocene-Oligocene post-collisional porphyry Cu, Au-Cu, and Au deposits, offering an ideal natural laboratory to elucidate the factors controlling the differential enrichment of metal assemblages in post-collisional porphyry mineralization systems. To identify the primary factors controlling the differential enrichment of metallogenic assemblages, over 2500 published whole-rock and mineral geochemical data from mineralization-related porphyries in post-collisional porphyry deposits of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt were compiled and combined with geophysical and thermodynamic modeling results. The results indicate that the parental magmas of mineralization-related porphyries in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt were generated by variable mixing proportions of juvenile lower-crust melts and underlying metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) melts. Our results demonstrate that the degree of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity, water contents, and crustal thickness progressively decrease as the metallogenic assemblage transitions from Cu to Au-Cu and finally to Au. Magma undergoes prolonged evolution in lower crustal reservoirs (2.19 kbar) beneath thick crust (60–63 km), exhibiting higher degrees of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 1.79–2.76), and water contents (3.89 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O), thereby promoting the formation of post-collisional porphyry Cu deposits. However, higher pressure and water contents promote early sulfide saturation, which in turn causes Au depletion through the precipitation of sulfides. Additionally, high oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ > ∼1.00) suppresses Au dissolution in the magma. In contrast, shallow magma reservoirs (< 1.00 kbar) in thinner crust (33–36 km) undergo brief evolution and are characterized by lower degrees of magma differentiation, oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 0.78), and water contents (2.91 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O). Meanwhile, lower pressures and water contents delayed sulfide saturation, favoring Au enrichment and creating conditions conducive to forming post-collisional porphyry Au deposits. Moreover, moderate degrees of magma differentiation, pressure (1.01–1.64 kbar), water contents (3.29–3.60 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O), and oxygen fugacity (∆FMQ = 1.22–1.98) in medium-thick crust (42–51 km) collectively promote the simultaneous enrichment of Au and Cu in the magma, providing sufficient metal for the formation of post-collisional porphyry Au-Cu deposits. During fluid exsolution, the salinity of the exsolved fluid decreases with decreasing magma emplacement depth, thereby reducing Cu extraction but enhancing Au extraction from the melt, as Au is primarily transported as bisu","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105285"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sediments are far more than inert deposits beneath our waters, they are dynamic engines of the global carbon cycle. Acting as both long-term carbon vaults and, under disturbed conditions, potent sources of greenhouse gases, sediments hold immense yet underutilized potential in the fight against climate change. This review unpacks the complex mechanisms that govern carbon cycling in sediments, from source inputs and microbial transformations to vertical storage patterns and exchanges with the water column. It explores how natural factors, such as mineral composition, redox conditions, and hydrology, interact with intensifying anthropogenic pressures like eutrophication, dredging, and land-use change to shape sediment carbon fate. Drawing on quantitative insights across diverse aquatic ecosystems, the paper also highlights innovative opportunities for sediment-based carbon management, including beneficial reuse, nature-based solutions, and integration into emerging carbon markets. By highlighting both the potential and the challenges, this review reframes sediments not as passive repositories, but as dynamic agents in advancing global carbon sequestration strategies.
