Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Climatic and anthropogenic controls on late Holocene sediment transport to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River","authors":"Peter D. Clift ,&nbsp;Bailey Wycoff ,&nbsp;Andrew Carter ,&nbsp;Samuel Muñoz ,&nbsp;Nikki Neubeck ,&nbsp;Brittney Gregory ,&nbsp;Carol A. Wilson ,&nbsp;Tammy Rittenour ,&nbsp;Jerzy Blusztajn ,&nbsp;Tamer Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models of large alluviated rivers suggest that erosional signals from the headwaters are not transported to the marine depocenter over many timescales because of extensive sediment buffering and recycling in flood plains. We present here a new integrated Late Holocene sedimentary record of the Mississippi River, synthesizing earlier analyses and new material from oxbow lakes, filled channel plugs and a continuous core from the delta to reconstruct a detailed 3000-year record of sediment compositions in the lower reaches. As well as major element data and new detrital zircon U-Pb dating since 860 y BP, our study presents a new basin-wide Sr and Nd isotope record. We show that weathering proxies are controlled by grain size, with little evidence for a long-term trend in chemical weathering in the last 3000 years. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, but not ε_Nd values are linked to grain size and the degree of chemical alteration, with coarser material generally lower in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compared to fine sediment.</div><div>There is a long-term trend towards more erosion of ancient crust shown in suspended sediment, with greater flux from the Superior Province via the Upper Mississippi, increasing after 2000 y BP, when the climate dried, and humans adopted a more sedentary rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This contrast with the sandy sediment that shows less erosion from the Trans-Hudson, Superior Province and Appalachian until ∼400 years ago. Another change is noted in both muddy and sandy sediment after ∼400 years ago, close to the start of the Little Ice Age, a time of colder and drier climate, when there was a gradual decrease in flux from the Rocky Mountain foreland basin via the Missouri River. The Mississippi River is not fully buffered on centennial scales prior to the installation of man-made levees. Short-term changes in zircon U-Pb populations indicate pulses of sediment supply to the lower reaches, likely related to floods. Maximum sediment supply from the Missouri River occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the recent past (∼10 years).</div><div>A drying climate after 1000 years ago increased sediment delivery from the Appalachians, Trans-Hudson and Yavapai terranes by enhancing stream incision while reducing reworking of moraines eroded from the Superior Province. After ∼400 years ago human settlement of the Rocky Mountain foreland enhanced erosion from that region. Modern Mississippi sediment supply is heavily anthropogenically disrupted and thus makes a poor analog for older sediments deposited in the Gulf of Mexico.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105401"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and fluxes of natural hydrogen in the crust and upper mantle","authors":"Kevin Wong ,&nbsp;Martina Cascone ,&nbsp;Donato Giovannelli ,&nbsp;Alberto Vitale Brovarone","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is a fundamental component of planetary evolution and an important energy source for microbial life. It is now understood that natural mechanisms, spanning geological and biological processes, can produce high concentrations of hydrogen in natural fluids. Quantifying the processes that modulate natural hydrogen concentrations is necessary not only for conceptualising the distribution of life on Earth and elsewhere in the universe, but also for identifying settings where natural hydrogen may potentially accumulate to complement industrial hydrogen production. However, uncertainties persist in assessing these natural fluxes. In this review, we explore the biological and geological processes that can generate natural hydrogen. Compared to previous summary efforts, we include in our updated inventory hydrogen fluxes from biological processes, metamorphic degassing, and subduction zones. By integrating recent advances in quantifying hydrogen generation and transportation in geological environments, we demonstrate that significant concentrations and fluxes of hydrogen can arise in a plethora of settings worldwide, contributing towards a total abiotic production rate of 40 to 64&lt; Mt H₂ yr^-1. We also highlight that geological environments characterised by high hydrogen production may be associated with high microbial hydrogen consumption (e.g., oceanic sediments). However, large uncertainties regarding the residence time of hydrogen within geological settings remain, and future research endeavours should aim to ascertain the long-term behaviour of hydrogen stored in the deep Earth to assess the viability of natural hydrogen as a renewable energy source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105400"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and challenges in predicting wave runup in coastal regions: A scoping review of empirical, numerical, and AI-based approaches","authors":"Erfan Amini ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Baniesmaeil ,&nbsp;Hossein Mehdipour ,&nbsp;Mehdi Neshat ,&nbsp;Reza Marsooli","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions, home to critical infrastructure and diverse ecosystems, are increasingly vulnerable to short-wave (incident-band) runup-induced hazards, including coastal erosion, flooding, and infrastructure damage. Accurately predicting short-wave runup is essential for effective coastal management, flood risk assessment, and climate adaptation strategies. This study presents a comprehensive scoping review of short-wave runup prediction methodologies, systematically evaluating empirical formulas, numerical models, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. We critically analyze their theoretical foundations, computational frameworks, and predictive capabilities under diverse coastal conditions. The review integrates a global wave runup dataset, providing a data-driven comparison of model performance across varying beach morphologies and hydrodynamic conditions. A key contribution of this review is conducting a cross-methodological evaluation, providing a structured assessment of the trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and real-world applicability across the three approaches. Furthermore, we examine the implications of climate change on wave runup prediction methodologies, emphasizing the effects of rising sea levels, changing storm characteristics, and changing wave energy on predictive reliability. The findings underscore the need for integrated modeling techniques to enhance predictive accuracy and support adaptive coastal management. