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Commentary on Jaillard, E., (2022): Late Cretaceous-Paleogene orogenic build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes: Review and discussion 评论 Jaillard, E., (2022):厄瓜多尔安第斯山脉晚白垩世-古近纪造山运动的形成:回顾与讨论
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104939
Antenor M. Alemán
Although Jaillard's (2022) paper denotes the first attempt to propose a model for the orogeny build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes, it is based on endorsing the poorly constrained and uncertain Caribbean Colombia Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) from the Coastal Ranges (CR) to the Western Cordillera (WC). This model is inconsistent with the crustal thickness variation confirmed by seismic tomography profiles and Moho map (Araujo et al., 2021), unreliable REE chondrite-normalized flat patterns (Kerr, 2014), absent of HIMU Pb isotope anomaly and lack of W, He or Ne isotope information indicative of primordial mantle. Along the Coastal Ranges, Jaillard discusses the NE-oriented San Lorenzo Arc (SLA) within the context of a back-arc basin, incorporating the Chongón Colonche High (CCH) as a remnant arc orthogonal to the margin since its emplacement. Contrarily, he overlooks the widespread Cretaceous olistolith outcrops representing the cryptic and vanished Paleocene suture zone, unlike the undeformed Santa Elena Formation. The occurrence of CR lower continental crust, inferred from lower than 7 Km/s sec Vp velocity, decisively challenges the CCOP paradigm. To the east, while Jaillard describes west-vergent contractional deformation and the prowedge foredeep flysch, he geologically thickens the Western Cordillera by rooting thrusting near the crustal-mantle boundary, including the slender Guaranda Terrane (Totoras amphibolite). This is inconsistent with the 85 Ma crystallization age of HT metamorphism predating the collision event, further questioning the CCOP model. Additionally, Jaillard disregards the Pallatanga suture melange and the adakite Pujilí Granite obstructing subduction, which shifted westward post-collision, forming the Rio Cala intraoceanic arc synchronous with flysch foredeep deposition (Vallejo, 2007) and providing the stresses for contractional deformation. Along the foreland basin, Jaillard's distortion from lithostratigraphic to chronostratigraphic isopach maps impedes recognition of the molasse source, provenance, and deposition, coeval with the EC development. The Abitagua Granite, adjacent to the giant Pungarayacu heavy oil field, necessitates continuity of Cretaceous source rocks under the EC, also functioning as a detachment. The high gravitational potential energy achieved during strong collision dissipates through extensional gravitational collapse, modulating eastward as toe-thrust imbrication and utilizing the Cretaceous detachment to form the Eastern Cordillera retrowedge concurrently with WC contractional deformation, resulting in a bivergent fold and thrust belt.
尽管 Jaillard(2022 年)的论文首次尝试为厄瓜多尔安第斯山脉的造山运动提出一个模型,但其基础是认可从海岸山脉(CR)到西科迪勒拉山系(WC)的加勒比哥伦比亚大洋高原(CCOP),该高原的约束性差且不确定。该模型与地震层析剖面图和莫霍图(Araujo 等人,2021 年)所证实的地壳厚度变化、不可靠的 REE 软骨归一化平面模式(Kerr,2014 年)、HIMU 铅同位素异常的缺失以及表明原始地幔的 W、He 或 Ne 同位素信息不一致。沿着海岸山脉,Jaillard 在后弧盆地的背景下讨论了东北向的圣洛伦索弧(SLA),并将 Chongón Colonche High(CCH)纳入其中,将其视为自形成以来与边缘正交的残余弧。与此相反,他忽视了白垩纪广泛出露的鲕粒,这些鲕粒代表了隐秘而消失的古新世缝合带,与未变形的圣埃伦娜地层不同。根据低于 7 Km/s sec 的 Vp 速度推断出的 CR 下部大陆地壳的出现,对 CCOP 模式提出了决定性的挑战。在东部,虽然 Jaillard 描述了西向收缩变形和前缘前深褶皱,但他通过在地壳-地幔边界附近的扎根推力,包括细长的 Guaranda Terrane(Totoras 闪长岩),从地质学上加厚了西科迪勒拉山系。这与碰撞事件之前 HT 变质的 85 Ma 结晶年龄不符,进一步质疑了 CCOP 模型。此外,Jaillard 还忽略了阻碍俯冲的 Pallatanga 缝熔岩和 adakite Pujilí 花岗岩,它们在碰撞后向西移动,形成了 Rio Cala 洋内弧,与 flysch 前深沉积同步(Vallejo,2007 年),并为收缩变形提供了应力。沿着前陆盆地,Jaillard 从岩石地层学到年代地层学等距图的扭曲阻碍了对与欧共体发展同步的熔岩来源、出处和沉积的认识。阿比塔瓜花岗岩毗邻巨大的蓬加拉亚库重油油田,这就要求白垩纪源岩在导电层下具有连续性,同时也起着脱离作用。强烈碰撞过程中产生的高重力势能通过伸展重力塌陷消散,向东形成趾刺嵌岩,并利用白垩纪脱离岩形成东科迪勒拉回斜,同时发生西西弗收缩变形,形成双向褶皱和推力带。
