Earth-Science Reviews最新文献_第2页

Floodplain lakes: Linking hydrology to ecology and conservation 洪泛平原湖泊：将水文与生态和保护联系起来

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104967

Fan Xue , Qi Zhang , John M. Melack , Hongwu Tang , Saiyu Yuan , Yuxue Jia , Chenyang Xue , Yanyan Song

As human activities intensify and global climate change accelerates, floodplain lakes are experiencing hydrological transformations that profoundly impact their ecology. Based on an extensive review of published literature, current knowledge of floodplain lakes and links between hydrology and ecology are summarized and synthesized. River-lake interactions determine hydrological conditions in floodplain lakes, with high spatial heterogeneity influenced by topography, geophysical properties, and climate. Seasonal fluctuations in water level and hydrological connectivity affect the community structure of aquatic organisms and biogeochemical processes. The interplay of floods and terrain shapes vegetation dynamics. Hydrological regimes sustain the quantity and quality of habitats, along with food resources for waterbirds and other organisms. Although certain species have adaptive capacities to changing hydrology through life history strategies, behavioral modifications, or physiological adjustments, long-term pressures from reservoir construction, intensive land use, and other human activities appear to be inducing cumulative, non-linear impacts that may push these ecosystems towards critical thresholds. Sustained pressures increase the risk of regime shifts, threatening ecosystem functionality. Current research often overlooks the complex interactions and feedbacks within ecosystems, leading to uncertain predictions regarding species resilience and ecosystem function. Existing methods are insufficient for fully integrating both short-term disturbances and long-term pressure. Advancing understanding of species adaptations across different temporal scales remains a priority, highlighting the need for more comprehensive frameworks for biodiversity conservation that effectively account for changing environment. Future efforts should focus on comprehensive in-situ monitoring and observation strategies, jointly with the application of advanced mathematical models, to enhance our understanding of ecology of floodplain lakes.

随着人类活动的加剧和全球气候变化的加快，洪泛平原湖泊正经历着深刻影响其生态的水文变化。在广泛查阅已发表文献的基础上，本文对洪泛平原湖泊的现有知识以及水文与生态之间的联系进行了总结和归纳。河流与湖泊之间的相互作用决定了洪泛平原湖泊的水文条件，受地形、地球物理特性和气候的影响，洪泛平原湖泊的空间异质性很高。水位的季节性波动和水文连通性影响着水生生物的群落结构和生物地球化学过程。洪水和地形的相互作用影响着植被动态。水文系统维持着栖息地的数量和质量，以及水鸟和其他生物的食物资源。虽然某些物种通过生活史策略、行为改变或生理调整对水文变化具有适应能力，但水库建设、土地密集利用和其他人类活动带来的长期压力似乎正在产生累积性非线性影响，可能会将这些生态系统推向临界点。持续的压力会增加制度转变的风险，威胁生态系统的功能。目前的研究往往忽略了生态系统内部复杂的相互作用和反馈，导致对物种恢复力和生态系统功能的预测不确定。现有方法不足以全面整合短期干扰和长期压力。推进对物种在不同时间尺度上的适应性的理解仍是当务之急，这凸显了生物多样性保护需要更全面的框架，以有效地考虑不断变化的环境。未来的工作重点应放在全面的现场监测和观测战略上，同时应用先进的数学模型，以加强我们对洪泛平原湖泊生态学的了解。

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引用次数: 0

A review of machine learning applications to geophysical logging inversion of unconventional gas reservoir parameters 机器学习在非常规天然气储层参数地球物理测井反演中的应用综述

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104969

Zihao Wang , Yidong Cai , Dameng Liu , Jun Lu , Feng Qiu , Jinghong Hu , Zhentao Li , Ranjith Pathegama Gamage