{"title":"From sink to strategy: Sediments at the nexus of carbon sequestration and climate action","authors":"Dunja Rađenović Veselić, Nataša Slijepčević, Slaven Tenodi, Đorđe Pejin, Irina Jevrosimov, Tijana Marjanović Srebro, Dragana Tomašević Pilipović","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediments are far more than inert deposits beneath our waters, they are dynamic engines of the global carbon cycle. Acting as both long-term carbon vaults and, under disturbed conditions, potent sources of greenhouse gases, sediments hold immense yet underutilized potential in the fight against climate change. This review unpacks the complex mechanisms that govern carbon cycling in sediments, from source inputs and microbial transformations to vertical storage patterns and exchanges with the water column. It explores how natural factors, such as mineral composition, redox conditions, and hydrology, interact with intensifying anthropogenic pressures like eutrophication, dredging, and land-use change to shape sediment carbon fate. Drawing on quantitative insights across diverse aquatic ecosystems, the paper also highlights innovative opportunities for sediment-based carbon management, including beneficial reuse, nature-based solutions, and integration into emerging carbon markets. By highlighting both the potential and the challenges, this review reframes sediments not as passive repositories, but as dynamic agents in advancing global carbon sequestration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105310"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105297
Zhilin He , Zhongshi Zhang , Zhengtang Guo , Ning Tan , Zijian Zhang , Chunxia Zhang , Haibin Wu , Chenglong Deng
The origin of the modern-like East Asian monsoon has attracted much attention. It is debated as to whether the modern-like East Asian monsoon formed during the late Oligocene–early Miocene or the (late) Eocene. Resolving this dispute requires a comprehensive and updated synthesis of available geological records and a reliable modelling study. Here, we investigate Cenozoic climate patterns over East Asia by compiling geological records and conducting climate modelling based on our improved paleogeographies. Geological records suggest that a zonal (semi-)arid climate pattern was predominant over tectonic timescales across most parts of East Asia during much of the Paleogene, with significant dry-wet oscillations over orbital timescales, and a modern-like monsoon-dominated climate pattern has been established since the late Oligocene–early Miocene (ca. 28–22 Ma). This major climate reorganization was likely stepwise changes during ∼28–22 Ma rather than occurring suddenly. Our simulations indicate that a zonal dry belt extended from western to central-eastern East Asia, except for coastal areas, during the late Eocene, and that a monsoon-dominated pattern had already formed over East Asia by the early Miocene. In addition, our simulations further indicate that East Asian rainfall is highly sensitive to orbital forcing and is also affected by pCO2, which can explain the seemingly unstable character (i.e., dry-wet fluctuations) of the dry belt across East Asia during the Paleogene, reconciling previously conflicting wet and dry paleoclimatic indicators in East Asia during this period. Our results indicate that the dry belt did not necessarily constitute a continuous desert or desert-steppe landscape extending from the western interior to the eastern coastal region, but rather exhibited a certain east-west humidity gradient, with the eastern coastal region being relatively more humid, likely due to the influence of the weak summer southwesterlies along the eastern coastal region of China. Furthermore, our results suggest that paleogeographic changes, particularly uplift of the Tibetan Plateau to moderate–high elevations and its paleolatitude approaching present-day location during the late Oligocene–early Miocene, played a crucial role in the establishment of the modern-like East Asian monsoon, rather than pCO2 levels.
{"title":"The origin of the modern-like East Asian Monsoon: insights from new proxy data synthesis and climate modelling","authors":"Zhilin He , Zhongshi Zhang , Zhengtang Guo , Ning Tan , Zijian Zhang , Chunxia Zhang , Haibin Wu , Chenglong Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The origin of the modern-like East Asian monsoon has attracted much attention. It is debated as to whether the modern-like East Asian monsoon formed during the late Oligocene–early Miocene or the (late) Eocene. Resolving this dispute requires a comprehensive and updated synthesis of available geological records and a reliable modelling study. Here, we investigate Cenozoic climate patterns over East Asia by compiling geological records and conducting climate modelling based on our improved paleogeographies. Geological records suggest that a zonal (semi-)arid climate pattern was predominant over tectonic timescales across most parts of East Asia during much of the Paleogene, with significant dry-wet oscillations over orbital timescales, and a modern-like monsoon-dominated climate pattern has been established since the late Oligocene–early Miocene (ca. 28–22 Ma). This major climate reorganization was likely stepwise changes during ∼28–22 Ma rather than occurring suddenly. Our simulations indicate that a zonal dry belt extended from western to central-eastern East Asia, except for coastal areas, during the late Eocene, and that a monsoon-dominated pattern had already formed over East Asia by the early Miocene. In addition, our simulations further indicate