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引用次数: 0
Valley incision chronologies from alluvium-filled cave systems 冲积层填充洞穴系统的河谷侵蚀年代学
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104963
Marc Calvet , Yanni Gunnell , Magali Delmas , Régis Braucher , Stéphane Jaillet , Philipp Häuselmann , Romain Delunel , Patrick Sorriaux , Pierre G. Valla , Philippe Audra
<div><div>This review explores the potential for establishing valley incision chronologies from alluvium-filled cave systems, and covers a total of 30 case studies since 1997. Caves in limestone develop very fast (∼10<sup>4</sup> years) when conditions for bedrock solution are optimal, and many contain alluvium deposited by allogenic sinking streams, preserving the sediment thereafter for millions of years. Cave networks display a vertical succession of sub-horizontal passages which indicate past positions of the water table, with the stream in- and outlet caves indicating the former elevation of the adjacent valley floor. Abandoned cave levels are expected to multiply as valley incision increases local relief (descending speleogenesis), but sediment aggradation or glacier ice accumulation may also raise the local base level and flood older caves or generate new ones (ascending speleogenesis). Establishing the age of alluvial sediment hosted by caves relies on burial dating of quartz-rich clasts using two terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs) – commonly <sup>26</sup>Al and <sup>10</sup>Be – measured in the same sample. Systematic examination of age–elevation data patterns in the existing literature reveals situations ranging from intuitively consistent valley incision histories to counter-intuitive age inversions and other anomalies. Here those anomalies are analyzed and classified in order to establish the extent to which the corresponding inconsistencies are avoidable, thereby providing a methodical catalogue of foreseeable difficulties and pitfalls. Three domains of uncertainty are emphasized. The first relates to karst processes: cave network geometry, cave passage response to vadose and phreatic processes, and diachronous links between cavity age and sediment. The multiple pathways of speleogenesis are reviewed. They highlight ambiguities behind the concept of ‘cave level’, which, as a proxy for base-level paleoelevations, may be less precise than subaerial information provided by fluvial fill or strath terraces. The second source of uncertainty lies in the chronological information provided by the alluvium. Sediment dynamics in subterranean karst generate complicated stratigraphic configurations, with opportunities for postdepositional sediment reworking within or between cave levels. Furthermore, a TCN burial age is valid for a population of quartz grains but not necessarily for the entire stratigraphic sequence containing them nor for the cave that contains it. The third source of uncertainty lies in the burial dating method itself, because <sup>26</sup>Al and <sup>10</sup>Be nuclide inventories cannot unequivocally document whether older burial events might have occurred prior to final burial in the cave. The review recommends that (i) sampling strategies should be contingent on a diagnosis of speleogens and speleothems, and on a detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis of the alluvial fills; (ii) dating should focus on indi