Reservoir parameters are crucial indicators for reservoir evaluation and development and provide insights into long-term reservoir behavior. The primary methods for evaluating these parameters include direct core observations, experimental testing, and indirect evaluation techniques. Since its introduction, geophysical logging has been used to evaluate and invert reservoir parameters owing to its wide coverage. With an increasing focus on unconventional natural gas reservoirs, more refined reservoir evaluations and multiparameter analyses are required for their development to address the complex and microscopic models differing from those of the conventional petroleum reservoirs. Geophysical logging is important in several unconventional fields. Machine learning (ML) was used in unconventional gas reservoirs as an effective method to establish relationships between parameters and logging features. However, the accuracy of evaluating storage layers using a single ML method is limited. Studies focusing only on algorithm updates and indicator values are problematic in terms of interpretability and production applications. A need to standardize the use of algorithms and introduce validation comparisons such as geological methods is evident. In this study, we reviewed ML algorithms and models commonly used for logging inversion applications. The current research status and issues were analyzed for different unconventional gas reservoir parameters. Our findings emphasize the importance of combining geological and other methods for logging inversion using ML. We also used the random forest algorithm to accurately predict the reservoir porosity, gas content, coal structure, and macrolithotypes. Combined with established permeability and vitrinite reflectance models, factor analysis was used to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the coalbed methane reservoirs in the study area. In our assessment of the challenges and future work on ML-based inversion, we observed a clear advantage for ML algorithms under geologically validated methods and experimental control. ML has great potential for optimizing the application of logging inversion for unconventional reservoir parameters.

储层参数是储层评价和开发的重要指标，可帮助人们深入了解储层的长期行为。评估这些参数的主要方法包括直接岩心观测、实验测试和间接评估技术。地球物理测井自问世以来，由于其覆盖面广，一直被用于评估和反演储层参数。随着人们对非常规天然气储层的日益关注，开发这些储层需要更精细的储层评价和多参数分析，以解决不同于常规石油储层的复杂微观模型问题。地球物理测井在一些非常规油田中非常重要。在非常规气藏中，机器学习（ML）被用作建立参数与测井特征之间关系的有效方法。然而，使用单一的 ML 方法评估储层的准确性有限。仅关注算法更新和指标值的研究在可解释性和生产应用方面存在问题。显然，需要对算法的使用进行标准化，并引入验证比较，如地质方法。在本研究中，我们回顾了测井反演应用中常用的 ML 算法和模型。针对不同的非常规天然气储层参数，分析了当前的研究现状和问题。我们的研究结果强调了使用 ML 结合地质和其他方法进行测井反演的重要性。我们还使用随机森林算法准确预测了储层孔隙度、含气量、煤结构和巨岩类型。结合已建立的渗透率和玻璃光泽反射率模型，我们使用因子分析法对研究区域的煤层气储层进行了全面分析和评估。在对基于 ML 的反演所面临的挑战和未来工作进行评估时，我们发现在地质验证方法和实验控制下，ML 算法具有明显的优势。ML 在优化非常规储层参数的测井反演应用方面具有巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping the evolution of marine carbon during the last deglaciation: δ13C perspectives on the deglacial ocean carbon cycle 绘制末次冰期海洋碳演变图：δ13C 透视冰期海洋碳循环

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104966

Ling Fang , Ninglian Wang , Minkyoung Kim

The changes in the ocean circulation and biological pump played crucial roles in the rise in atmospheric CO₂ during the last deglaciation. However, our understanding remains limited regarding which processes―air-sea exchange, ocean circulation, and the biological pump―primarily influence the spatial dynamics of the oceanic carbon cycle. To address this knowledge gap, the present study compiles global stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) records from various sources, including shallow and deep planktic, along with epifaunal and infaunal benthic foraminifera. The synthesis reveals a total increase of 0.37 ± 0.05 ‰ in marine δ¹³C values since the last glacial maximum. Of this increase, 68 ± 5 % is attributed to the response of the oceans in the southern hemisphere, while 32 ± 4 % is attributed to the northern hemisphere. By analyzing the difference between planktic and benthic foraminifera, a decreased vertical δ¹³C gradient (δ¹³C_sp–sb) is observed during the last deglaciation, indicating rapid carbon exchange between surface and deep waters during deglaciation. Additionally, the offset between the epifaunal and infaunal δ¹³C (δ¹³C_sb–db) provides insights into changes in productivity and bottom water oxygenation. Overall, the global synthesis suggests that the δ¹³C variation is largely controlled by ocean circulation in the northern hemisphere and at higher latitudes of the southern hemisphere, while primary production significantly influences subtropical regions. Furthermore, the δ¹³C confirms that the rise in atmospheric CO₂ during the first phase of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) resulted from reduced primary production in subtropical regions along with strong ventilation in the second phase of HS1. Interestingly, the δ¹³C variations during the Younger Dryas (YD) suggest strong ventilation without evident changes in primary production. This four-dimensional dataset provides valuable insights into the transient changes in the ocean carbon cycle during deglaciation.