that East Asian rainfall is highly sensitive to orbital forcing and is also affected by <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, which can explain the seemingly unstable character (i.e., dry-wet fluctuations) of the dry belt across East Asia during the Paleogene, reconciling previously conflicting wet and dry paleoclimatic indicators in East Asia during this period. Our results indicate that the dry belt did not necessarily constitute a continuous desert or desert-steppe landscape extending from the western interior to the eastern coastal region, but rather exhibited a certain east-west humidity gradient, with the eastern coastal region being relatively more humid, likely due to the influence of the weak summer southwesterlies along the eastern coastal region of China. Furthermore, our results suggest that paleogeographic changes, particularly uplift of the Tibetan Plateau to moderate–high elevations and its paleolatitude approaching present-day location during the late Oligocene–early Miocene, played a crucial role in the establishment of the modern-like East Asian monsoon, rather than <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105297"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105278
Mariusz Lamentowicz , Luke Andrews , Sambor Czerwiński , Katarzyna Marcisz
Multi-proxy approaches in palaeoecological studies have gained prominence due to their ability to provide comprehensive insights into palaeoenvironmental changes. This method enhances the complexity and richness of environmental reconstructions by integrating various proxies, such as testate amoebae, pollen, plant macrofossils, charcoal, and stable isotopes. While synthesising these records can be challenging, due both to their complexity and varying journal guidelines for publication, it remains essential for a more precise understanding of past ecosystems. Multi-proxy studies are invaluable for cross-referencing local to extra-local data with proxies from nearby areas, thus validating palaeoclimatic records and minimising speculative conclusions. The approach reveals significant human impacts on ecosystems, particularly peatlands, serving as natural archives for historical environmental and anthropogenic activities. Integrating diverse methodologies from ecology, palaeoecology, archaeology, and history with high-resolution palaeoecological data offers profound insights into settlement patterns, economic development, and historical demography. Despite the challenges of handling extensive datasets, advanced statistical methods enable meaningful interpretations while maintaining the integrity of the data. Historical records enrich the understanding of human and climatic impacts upon a range of peatland ecosystems. By reconstructing long-term changes in food webs through peat records, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of past ecosystem structures and functions, thereby paving the way for future ecological advances. Though underutilised in archaeological and historical contexts, this interdisciplinary approach has significant potential across various academic fields, emphasising the importance of integrating comprehensive datasets to approach complex ecological questions and inform ecological restoration. This review presents the potential of high-resolution, multi-proxy studies of peatlands, shows examples of such studies and summarises best practices and key considerations for conducting such research.
{"title":"Multi-proxy palaeoecological studies from peatlands: a comprehensive review of recent advances and future developments","authors":"Mariusz Lamentowicz , Luke Andrews , Sambor Czerwiński , Katarzyna Marcisz","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-proxy approaches in palaeoecological studies have gained prominence due to their ability to provide comprehensive insights into palaeoenvironmental changes. This method enhances the complexity and richness of environmental reconstructions by integrating various proxies, such as testate amoebae, pollen, plant macrofossils, charcoal, and stable isotopes. While synthesising these records can be challenging, due both to their complexity and varying journal guidelines for publication, it remains essential for a more precise understanding of past ecosystems. Multi-proxy studies are invaluable for cross-referencing local to extra-local data with proxies from nearby areas, thus validating palaeoclimatic records and minimising speculative conclusions. The approach reveals significant human impacts on ecosystems, particularly peatlands, serving as natural archives for historical environmental and anthropogenic activities. Integrating diverse methodologies from ecology, palaeoecology, archaeology, and history with high-resolution palaeoecological data offers profound insights into settlement patterns, economic development, and historical demography. Despite the challenges of handling extensive datasets, advanced statistical methods enable meaningful interpretations while maintaining the integrity of the data. Historical records enrich the understanding of human and climatic impacts upon a range of peatland ecosystems. By reconstructing long-term changes in food webs through peat records, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of past ecosystem structures and functions, thereby paving the way for future ecological advances. Though underutilised in archaeological and historical contexts, this interdisciplinary approach has significant potential across various academic fields, emphasising the importance of integrating comprehensive datasets to approach complex ecological questions and inform ecological restoration. This review presents the potential of high-resolution, multi-proxy studies of peatlands, shows examples of such studies and summarises best practices and key considerations for conducting such research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105278"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105270