这篇综述探讨了从充满冲积物的洞穴系统中建立山谷侵蚀年代学的可能性,涵盖了自 1997 年以来的 30 个案例研究。当基岩溶蚀条件最佳时,石灰岩溶洞的发育速度非常快(104 年~104 年),而且许多溶洞都含有冲积物,这些冲积物是由同源下沉溪流沉积而成的,其后的沉积物保存了数百万年。洞穴网络呈现出亚水平通道的垂直演替,这表明了地下水位过去的位置,溪流出入洞穴表明了邻近谷底过去的海拔高度。随着河谷内切使当地地势升高(降水成洞),废弃洞穴的水位预计会成倍增加,但沉积物侵蚀或冰川冰积也可能使当地基底水位升高,淹没老洞穴或产生新洞穴(升水成洞)。要确定洞穴所在冲积沉积物的年龄,需要利用两种陆地宇宙成因核素(TCNs)--通常是 26Al 和 10Be--在同一样本中测量富含石英的碎屑的埋藏年代。对现有文献中的年龄-海拔数据模式进行系统研究后发现,既有直观一致的山谷侵蚀历史,也有违背直觉的年龄倒置和其他异常情况。本文对这些反常现象进行了分析和分类,以确定相应的不一致性在多大程度上是可以避免的,从而有条不紊地列出可预见的困难和陷阱。本文强调了三个不确定性领域。第一个领域与岩溶过程有关:洞穴网络的几何形状、洞穴通道对岩浆和岩相过程的响应,以及洞穴年龄与沉积物之间的非同步联系。对岩浆形成的多种途径进行了回顾。它们强调了 "洞穴水平 "概念背后的不确定性,作为基底古海拔的替代物,"洞穴水平 "可能不如河道填土或地层阶地提供的次生信息精确。不确定性的第二个来源是冲积层提供的年代信息。地下岩溶中的沉积物动力学产生了复杂的地层结构,在洞穴内部或洞穴层位之间存在沉积物沉积后再加工的机会。此外,TCN 埋藏年龄对石英颗粒群有效,但不一定对包含这些石英颗粒的整个地层序列有效,也不一定对包含这些石英颗粒的洞穴有效。不确定性的第三个来源在于埋藏年代测定方法本身,因为 26Al 和 10Be 核素清单无法明确记录在洞穴最终埋藏之前是否发生过更早的埋藏事件。审查报告建议:(i) 取样策略应取决于对岩浆和岩浆物的诊断,以及对冲积层填充物的详细沉积学和地层学分析;(ii) 测定年代应侧重于单个岩床碎屑,而不是砂粒,因为这有助于区分卵石群和检测沉积物混合情况;(iii) 应测量现代河道冲积物和集水区较古老沉积物中的 26Al/10Be 比值,以探测沉积物级联的某些特有特征是否可以解释洞穴沉积物中明显的埋藏年龄异常。在 26Al/10Be 测定产生较大年龄差异的情况下,讨论了应保留最古老或最年轻年龄的四种情况。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Carbon mineralization and geological storage of CO2 in basalt: Mechanisms and technical challenges” [Earth-Science Reviews 229 (2022) 104036] 玄武岩中的碳矿化和二氧化碳地质封存:机制与技术挑战"[《地球科学评论》229 (2022) 104036] 更正
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104945
Arshad Raza , Guenther Glatz , Raoof Gholami , Mohamed Mahmoud , Saad Alafnan
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引用次数: 0
Impact of early Toarcian climatic changes on marine reptiles: Extinction and recovery 托阿尔早期气候变化对海洋爬行动物的影响:灭绝与恢复
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104965
Matías Reolid , Wolfgang Ruebsam , Jesús Reolid , Michael J. Benton
Environmental changes governed the diversity of marine ecosystems and the evolution of marine reptiles during the Jurassic. Abrupt climatic changes, mainly cooling, produced crises in marine ecosystems including marine reptiles, but global warming events at the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary and the early Toarcian Jenkyns Event led to a second order mass extinction. The Jenkyns Event coincides with exceptional preservation of marine reptiles in black shales, so widespread extinctions are masked to some extent by increases in specimens and diversity in the Lagerstätten. Marine reptile diversity responded to this biotic crisis; in the early Toarcian, stenopterygid ichthyosaurs and marine crocodylomorphs (thalattosuchians) diversified whereas some groups that survived the Jenkyns Event disappeared during the hyperthermal conditions of the middle and late Toarcian, including ichthyosaurs (leptonectids, temnodontosaurids, baso-parvipelvians), and sauropterygians (plesiosaurids, microcleidids).
After the crisis, Aalenian climates were cold and the sea-level low with a poor record of marine reptiles. The diversity of marine ecosystems increased from the early Bajocian with a turnover in ichthyosaurs (Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs were replaced by ophthalmosaurids), sauropterygians diversified and increased in size (mainly pliosaurids and cryptocleidids), and pelagosaurid thalattosuchians disappeared at the same time that machimosaurids diversified and the Metriorhynchidae appeared. Marine reptiles reached a new maximum of diversity during the Callovian, but the Callovian/Oxfordian transition was a time of climatic cooling and sea-level fall that negatively impacted on marine ecosystems, including the extinction of rhomaleosaurids. From the middle Oxfordian, the development of large epeiric platforms and increase of temperature favoured the diversification of marine ecosystems, included marine reptiles. During the Late Jurassic, ophthalmosaurids, pliosaurids, cryptocleidids, and metriorhynchids dominated, and marine turtles diversified in coastal environments (eurysternids) and open carbonate platforms (plesiochelyids and thalassemydids).