大洋环流和生物泵的变化对上一次冰期大气中二氧化碳的上升起到了至关重要的作用。然而，我们对哪些过程--海气交换、大洋环流和生物泵--主要影响海洋碳循环的空间动态的了解仍然有限。为了弥补这一知识空白，本研究汇编了来自不同来源的全球稳定碳同位素（δ13C）记录，包括浅海和深海浮游生物，以及上、下底栖有孔虫。综合结果显示，自上一次冰川最大值以来，海洋δ13C值总共增加了0.37±0.05‰。其中，68 ± 5 % 的增长归因于南半球海洋的响应，32 ± 4 % 归因于北半球海洋的响应。通过分析浮游有孔虫和底栖有孔虫之间的差异，可以观察到在末次蜕变期间垂直δ13C梯度（δ13Csp-sb）减小，这表明在蜕变期间表层水和深层水之间的碳交换迅速。此外，表层动物和底层动物的δ13C（δ13Csb-db）之间的偏移也有助于了解生产力和底层水含氧量的变化。总之，全球综合结果表明，δ13C 的变化主要受北半球和南半球高纬度地区海洋环流的控制，而初级生产力对亚热带地区的影响很大。此外，δ13C 证实，在海因里希恒河 1 号（HS1）的第一阶段，大气中二氧化碳的上升是由于亚热带地区初级生产的减少以及 HS1 第二阶段强烈的通风造成的。有趣的是，少干世（YD）期间的 δ13C 变化表明，在初级生产没有明显变化的情况下出现了强烈的通风。这一四维数据集为了解脱冰期海洋碳循环的瞬时变化提供了宝贵的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Rejection of Holliday et al.'s alleged refutation of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis 拒绝霍利迪等人所谓的对年轻干旱纪撞击假说的反驳

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104960

Martin B. Sweatman , James L. Powell , Allen West

We reject the claim of Holliday et al. (2023) that they have “comprehensively refuted” the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH). Scores of peer-reviewed articles in dozens of peer-reviewed journals from hundreds of researchers, many of whom were not members of the core research team of Firestone et al. (2007), have corroborated the YDIH and replicated the key evidence dozens of times (Powell, 2022; Sweatman, 2021). Refuting a hypothesis that is so well established should require compelling new evidence and a plausible alternative process. Holiday et al. (2023) offer neither but, instead, question the peer-reviewed evidence supporting the hypothesis. Many of their arguments are faulty and were already rebutted in earlier reviews. The remaining differences in interpretation are part and parcel of science and do not lend themselves to the refutation—that is, the falsification—of an active hypothesis. Words alone cannot do that, not even the 96,000 words of Holiday et al. (2023). Only evidence can.