Zhiguo He , Samuel Ukpong Okon , Rui Zhu , Thomas Pähtz , Eckart Meiburg
Gravity currents play an important role in various geophysical processes and practical applications. However, the dynamics of these density-driven flows are significantly affected by external and internal density stratification conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic characteristics of gravity currents under different stratification regimes, focusing on propagation speed, bottom separation, turbulent mixing, entrainment mechanisms, and the excitation of internal waves. By synthesizing results from laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analysis, we discuss how external and internal stratification conditions influence the dynamic behavior of gravity currents. Research findings consistently show that ambient stratification suppresses the propagation speed, energy conversion, turbulent mixing, and entrainment mechanisms. However, interactions between gravity currents and internal waves result in current splitting and decapitation, significantly altering the flow structure and mass transport in stratified environments. By integrating insights from multiple studies, this paper highlights key research advances and provides a structured framework for understanding the fundamental and applied aspects of gravity current dynamics in density-stratified environments. It identifies knowledge gaps and recommends future research directions.
{"title":"Dynamics of gravity currents under external and internal stratification in geophysical systems","authors":"Zhiguo He , Samuel Ukpong Okon , Rui Zhu , Thomas Pähtz , Eckart Meiburg","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gravity currents play an important role in various geophysical processes and practical applications. However, the dynamics of these density-driven flows are significantly affected by external and internal density stratification conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic characteristics of gravity currents under different stratification regimes, focusing on propagation speed, bottom separation, turbulent mixing, entrainment mechanisms, and the excitation of internal waves. By synthesizing results from laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analysis, we discuss how external and internal stratification conditions influence the dynamic behavior of gravity currents. Research findings consistently show that ambient stratification suppresses the propagation speed, energy conversion, turbulent mixing, and entrainment mechanisms. However, interactions between gravity currents and internal waves result in current splitting and decapitation, significantly altering the flow structure and mass transport in stratified environments. By integrating insights from multiple studies, this paper highlights key research advances and provides a structured framework for understanding the fundamental and applied aspects of gravity current dynamics in density-stratified environments. It identifies knowledge gaps and recommends future research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105270"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306
Guiang Li , Chengyan Lin , Yuqi Wu , Pengjie Ma , Pejman Tahmasebi , Chunmei Dong , Weibin Liu , Xinyu Du , Ziru Zhao
As recoverable conventional energy resources decline, tight formations have gained significant global attention due to their potential as unconventional sources. The intrinsic heterogeneity and extremely low permeability of these geological systems, combined with the complexity of large data dimensions, present considerable challenges for traditional numerical and experimental approaches. Machine learning (ML), a robust data-driven tool, offers the potential to predict properties by capturing intricate, nonlinear relationships between input features and outcomes. However, a thorough review of ML applications to geological challenges, particularly in tight formations, is necessary to inform future research and clarify the current state of this field. This paper, grounded in bibliometric analysis and recent studies, explores four key areas: lithofacies identification and prediction, image segmentation and pore-fracture network reconstruction, subsurface property estimation, and the evaluation of resource potential and sweet spot detection. The review underscores the limitations of conventional methods, examines the application of ML in these areas, and assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various ML techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges, including data quality and imbalanced dataset solutions, model interpretability and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) implementations, and domain knowledge integration through interdisciplinary collaboration, while outlining future research directions encompassing advanced generative modeling approaches, the development of standardized benchmark datasets, and the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with enhanced geological constraints. These systematic advancements hold the potential to significantly enhance ML's role in understanding and characterizing the complexities of tight reservoir systems.