环境变化决定了侏罗纪海洋生态系统的多样性和海洋爬行动物的进化。气候的急剧变化(主要是降温)造成了包括海洋爬行动物在内的海洋生态系统的危机,但在普利恩巴赫期/托阿尔期边界发生的全球变暖事件和托阿尔期早期的詹金斯事件导致了二阶大灭绝。詹金斯事件发生时,黑色页岩中的海洋爬行动物保存完好,因此拉格斯塔滕标本和多样性的增加在一定程度上掩盖了大面积灭绝的现象。海洋爬行动物的多样性对这一生物危机做出了反应;在托阿尔克早期,石首鱼龙类和海洋鳄形目(thalattosuchians)出现了多样化,而在托阿尔克中期和晚期的高热条件下,一些在詹金斯事件中幸存下来的类群则消失了,其中包括鱼龙类(leptonectids、temnodontosaurids、baso-parvipelvians)和长颈龙类(plesiosaurids、microcleidids)。危机之后,Aalenian 气候寒冷,海平面较低,海洋爬行动物的记录较少。海洋生态系统的多样性从巴约克纪早期开始增加,鱼龙开始更替(侏罗纪早期的鱼龙被眼龙类取代),蜥脚类开始多样化,体型增大(主要是犁龙类和隐裂龙类),在机器龙类多样化和海龙科(Metriorhynchidae)出现的同时,贝拉龙类(pelagosaurid thalattosuchians)消失了。海洋爬行动物的多样性在卡勒维期达到了一个新的顶峰,但卡勒维期/牛津期过渡时期气候变冷,海平面下降,对海洋生态系统产生了负面影响,包括瘤背龙类的灭绝。从牛津纪中期开始,大型海平面平台的发展和温度的升高有利于海洋生态系统的多样化,其中包括海洋爬行动物。在晚侏罗世,眼龙类、犁龙类、隐龙类和海龟类占主导地位,海龟类在沿海环境(海龟类)和开放的碳酸盐平台(海龟类和海龟类)中实现了多样化。
{"title":"Impact of early Toarcian climatic changes on marine reptiles: Extinction and recovery","authors":"Matías Reolid ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Ruebsam ,&nbsp;Jesús Reolid ,&nbsp;Michael J. Benton","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental changes governed the diversity of marine ecosystems and the evolution of marine reptiles during the Jurassic. Abrupt climatic changes, mainly cooling, produced crises in marine ecosystems including marine reptiles, but global warming events at the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary and the early Toarcian Jenkyns Event led to a second order mass extinction. The Jenkyns Event coincides with exceptional preservation of marine reptiles in black shales, so widespread extinctions are masked to some extent by increases in specimens and diversity in the Lagerstätten. Marine reptile diversity responded to this biotic crisis; in the early Toarcian, stenopterygid ichthyosaurs and marine crocodylomorphs (thalattosuchians) diversified whereas some groups that survived the Jenkyns Event disappeared during the hyperthermal conditions of the middle and late Toarcian, including ichthyosaurs (leptonectids, temnodontosaurids, baso-parvipelvians), and sauropterygians (plesiosaurids, microcleidids).</div><div>After the crisis, Aalenian climates were cold and the sea-level low with a poor record of marine reptiles. The diversity of marine ecosystems increased from the early Bajocian with a turnover in ichthyosaurs (Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs were replaced by ophthalmosaurids), sauropterygians diversified and increased in size (mainly pliosaurids and cryptocleidids), and pelagosaurid thalattosuchians disappeared at the same time that machimosaurids diversified and the Metriorhynchidae appeared. Marine reptiles reached a new maximum of diversity during the Callovian, but the Callovian/Oxfordian transition was a time of climatic cooling and sea-level fall that negatively impacted on marine ecosystems, including the extinction of rhomaleosaurids. From the middle Oxfordian, the development of large epeiric platforms and increase of temperature favoured the diversification of marine ecosystems, included marine reptiles. During the Late Jurassic, ophthalmosaurids, pliosaurids, cryptocleidids, and metriorhynchids dominated, and marine turtles diversified in coastal environments (eurysternids) and open carbonate platforms (plesiochelyids and thalassemydids).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104965"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nutrient enrichment and climate warming drive carbon production of global lake ecosystems 营养富集和气候变暖推动全球湖泊生态系统的碳生产
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104968
Junjie Jia , Jennifer A.J. Dungait , Guirui Yu , Tao Cui , Yang Gao
Underestimating the magnitude of global lake carbon (C) production undermines the evaluation of the terrestrial ecosystem's C sink, which is key to achieving global C balance. Quantifying the potential response of lake net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and associated C production capacity to human activities is critical for evaluating the Earth's C balance. Here, we reveal global spatiotemporal dynamics of lake C production over 20 years across different continents and climate zones, highlighting the role of anthropogenic activity as a driving mechanism. We estimated lake C production using phytoplankton primary productivity from the surface to the estimated euphotic depth (PPeu) based on chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content. Economic development has significantly contributed to increases in global lake temperatures and total phosphorus concentrations. This has stimulated increases in annual lake C production, rising from 1.53 Pg C yr−1 in the 2000s to 1.95 Pg C yr−1 in the 2010s. Concurrently, lakes with higher total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (≥ 0.6 mg L−1) exhibited significantly greater PPeu values of 3.16 g C m−2 d−1, compared to lakes with lower TP concentrations (≤ 0.1 mg L−1), which showed 1.50 g C m−2 d−1. Although lake water TP concentrations can reach up to 1 mg L−1, the critical TP concentration (TPc) at which global lake PPeu peaks at 4 to 6 g C m−2 d−1 is approximately 0.5 mg L−1. Exploiting the C sink potential of lakes requires understanding the environmental factors that control metabolic processes; however, there is a lack of effective monitoring and evaluation of the highly heterogeneous and diverse autotrophic C fixation processes in inland waters.