霍利迪等人（2023 年）声称他们 "全面驳斥 "了 "年轻干旱带影响假说"（YDIH），我们拒绝接受这一说法。数百名研究人员（其中许多人并非 Firestone 等人（2007 年）的核心研究团队成员）在数十种同行评审期刊上发表的数十篇文章已经证实了 YDIH，并数十次复制了关键证据（Powell，2022 年；Sweatman，2021 年）。要反驳一个如此成熟的假说，需要令人信服的新证据和可信的替代过程。Holiday 等人（2023 年）既没有提供这些证据，反而质疑支持该假说的同行评审证据。他们的许多论点都是错误的，并已在之前的评论中被反驳。其余的解释分歧是科学的一部分，并不能反驳--也就是证伪--一个活跃的假说。单凭文字是无法做到这一点的，即使是 Holiday 等人（2023 年）的 96,000 字也做不到。只有证据才能做到这一点。

引用次数: 0

Numerical modelling of coupled climate, tectonics, and surface processes on the eastern Himalayan syntaxis 喜马拉雅山脉东部合成地貌的气候、构造和地表过程耦合数值模拟

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104964

Xueyun Lu , Jingtao Lai , Lining Wang , Jianqing Ji , Dalai Zhong

The geosphere dynamics near Earth's surface is a key scientific issue for understanding how Earth system works. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the interplay between these geospheres still remain unclear. Here, we take the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the most typical region undergoing ferocious geosphere interplay on the planet, as our primary research area. We incorporated a topography-dependent precipitation model into traditional geomorphological-thermomechanical modelling and conducted over 200 experiments to investigate the interplay between climate, tectonics, and surface processes during the evolution of the orogenic wedge. The results show that a distinct type of orogenic wedge emerges when the convergence rate and average precipitation fall within specific ranges determined by the crustal geothermal field. Within this type of orogenic wedge, a sustained, stationary, localized and relatively rapid erosion process can be established on the windward flank. This can further induce sustained and rapid uplift of rocks, exhumation and deformation, forming a large-scale antiform, which exhibits a certain degree of similarity to the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. We propose that the formation of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis share this similar mechanism. Our analysis of the results indicates that the influences of climatic forcing, tectonic forcing, and geothermal field on the evolution of orogenic wedge can be integrated into a single parameter (

E_{F}

), and we propose that 0.24≤

E_{F}

≤0.45 is a necessary condition for the development of a syntaxis, which provides a quantitative constraint on the formation of a syntaxis for the first time.

地球表面附近的地圈动力学是了解地球系统如何运作的一个关键科学问题。然而，这些地圈之间相互作用的具体机制仍不清楚。在这里，我们以喜马拉雅山脉东部的合成地层为主要研究区域，该区域是地球上地圈相互作用最为激烈的典型区域。我们在传统的地貌-热力-力学模型中加入了一个地形依赖降水模型，并进行了 200 多次实验，研究造山楔演化过程中气候、构造和地表过程之间的相互作用。结果表明，当辐合率和平均降水量在地壳地热田确定的特定范围内时，就会出现一种独特类型的造山楔。在这种类型的造山楔中，迎风侧可以形成持续、静止、局部和相对快速的侵蚀过程。这可进一步引起岩石持续而快速的隆起、掘起和变形，形成大尺度的蚁状构造，与喜马拉雅山脉东部的合成地貌有一定程度的相似性。我们认为，喜马拉雅山东部合成岩的形成也具有这种相似的机制。我们的分析结果表明，气候强迫、构造强迫和地热田对造山楔演化的影响可以整合为一个参数（EF），并提出0.24≤EF≤0.45是合成地体发育的必要条件，首次为合成地体的形成提供了定量约束。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Fracture sets and sequencing” [Earth-Science Reviews 257 (2024) 104888] 对 "断裂组合与排序 "的勘误 [Earth-Science Reviews 257 (2024) 104888]

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104916

David J. Sanderson , David C.P. Peacock , Casey W. Nixon

引用次数: 0

Advancing the frontiers of CO2 geological storage: A statistical and computational perspective 推进二氧化碳地质封存的前沿：统计和计算视角

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104906

Ming Li , Xue Zhou , Congguang Zhang , Zhi Zhang , Tianfei Yu

This discussion addresses a recent systematic review by Zhang and Arif on the residual trapping capacity of subsurface systems for geological CO₂ storage, published in Earth-Science Reviews. The discussion highlights the critical role of residual trapping in ensuring long-term CO₂ sequestration. Utilizing statistical methods and computer theory, the study examines measurement techniques, influencing factors, and future prospects. Methodological concerns, such as reliance on published datasets and the need for advanced statistical analyses, are identified. The discussion suggests improvements in statistical robustness and computer modeling techniques in research. Future directions include incorporating machine learning for data analysis and enhancing simulation models for better CO₂ storage predictions. This comprehensive evaluation underscores the significance of rigorous analytical methods in advancing the field of CO₂ geological storage.