{"title":"Machine learning applications in tight porous media: Challenges, advances, and future directions","authors":"Guiang Li , Chengyan Lin , Yuqi Wu , Pengjie Ma , Pejman Tahmasebi , Chunmei Dong , Weibin Liu , Xinyu Du , Ziru Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As recoverable conventional energy resources decline, tight formations have gained significant global attention due to their potential as unconventional sources. The intrinsic heterogeneity and extremely low permeability of these geological systems, combined with the complexity of large data dimensions, present considerable challenges for traditional numerical and experimental approaches. Machine learning (ML), a robust data-driven tool, offers the potential to predict properties by capturing intricate, nonlinear relationships between input features and outcomes. However, a thorough review of ML applications to geological challenges, particularly in tight formations, is necessary to inform future research and clarify the current state of this field. This paper, grounded in bibliometric analysis and recent studies, explores four key areas: lithofacies identification and prediction, image segmentation and pore-fracture network reconstruction, subsurface property estimation, and the evaluation of resource potential and sweet spot detection. The review underscores the limitations of conventional methods, examines the application of ML in these areas, and assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various ML techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges, including data quality and imbalanced dataset solutions, model interpretability and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) implementations, and domain knowledge integration through interdisciplinary collaboration, while outlining future research directions encompassing advanced generative modeling approaches, the development of standardized benchmark datasets, and the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with enhanced geological constraints. These systematic advancements hold the potential to significantly enhance ML's role in understanding and characterizing the complexities of tight reservoir systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105306"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105296
Junqing He , Rong Yang , Sean D. Willett , Maria Giuditta Fellin , Yunpeng Wu , Katrina Gelwick , Xuhua Shi , Colin Maden
The Hengduan Mountains, located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is a key area for understanding the lateral growth and outward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. Although several kinematic models have been proposed, uncertainties remain. To refine our understanding of the deformation and exhumation histories of the Hengduan Mountains, the region is divided into 103 subareas, and new apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages combined with existing data are inverted for exhumation rates for each subarea using iterative pseudo-age-elevation profiles and Gaussian Linear Inversion of Data to Exhumation rate (GLIDE) modeling. These methods, calibrated with the current geothermal gradient, yield consistent exhumation patterns. Our results indicate two distinct phases of active deformation during the mid- to late Cenozoic. From the Oligocene to early Miocene, lateral shearing dominated to the west of the Ailao Shan–Red River Shear Zone, while crustal shortening prevailed along the Longmen Shan–Anninghe–Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts to the east. From the late Miocene to the present, the activation of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang Strike-Slip System marked a shift toward more diffuse and intensified deformation. This is reflected in increased activity along the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt, the southward migration of shortening from the Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts, and enhanced regional exhumation, particularly in the Three Rivers Region. The transition between the two phases is driven by changing boundary conditions due to rollback of the surrounding subducted plates offering more space or the rollback of southeastern Indian mantle lithosphere inducing a larger flow during the northward indentation of the Indian plate corner.
{"title":"A comprehensive interpretation of thermochronological data in the Hengduan Mountains with tectonic implications","authors":"Junqing He , Rong Yang , Sean D. Willett , Maria Giuditta Fellin , Yunpeng Wu , Katrina Gelwick , Xuhua Shi , Colin Maden","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hengduan Mountains, located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is a key area for understanding the lateral growth and outward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. Although several kinematic models have been proposed, uncertainties remain. To refine our understanding of the deformation and exhumation histories of the Hengduan Mountains, the region is divided into 103 subareas, and new apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages combined with existing data are inverted for exhumation rates for each subarea using iterative pseudo-age-elevation