低估全球湖泊碳(C)生产量会影响对陆地生态系统碳汇的评估,而陆地生态系统碳汇是实现全球碳平衡的关键。量化湖泊净生态系统生产力(NEP)和相关碳生产能力对人类活动的潜在响应对于评估地球碳平衡至关重要。在这里,我们揭示了不同大陆和气候带 20 年间全球湖泊碳生产的时空动态,突出了人类活动作为驱动机制的作用。我们根据叶绿素-a(Chl-a)的含量,利用从地表到估计极深(PPeu)的浮游植物初级生产力来估算湖泊的碳产量。经济发展极大地促进了全球湖泊温度和总磷浓度的上升。这刺激了湖泊年产碳量的增加,从 2000 年代的 1.53 Pg C yr-1 增加到 2010 年代的 1.95 Pg C yr-1。与此同时,总磷(TP)浓度较高(≥ 0.6 mg L-1)的湖泊的 PPeu 值明显高于总磷浓度较低(≤ 0.1 mg L-1)的湖泊,后者的 PPeu 值为 1.50 g C m-2 d-1。尽管湖水中的 TP 浓度可高达 1 mg L-1,但全球湖泊 PPeu 达到 4-6 g C m-2 d-1 峰值的临界 TP 浓度(TPc)约为 0.5 mg L-1。要开发湖泊的碳汇潜力,就必须了解控制代谢过程的环境因素;然而,目前对内陆水域高度异质性和多样性的自养碳固定过程缺乏有效的监测和评估。
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引用次数: 0
Geology from aeromagnetic data 从航磁数据看地质
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104958
Peter G. Betts , David Moore , Alan Aitken , Teagan Blaikie , Mark Jessell , Laurent Ailleres , Robin Armit , Mark McLean , Radhakrishna Munukutla , Chibuzo Chukwu
This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between geological and geophysical communities by elucidating the interpretation of aeromagnetic data. Aeromagnetic surveys measure the Earth's magnetic field variations and provide critical insights into subsurface geology, including basins, stratigraphy, igneous rocks and structural geology. The magnetic properties of rocks make these datasets valuable for identifying anomalies associated with various rock types and their magnetic responses. However, interpreting aeromagnetic data is complex due to the diverse geological processes that influence the formation and distribution of magnetic minerals, which must then be correlated with geological phenomena and features. Despite improved data accessibility and processing, many geoscientists still find interpreting aeromagnetic data challenging, resulting in a shortage of skilled expertise for research and industry applications. Accurate interpretation necessitates a thorough understanding of data collection and processing, recognising both the insights and limitations of the methods used and understanding how data resolution impacts the scale of interpretable geological features. This review is intended to assist those grappling with these challenges and to aid the geophysical community in interpreting complex geological features.
Data treatment is explained with a focus on the reasons for specific processing methods rather than their mathematical foundations. Emphasis is placed on rock properties and their influence on aeromagnetic data expressions. The aeromagnetic expressions of common geological elements, including sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, and their structures, such as stratigraphy and structural geometries related to folding and faulting, are explored. The discussion covers how these responses arise and how to identify them. Our explanations aim to bolster confidence in data interpretation for geologists new to aeromagnetic data and geophysicists who may not regularly interpret geological information from such data.
Finally, we present strategies and pitfalls for interpreting aeromagnetic data, discuss automated interpretation methods, and offer practical guidance to improve interpretation skills and outcomes.