本讨论涉及 Zhang 和 Arif 最近在《地球科学评论》上发表的一篇关于用于二氧化碳地质封存的地下系统的剩余截留能力的系统综述。讨论强调了剩余捕集在确保二氧化碳长期封存中的关键作用。该研究利用统计方法和计算机理论，探讨了测量技术、影响因素和未来前景。研究指出了方法上的问题，如对已公布数据集的依赖和高级统计分析的需要。讨论建议改进研究中的统计稳健性和计算机建模技术。未来的发展方向包括将机器学习用于数据分析，以及改进模拟模型以更好地预测二氧化碳封存。这项综合评估强调了严格的分析方法对推动二氧化碳地质封存领域发展的重要意义。

引用次数: 0

Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps 从欧洲阿尔卑斯山的观测记录中发现气候变化对阿尔卑斯山地块移动的影响

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886

Mylène Jacquemart , Samuel Weber , Marta Chiarle , Małgorzata Chmiel , Alessandro Cicoira , Christophe Corona , Nicolas Eckert , Johan Gaume , Florie Giacona , Jacob Hirschberg , Roland Kaitna , Florence Magnin , Stephanie Mayer , Christine Moos , Alec van Herwijnen , Markus Stoffel

Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly altering high mountain environments, including changing the frequency, dynamic behavior, location, and magnitude of alpine mass movements. Here, we review three decades of scientific literature (

\sim

1995 to early 2024) to assess to what degree observational records from the European Alps – as the region with the most comprehensive records – reveal these changes. We do this for the processes that are most common in this region, namely rockfall, rock avalanches, debris flows, ice avalanches, and snow avalanches. The systematic literature search and review yielded 335 publications, of which we omitted publications that did not focus primarily on observational records. The remaining 103 publications used observations from over 100 sites and 30 inventories to investigate the connection between climate change and mass movements. About one third of the relevant studies found a measurable impact of climate change on the investigated alpine mass movement processes (with the exception of large rock avalanches). The clearest climate-controlled trends are (i) increased rockfall frequency in high-alpine areas due to higher temperatures, (ii) fewer and smaller snow avalanches due to scarcer snow conditions at low and mid elevations, and (iii) a shift towards avalanches with more wet snow and fewer powder clouds. While there is (iv) despite a clear increase in debris-flow triggering precipitation, debris-flow activity has not been found to uniformly increase, though there is some evidence for increasing activity above treeline and at locations without historical precedence. The trends for (v) ice avalanches are spatially very variable with no clear direction. Ice temperatures are measurably increasing, but – despite a theoretical expectation – this has not impacted ice avalanche activity to date. The reviewed literature also reveals that quantifying the impact of climate change on these mass movements remains difficult in part due to the complexities of the natural system, but also because of limitations in the available datasets, confounding effects, and existing statistical processing techniques. Better assessments could be achieved if we would more broadly support the compilation and maintenance of large standardized data catalogs, bring together various dispersed datasets (in said catalogs), including from social and citizen science projects, invest in long-term natural observatories, and develop suitable processing techniques. Better observations will additionally support the development and performance of process-based models. If we can advance natural hazard research on these fronts, more quantitative predictions of future change are well within our reach.