profiles and Gaussian Linear Inversion of Data to Exhumation rate (GLIDE) modeling. These methods, calibrated with the current geothermal gradient, yield consistent exhumation patterns. Our results indicate two distinct phases of active deformation during the mid- to late Cenozoic. From the Oligocene to early Miocene, lateral shearing dominated to the west of the Ailao Shan–Red River Shear Zone, while crustal shortening prevailed along the Longmen Shan–Anninghe–Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts to the east. From the late Miocene to the present, the activation of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang Strike-Slip System marked a shift toward more diffuse and intensified deformation. This is reflected in increased activity along the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt, the southward migration of shortening from the Yalong–Yulong (Jinhe–Qinghe) Thrust Belts, and enhanced regional exhumation, particularly in the Three Rivers Region. The transition between the two phases is driven by changing boundary conditions due to rollback of the surrounding subducted plates offering more space or the rollback of southeastern Indian mantle lithosphere inducing a larger flow during the northward indentation of the Indian plate corner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105296"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105303
F. Forni , M. Phua , M.G. Fellin , J.A. Oalmann , B. Jicha , K. Bradley , C. Maden , H. Rifai , C. Bouvet de Maisonneuve
Explosive volcanism on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia) has produced infrequent, yet destructive caldera-forming eruptions such as those from the well-known Toba caldera. Although the Toba ignimbrites have been studied extensively, pyroclastic deposits from other highly explosive eruptions in the region have received much less attention. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of proximal pyroclastic deposits associated with highly explosive eruptions across the western Sunda volcanic arc. We use a multifaceted approach that integrates literature with original proximal stratigraphic data, along with detailed geochemical and geochronological investigations. Although the compositions of the studied pyroclastic deposits are predominantly rhyolitic and estimates of intensive parameters indicate similar pre-eruptive storage conditions across the different sectors of the Sumatran arc, their characteristic geochemical signatures, combined with mineral assemblages, allow for the distinctive fingerprinting of the individual volcanic sources. Our geochronological data reveal that between ∼ 7.3 Ma and 33 ka, the Sumatran region experienced multiple highly explosive eruptions (VEI ≥ 6) often associated with caldera collapses, as well as moderately explosive eruptions (VEI ≤ 5) from stratovolcanoes. The apparent frequency of highly explosive eruptions increased gradually during the Quaternary and peaked in the last 48 ky. These findings substantially redefine the regional frequency of highly explosive eruptions from Sumatra. Additionally, given that most information regarding explosive Sumatran eruptions are derived from deep-sea tephra layers with unknown sources, our results provide a strong underpinning for robust tephra correlations along the western Sunda volcanic arc and the wider Southeast Asia region.
{"title":"A geological record of highly explosive eruptions from Sumatra (Indonesia)","authors":"F. Forni , M. Phua , M.G. Fellin , J.A. Oalmann , B. Jicha , K. Bradley , C. Maden , H. Rifai , C. Bouvet de Maisonneuve","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosive volcanism on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia) has produced infrequent, yet destructive caldera-forming eruptions such as those from the well-known Toba caldera. Although the Toba ignimbrites have been studied extensively, pyroclastic deposits from other highly explosive eruptions in the region have received much less attention. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of proximal pyroclastic deposits associated with highly explosive eruptions across the western Sunda volcanic arc. We use a multifaceted approach that integrates literature with original proximal stratigraphic data, along with detailed geochemical and geochronological investigations. Although the compositions of the studied pyroclastic deposits are predominantly rhyolitic and estimates of intensive parameters indicate similar pre-eruptive storage conditions across the different sectors of the Sumatran arc, their characteristic geochemical signatures, combined with mineral assemblages, allow for the distinctive fingerprinting of the individual volcanic sources. Our geochronological data reveal that between ∼ 7.3 Ma and 33 ka, the Sumatran region experienced multiple highly explosive eruptions (VEI ≥ 6) often associated with caldera collapses, as well as moderately explosive eruptions (VEI ≤ 5) from stratovolcanoes. The apparent frequency of highly explosive eruptions increased gradually during the Quaternary and peaked in the last 48 ky. These findings substantially redefine the regional frequency of highly explosive eruptions from Sumatra. Additionally, given that most information regarding explosive Sumatran eruptions are derived from deep-sea tephra layers with unknown sources, our results provide a strong underpinning for robust tephra correlations along the western Sunda volcanic arc and the wider Southeast Asia region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105303"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105302