本综述旨在通过阐释航磁数据,弥补地质学界和地球物理学界之间的知识差距。航磁勘测测量地球磁场的变化,为了解地下地质情况(包括盆地、地层、火成岩和构造地质学)提供重要信息。岩石的磁性使这些数据集在确定与各种岩石类型及其磁响应相关的异常方面具有重要价值。然而,由于影响磁性矿物形成和分布的地质过程多种多样,解释航磁数据非常复杂,必须将这些数据与地质现象和特征联系起来。尽管数据获取和处理能力有所提高,但许多地球科学家仍然认为解读航磁数据具有挑战性,导致研究和行业应用领域缺乏专业技术人才。要进行准确的解释,就必须对数据收集和处理有透彻的了解,认识到所用方法的洞察力和局限性,并了解数据分辨率如何影响可解释地质特征的规模。本综述旨在帮助那些努力应对这些挑战的人,并帮助地球物理学界解释复杂的地质特征。数据处理的解释重点是特定处理方法的原因,而不是其数学基础。重点放在岩石性质及其对航磁数据表达式的影响。探讨了常见地质元素(包括沉积岩、火成岩和变质岩)及其结构(如与褶皱和断层有关的地层和结构几何学)的气磁表达。讨论内容包括这些反应是如何产生的,以及如何识别这些反应。最后,我们介绍了解释航磁数据的策略和误区,讨论了自动解释方法,并为提高解释技能和结果提供了实用指导。
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引用次数: 0
Seismic cyclostratigraphy: Hypothesis testing for orbital cyclicity using seismic reflection data 地震周期地层学:利用地震反射数据进行轨道周期性假设检验
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104962
Jonathan Ford , Angelo Camerlenghi , Michele Rebesco , Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben , Estella Weigelt
Several studies report observations of orbital cyclicity in seismic reflection data as distinct power spectral peaks that align with Milanković periodicities. It remains unclear, however, if hypothesis testing for orbital forcing using seismic data can be performed with statistical power comparable to directly sampled data, such as outcrop, drill core or borehole logs. In this study we aim to quantify this using Monte Carlo ensemble modelling to compare seismic and borehole log cyclostratigraphy. We develop a method for spectral background estimation that accounts for some of the amplitude and frequency effects inherent to seismic data. We then forward model the seismic response of an ensemble of models where the acoustic impedance approximates red noise, with and without an injected orbital signal from an astronomical solution. We demonstrate two examples: i) a simplified model with constant background velocity, constant sedimentation rate and a parametric seismic source wavelet, and ii) a real-world example based on ODP Site 1084 (Cape Basin). We observe that the sensitivity and specificity for the seismic case are strongly frequency-dependent, compared to the largely frequency-independent results for the borehole log cyclostratigraphy. For the real-world data example, we observe a spectral peak corresponding to 95 kyr eccentricity cyclicity with an uncalibrated confidence level of >95 %. Our Monte Carlo ensemble modelling, however, shows that the false positive rate at this frequency and confidence level is around 25 %, compared to around 5 % for the equivalent borehole log cyclostratigraphy. We also demonstrate short-period eccentricity modulation and bundling analysis applied to the seismic data, which is able to successfully invert for the model sedimentation rate for the simplified synthetic example. These results suggest that reliably identifying Milanković cycles from seismic reflection data is strongly dependent on the site geology, the geophysical parameters and the spectral frequency in question. Seismic examples should ideally be “ground truthed” against positive evidence of orbital cyclicity from a nearby borehole. In such cases, seismic data can be used to extrapolate borehole cyclostratigraphy data both laterally between boreholes and vertically beyond the maximum drilled depth. We suggest that sediment drifts are the sedimentary environment that is most promising for the detection of orbital cyclicity in seismic reflection images, and similar principles could also be applied to other geophysical reflection methods such as sub-bottom profilers.