人为气候变化正在迅速改变高山环境，包括改变高山地块移动的频率、动态行为、位置和规模。在此，我们回顾了三十年来（1995 年至 2024 年初）的科学文献，以评估欧洲阿尔卑斯山（拥有最全面记录的地区）的观测记录在多大程度上揭示了这些变化。我们针对该地区最常见的过程，即落石、岩崩、泥石流、冰崩和雪崩进行了评估。通过系统的文献检索和审查，我们获得了 335 篇出版物，其中我们忽略了那些不以观测记录为主要重点的出版物。其余 103 篇文献利用 100 多个地点的观测数据和 30 份清单来研究气候变化与大规模移动之间的联系。约有三分之一的相关研究发现，气候变化对所调查的高山雪崩过程（大型岩崩除外）产生了可测量的影响。最明显的受气候控制的趋势是：(i) 由于气温升高，高山地区的落石频率增加；(ii) 由于中低海拔地区的积雪条件较差，雪崩的数量减少，规模缩小；(iii) 雪崩转向湿雪较多、粉云较少的情况。尽管(iv) 引发雪崩的泥石流降水明显增加，但泥石流活动并没有出现一致的增加，尽管有一些证据表明，在树线以上和没有历史先例的地点，泥石流活动有所增加。(v) 冰崩的趋势在空间上变化很大，没有明确的方向。冰层温度明显升高，但尽管理论上可以预期，但迄今为止这并未对冰崩活动产生影响。查阅的文献还显示，量化气候变化对这些大规模运动的影响仍然很困难，部分原因是自然系统的复杂性，但也因为现有数据集、混杂效应和现有统计处理技术的局限性。如果我们能更广泛地支持大型标准化数据目录的编制和维护，汇集各种分散的数据集（在上述目录中），包括来自社会和公民科学项目的数据集，投资于长期的自然观测站，并开发合适的处理技术，就能实现更好的评估。更好的观测还将为基于过程的模型的开发和性能提供支持。如果我们能在这些方面推进自然灾害研究，那么对未来变化进行更多量化预测就指日可待了。

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引用次数: 0

Rebuttal of Sweatman, Powell, and West's “Rejection of Holliday et al.'s alleged refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis” 对 Sweatman、Powell 和 West "拒绝接受 Holliday 等人所谓的对年轻干旱纪撞击假说的驳斥 "的反驳

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104961

Vance.T. Holliday , Tyrone L. Daulton , Patrick J. Bartlein , Mark B. Boslough , Ryan P. Breslawski , Abigail E. Fisher , Ian A. Jorgeson , Andrew C. Scott , Christian Koeberl , Jennifer R. Marlon , Jeffrey Severinghaus , Michail I. Petaev , Philippe Claeys

We stand by our original review. There is no support for a cosmic-origin catastrophe at ~12,850 cal years BP. There is also no support that at ~12,850 cal years BP human populations diminished, late Pleistocene megafauna were wiped out or reduced, and an unique global climate change occurred. The comments are largely built around the same claims we previously rebutted (and rebut here again) based on a broad range of scientific research published in long-standing and recognized journals on impact cratering and mineralogy/geochemistry, as well as late Quaternary geology, paleoclimatology, paleobiology and archaeology. Evidence and arguments purported to support the YDIH involve flawed methodologies, inappropriate assumptions, incomplete comparisons, overgeneralizations, misstatements of fact, misleading information, unsupported claims, irreproducible observations, misinterpretation of fundamental data, logical fallacies, and selected omission of contrary information. These issues are discussed within broader themes in the conduct of scientific research. The burden of proof is on the developers and supporters of the YDIH to critically test their own hypothesis and to fully respond to a large, diverse body of critiques, observations and contradictory evidence. To date, they have failed to do this.