E. Anthony , J. Syvitski , K.M. Cohen , Y. Saito , F. Zăinescu , A. Vespremeanu-Stroe , R.J. Nicholls , N. Marriner , A. Amorosi , V. Maselli , P.S.J. Minderhoud , T. Tamura , J. Day , C.D. Woodroffe , L. Preoteasa , F. Tatui , F. Sabatier , C. Morhange , M. Besset , P. Kemp , Z. Chen
With the inception of most of the world's deltas about 8000 years ago, deltaic floodplains started offering, about a thousand years later, arable land, water and ecosystem services for early human settlements. We identify delta geomorphic changes and proxies and geoarchaeological markers of the human presence on deltas and in their stratigraphy over the last 7000 years, and from ancient maps. We analyse the human-delta relationship in four phases: Neolithic, Metal Ages, Common Era, and Anthropocene, marking increasing human adaptation to changing delta geomorphology modulated by fluctuations in relative sea level and fluvial sediment supply. These adaptations fostered the emergence of urbanization and served as a catalyst for technological innovation and human modification of deltas. The sparse Neolithic human presence in delta stratigraphy gradually expanded to become pervasive in the contemporary Anthropocene, reflecting the twin effects of global population growth and increasingly favourable conditions for humans. We explore the links between early deltaic and non-deltaic communities and gauge the impact of humans on sediment supply from river catchments, and its consequences, notably in terms of frequent delta avulsions, expansion or vulnerability, and explore its inextricable links with climate variation. The Anthropocene is witnessing a profoundly transformed, globally distributed, human-managed delta landscape dominated by important urbanization, reduction in sediment supply, increasing intentional but also unintentional delta modifications, and vulnerability to sea-level rise compounded by exacerbated subsidence. Understanding the human-delta relationship over the past 7000 years contributes to fostering stronger links between geoscience and cultural heritage, to better delta management and sustainability, including an upstream river-basin scale perspective, and to better anticipation of delta futures, notably under the threat of sea-level rise.
{"title":"A 7000-year record of human influence on Global River Deltas: Geomorphology, stratigraphy, the Anthropocene overprint and future","authors":"E. Anthony , J. Syvitski , K.M. Cohen , Y. Saito , F. Zăinescu , A. Vespremeanu-Stroe , R.J. Nicholls , N. Marriner , A. Amorosi , V. Maselli , P.S.J. Minderhoud , T. Tamura , J. Day , C.D. Woodroffe , L. Preoteasa , F. Tatui , F. Sabatier , C. Morhange , M. Besset , P. Kemp , Z. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the inception of most of the world's deltas about 8000 years ago, deltaic floodplains started offering, about a thousand years later, arable land, water and ecosystem services for early human settlements. We identify delta geomorphic changes and proxies and geoarchaeological markers of the human presence on deltas and in their stratigraphy over the last 7000 years, and from ancient maps. We analyse the human-delta relationship in four phases: Neolithic, Metal Ages, Common Era, and Anthropocene, marking increasing human adaptation to changing delta geomorphology modulated by fluctuations in relative sea level and fluvial sediment supply. These adaptations fostered the emergence of urbanization and served as a catalyst for technological innovation and human modification of deltas. The sparse Neolithic human presence in delta stratigraphy gradually expanded to become pervasive in the contemporary Anthropocene, reflecting the twin effects of global population growth and increasingly favourable conditions for humans. We explore the links between early deltaic and non-deltaic communities and gauge the impact of humans on sediment supply from river catchments, and its consequences, notably in terms of frequent delta avulsions, expansion or vulnerability, and explore its inextricable links with climate variation. The Anthropocene is witnessing a profoundly transformed, globally distributed, human-managed delta landscape dominated by important urbanization, reduction in sediment supply, increasing intentional but also unintentional delta modifications, and vulnerability to sea-level rise compounded by exacerbated subsidence. Understanding the human-delta relationship over the past 7000 years contributes to fostering stronger links between geoscience and cultural heritage, to better delta management and sustainability, including an upstream river-basin scale perspective, and to better anticipation of delta futures, notably under the threat of sea-level rise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105302"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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