一些研究报告称,在地震反射数据中观测到轨道周期性,表现为与米兰科维奇周期性一致的明显功率谱峰。然而,利用地震数据对轨道强迫进行假设检验的统计能力能否与直接采样数据(如露头、钻芯或钻孔记录)相媲美,目前仍不清楚。在本研究中,我们利用蒙特卡洛集合建模来比较地震和钻孔测井记录的旋回地层学,旨在量化这一点。我们开发了一种频谱背景估计方法,该方法考虑了地震数据固有的一些振幅和频率效应。然后,我们对声阻抗近似于红噪的模型集合的地震响应进行正演建模,包括注入和不注入天文解的轨道信号。我们演示了两个示例:i)一个具有恒定背景速度、恒定沉积率和参数震源小波的简化模型;ii)一个基于 ODP 1084 号站点(开普盆地)的实际示例。我们观察到,地震情况下的灵敏度和特异性与频率密切相关,而井眼测井循环地层学的结果与频率基本无关。在实际数据示例中,我们观察到一个与 95 kyr 偏心率周期性相对应的频谱峰值,未经校准的置信度为 95%。然而,我们的蒙特卡洛集合建模显示,在这一频率和置信度下的假阳性率约为 25%,而同等钻孔日志周期地层学的假阳性率约为 5%。我们还展示了应用于地震数据的短周期偏心调制和捆绑分析,该分析能够成功反演简化合成示例的模型沉积速率。这些结果表明,从地震反射数据中可靠地识别米兰科维奇周期在很大程度上取决于现场地质、地球物理参数和相关频谱频率。理想情况下,应根据附近钻孔中轨道周期性的正面证据对地震实例进行 "地面实况验证"。在这种情况下,地震数据可用来推断钻孔周期地层学数据,包括钻孔之间的横向数据和最大钻孔深度以外的纵向数据。我们认为,沉积漂移是最有希望在地震反射图像中探测轨道周期性的沉积环境,类似的原理也可应用于其他地球物理反射方法,如海底剖面仪。
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引用次数: 0
An overview of approaches for reducing uncertainties in hydrological forecasting: Progress and challenges 减少水文预报不确定性的方法概览:进展与挑战
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104956
Anandharuban Panchanathan , Amirhossein Ahrari , Kedar Surendranath Ghag , Syed Mustafa , Ali Torabi Haghighi , Bjørn Kløve , Mourad Oussalah
Uncertainty plays a key role in hydrological modeling and forecasting, which can have tremendous environmental, economic, and social impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the nature of this uncertainty and identify its scope and effects in a way that enhances hydrological modeling and forecasting. During recent decades, hydrological researchers investigated several approaches for reducing inherent uncertainty considering the limitations of sensor measurement, calibration, parameter setting, model conceptualization, and validation. Nevertheless, the scope and diversity of applications and methodologies, sometimes brought from other disciplines, call for an extensive review of the state-of-the-art in this field in a way that promotes a holistic view of the proposed concepts and provides textbook-like guidelines to hydrology researchers and the community. This paper contributes to this goal where a systematic review of the last decade's research (2010 onward) is carried out. It aims to synthesize the theories and tools for uncertainty reduction in surface hydrological forecasting, providing insights into the limitations of the current state-of-the-art and laying down foundations for future research. A special focus on remote sensing and multi-criteria-based approaches has been considered. In addition, the paper reviews the current state of uncertainty ontology in hydrological studies and provides new categorizations of the reviewed techniques. Finally, a set of freely accessible remotely sensed data and tools useful for uncertainty handling and hydrological forecasting are reviewed and pointed out.
不确定性在水文建模和预报中起着关键作用,会对环境、经济和社会产生巨大影响。因此,了解这种不确定性的性质并确定其范围和影响,从而加强水文建模和预报至关重要。近几十年来,水文研究人员考虑到传感器测量、校准、参数设置、模型概念化和验证的局限性,研究了多种减少固有不确定性的方法。然而,由于应用和方法的范围和多样性(有时来自其他学科),需要对这一领域的最新成果进行广泛评述,以促进对所提出概念的全面了解,并为水文研究人员和社区提供教科书式的指导。本文对过去十年(2010 年以后)的研究进行了系统回顾,为实现这一目标做出了贡献。本文旨在综合地表水文预报中减少不确定性的理论和工具,深入探讨当前最先进技术的局限性,并为未来研究奠定基础。本文特别关注遥感和基于多标准的方法。此外,本文还回顾了水文研究中不确定性本体的现状,并对所回顾的技术进行了新的分类。最后,还回顾并指出了一系列可免费获取的遥感数据和工具,这些数据和工具对不确定性处理和水文预测非常有用。
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引用次数: 0
Remote sensing for shallow bathymetry: A systematic review 浅层测深遥感:系统回顾
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104957
Jinchen He, Shuhang Zhang, Xiaodong Cui, Wei Feng
Shallow bathymetric mapping is important for navigation safety and geomorphologic, hydrologic and oceanographic research. However, field measurements and shipborne sonar are inefficient and dangerous to operate in shallow-water areas. In recent years, owing to its high efficiency, non-contact, and repeated observation benefits, remotely sensed bathymetry has grown quickly and is now being explored in depth. Spectral, photo, laser, and wave-derived bathymetry are among the common methods, which use platforms such as satellites, aircraft, and drones, and sensors such as optical cameras, lasers, and radars. These techniques provide bathymetry for shallow seas, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. However, existing reviews are either outdated or cover just one aspect of bathymetry; a systematic review is needed. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed research papers retrieved from the Scopus database was conducted. Based on this analysis, we further summarize the current methods, platforms, sensors, and applications in remote sensing bathymetry, and present our perspectives. Our results indicate that satellite-derived bathymetry is the current focus of this subject, while emerging drones generate higher-resolution bathymetric data. In addition, spectrally derived bathymetry is widely implemented in shallow waters, and laser bathymetry is highly accurate, while wave-derived bathymetry is an effective supplement for existing optical methods in coastal waters. Meanwhile, water penetrating radar, tethered sonar, and satellite altimetry are widely used for inland water bathymetry. However, single bathymetric approaches have their own limitations and typical physical/empirical models are often unable to accurately retrieve water depths in complicated situations. Therefore, remote sensing-based shallow-water bathymetry is moving towards data-driven modeling and multi-source coupling.