我们坚持原来的评论。没有证据支持在公元前约 12 850 年发生宇宙起源的灾难。同样，也没有证据支持在公元前约12850年，人类数量减少，晚更新世巨型动物灭绝或减少，以及发生了独特的全球气候变化。这些评论在很大程度上都是围绕着我们之前反驳过（在此再次反驳）的相同说法展开的，其依据是发表在有关撞击坑化和矿物学/地球化学，以及第四纪晚期地质学、古气候学、古生物学和考古学等长期公认期刊上的广泛科学研究。声称支持 YDIH 的证据和论点涉及有缺陷的方法、不恰当的假设、不完整的比较、过度概括、对事实的错误陈述、误导性信息、无据可依的主张、不可证实的观察、对基本数据的错误解释、逻辑谬误以及有选择地遗漏相反信息。这些问题将在开展科学研究的更广泛主题范围内进行讨论。YDIH的开发者和支持者有责任对自己的假设进行批判性检验，并对大量不同的批评、观察和矛盾证据做出充分回应。迄今为止，他们未能做到这一点。

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引用次数: 0

Dust in the Critical Zone: North American case studies 临界区粉尘：北美案例研究

IF 10.8 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Earth-Science Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104942

J. Brahney , R.C. Heindel , T.E. Gill , G. Carling , J.M. González-Olalla , J. Hand , D.V. Mallia , J.S. Munroe , K. Perry , A.L. Putman , S.M. Skiles , B.R. Adams , Z. Aanderud , S. Aarons , D. Aguirre , K. Ardon-Dryer , M.B. Blakowski , J.M. Creamean , D. Fernandez , H. Foroutan , T. Merrill

The dust cycle facilitates the exchange of particles among Earth's major systems, enabling dust to traverse ecosystems, cross geographic boundaries, and even move uphill against the natural flow of gravity. Dust in the atmosphere is composed of a complex and ever-changing mixture that reflects the evolving human footprint on the landscape. The emission, transport, and deposition of dust interacts with and connects Critical Zone processes at all spatial and temporal scales. Landscape properties, land use, and climatic factors influence the wind erosion of soil and nutrient loss, which alters the long-term ecological dynamics at erosional locations. Once in the atmosphere, dust particles influence the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth, and interact with longwave (terrestrial) radiation, with cascading effects on the climate system. Finally, the wet and dry deposition of particles influences ecosystem structure, composition, and function over both short and long-term scales. Tracking dust particles from source to sink relies on monitoring and measurement of the geochemical composition and size distribution of the particles, space-borne and ground-based remote sensing, and dust modeling. Dust is linked to human systems via land use and policies that contribute to dust emissions and the health-related consequences of particulate loads and composition. Despite the significant influence dust has in shaping coupled natural-human systems, it has not been considered a key component of the Critical Zone. Here, we demonstrate that dust particles should be included as a key component of the Critical Zone by outlining how dust interacts with and shapes Earth System processes from generation, through transport, to deposition. We synthesize current understanding from global research and identify critical data and knowledge gaps while showcasing case studies from North America.

尘埃循环促进了地球主要系统之间的颗粒交换，使尘埃能够穿越生态系统、跨越地理边界，甚至逆着自然重力流向上坡移动。大气中的尘埃是由复杂且不断变化的混合物组成的，反映了人类在地貌上不断演变的足迹。粉尘的排放、迁移和沉积在所有空间和时间尺度上与临界区过程相互作用并相互联系。景观属性、土地利用和气候因素会影响土壤的风蚀和养分流失，从而改变侵蚀地点的长期生态动态。一旦进入大气层，尘埃粒子会影响到达地球的太阳辐射量，并与长波（陆地）辐射相互作用，对气候系统产生连带影响。最后，颗粒的干湿沉积会影响短期和长期尺度的生态系统结构、组成和功能。跟踪尘埃粒子从源到汇的过程有赖于对粒子的地球化学组成和大小分布的监测和测量、天基和地基遥感以及尘埃建模。通过土地利用和政策，尘埃与人类系统联系在一起，而土地利用和政策会导致尘埃排放以及颗粒物负荷和成分对健康造成的影响。尽管粉尘对形成自然-人类耦合系统具有重大影响，但它一直未被视为临界区的关键组成部分。在这里，我们通过概述尘埃从产生、传输到沉积的整个过程是如何与地球系统过程相互作用并对其产生影响的，来证明尘埃粒子应被视为临界区的一个关键组成部分。我们综合了目前全球研究的认识，并确定了关键数据和知识差距，同时展示了北美的案例研究。

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