浅水测深绘图对航行安全以及地貌、水文和海洋学研究非常重要。然而,实地测量和船载声纳在浅水区作业效率低且危险。近年来,由于遥感测深具有效率高、非接触、可重复观测等优点,因此发展迅速,目前正在进行深入探讨。光谱、照片、激光和波源水深测量是常用的方法,这些方法使用卫星、飞机和无人机等平台,以及光学相机、激光和雷达等传感器。这些技术可提供浅海、河流、湖泊和水库的水深测量。然而,现有的综述要么已经过时,要么只涉及水深测量的一个方面;因此需要进行系统的综述。本研究对 Scopus 数据库中检索到的同行评审研究论文进行了文献计量分析。在此基础上,我们进一步总结了当前遥感测深的方法、平台、传感器和应用,并提出了我们的观点。我们的研究结果表明,卫星水深测量是该领域目前的重点,而新兴的无人机则能生成更高分辨率的水深测量数据。此外,光谱水深测量法在浅水区得到广泛应用,激光水深测量法精度高,而波浪水深测量法是沿海水域现有光学方法的有效补充。同时,透水雷达、系留声纳和卫星测高法也广泛用于内陆水域测深。然而,单一的测深方法有其自身的局限性,典型的物理/经验模型往往无法在复杂的情况下准确地检索水深。因此,基于遥感的浅水测深正朝着数据驱动建模和多源耦合的方向发展。
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引用次数: 0
Literature review on deep learning for the segmentation of seismic images 地震图像分割深度学习文献综述
IF 10.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104955
Bruno A.A. Monteiro , Gabriel L. Canguçu , Leonardo M.S. Jorge , Rafael H. Vareto , Bryan S. Oliveira , Thales H. Silva , Luiz Alberto Lima , Alexei M.C. Machado , William Robson Schwartz , Pedro O.S. Vaz-de-Melo
This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of deep learning (DL) specifically targeted at semantic segmentation in seismic data, with a particular focus on facies segmentation. We begin by comparing the contributions of DL to traditional techniques used in seismic image interpretation. The review then explores the learning paradigms, architectures, loss functions, public datasets, and evaluation metrics employed in seismic data segmentation. While supervised learning remains the dominant approach, recent years have seen a growing interest in semi-supervised and unsupervised methods to address the challenge of limited labeled data. Additionally, we found that the U-Net architecture is the most prevalent backbone for semantic segmentation, appearing in one-third of the articles reviewed. We also present a comprehensive compilation of the results obtained by 24 methods and discuss the challenges and research opportunities in this field. Notably, the lack of standardized protocols for performance comparison, combined with variability in datasets and evaluation metrics across studies, raises questions about what truly constitutes the current state of the art in semantic segmentation of seismic data.
本系统性文献综述全面概述了专门针对地震数据语义分割的深度学习(DL)的现状,尤其侧重于面层分割。我们首先比较了深度学习与地震图像解释中使用的传统技术的贡献。然后,综述探讨了地震数据分割中采用的学习范式、架构、损失函数、公共数据集和评估指标。虽然监督学习仍是主流方法,但近年来人们对半监督和无监督方法的兴趣与日俱增,以应对标记数据有限的挑战。此外,我们还发现,U-Net 架构是语义分割最普遍的骨干架构,出现在三分之一的综述文章中。我们还对 24 种方法取得的结果进行了综合汇编,并讨论了这一领域的挑战和研究机会。值得注意的是,由于缺乏用于性能比较的标准化协议,再加上不同研究的数据集和评估指标存在差异,这让人对地震数据语义分割的当前技术水平产生了疑问。
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