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this review serves as a foundation for advancing wave runup prediction science, with direct applications in coastal engineering, risk mitigation, and climate resilience planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105399"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailing polyphase oceanic rifting evolution and consequences for microplate formation","authors":"Yanghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Gianreto Manatschal ,&nbsp;Jiangyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wei ,&nbsp;Weiwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oceanic rifting in back-arc basins reveals how pre-existing lithosphere deforms under extension, distinct from mid-ocean ridge processes. However, existing models invoking rapid magmatic rifting or rigid rotation cannot explain the complex deformation patterns observed. We present new seismic reflection data across the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), integrated with published seismic and gravity data from the Central Basin Fault (CBF) system in the West Philippine Basin and regional datasets. Our results reveal: (1) significant transtensional deformation along the KPR, which we reinterpret as a reactivated oceanic transform fault; and (2) the CBF as a post-accretionary intra-oceanic rift deforming pre-existing oceanic crust, consistent with but mechanically refining previous interpretations. We propose that a Pacific Plate kinematic reorganization around 32 Ma rendered the fossil trench-transform-ridge configuration kinematically unstable, triggering distributed deformation that progressively localized along inherited lithospheric fabrics. This regional stress change reactivated the favorably oriented KPR transform and the extinct spreading center in the eastern CBF, while initiating new intraplate rifting in the central and western CBF segments, driving a ∼ 6 Myr evolution from diffuse to localized deformation (32–26 Ma). Our findings establish that oceanic rifting follows a two-stage process: structural inheritance controls initial rift location and geometry, while magmatism provides critical thermal weakening for complete plate separation. The CBF's arrested development, where the system failed to achieve complete plate separation despite localized extreme extension in the east and magmatic input in the west, exemplifies the critical threshold required for successful microplate formation. This work provides a new framework for understanding how subduction-driven stress changes exploit pre-existing weaknesses to generate complex microplate mosaics, offering a predictive template for identifying similar polyphase systems elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105398"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switch on tunnel vision: Portable wind tunnels to understand and quantify aeolian processes","authors":"Miriam Britt Marzen ,&nbsp;Kanat Akshalov ,&nbsp;Carlos Asensio Grima ,&nbsp;Fernando Avecilla ,&nbsp;Daniel E. Buschiazzo ,&nbsp;Juan Cruz Colazo ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Del Bello ,&nbsp;Lars Engelmann ,&nbsp;Vicken Etyemezian ,&nbsp;Michael Raymond Fischella ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Fister ,&nbsp;Roger Funk ,&nbsp;Thomas Iserloh ,&nbsp;Itzhak Katra ,&nbsp;Moritz Koza ,&nbsp;Jonathan Merrison ,&nbsp;Gregory Okin ,&nbsp;Mahrooz Rezaei ,&nbsp;Johannes Bernhard Ries ,&nbsp;Gerd Schmidt ,&nbsp;R. Scott Van Pelt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Portable wind tunnel is a highly specialized device capable of examining soil surfaces in their natural state and independently from naturally occurring wind events. The field experiments give valuable insights into wind-induced entrainment, transport, redistribution and emission of mineral and organic particles from surfaces in their original state to understand geomorphological, pedological, and ecological processes. Recent portable wind tunnel studies highlight a broad range of research objectives including the determination of threshold wind velocities, the quantification of wind-eroded sediment, the development of dust emissions, and wind-induced dynamics of nutrients and contaminants. Portable wind tunnels usually follow a straight tunnel design with a push or suction-type wind source, an air straightening section, and an open-bottom test area. Research groups developed and applied specific add-on features such as sediment feeders to simulate an erosive saltation layer, an integrated rainfall simulator for wind-driven rain studies, and miniaturized tunnels. A large variety of techniques is used to collect and count the entrained mineral and organic particles to allow for quantification and qualitative analysis. Validity, reproducibility, and reliability of the experimental setup and data application for extrapolation and modeling are discussed based on physical constraints of the tunnel and spatiotemporal characteristics of the data. The manuscript also summarizes experiences and recommendations for application and maintenance and proposes methods to compare results generated by different devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105396"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translithospheric fault targeting for giant magmatic (-hydrothermal) ore deposit discoveries: recent advances and leading practices","authors":"Nicholas Hayward ,&nbsp;Quentin Masurel ,&nbsp;Nicolas Thébaud ,&nbsp;Graham C. Begg","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving discovery rates for Tier 1 magmatic ore deposits requires more accurate prediction of camp-scale structural targets and mapping of (trans-)lithospheric fault zones (LFZs). Here we review LFZ architecture, evolution and behaviour, and their spatial correlation with large ore deposit clusters based on &gt;120 global case studies of magmatic Ni-Cu (-PGE) and porphyry Cu (-Au,Mo) deposits. At belt-scale, the most prospective LFZs are the longest and deepest ones formed at lithospheric domain boundaries (“primary strike-parallel”). At district- to camp-scales, the strongest structural predictor for giant Ni and Cu discoveries is proximity to secondary transverse LFZ intersections that provided long-lived, subvertical, pipe-like, mantle-tapping conduits. The transverse LFZ correlation is stronger for large porphyry Cu deposits (∼90% within 5 km) than for large magmatic Ni-Cu (-PGE) deposits (∼82% within 25 km).</div><div>Magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems are driven bottom-up by transfer of mechanical stress, heat, fluid, and metals from upwelling asthenosphere or slab subduction. Positive feedback from thermal, reaction, and strain softening partitions these drivers first into translithospheric fault zones, which evolve at the expense of transcrustal fault zones to efficiently channel the extreme energy, fluid and metal fluxes required to form giant magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. The dynamic fault-valve behaviour of LFZs, triggered by intermittent coupling across transient rheological barriers, enhances system self-organization and drives both exceptional fertility enhancement (when stalled) and extreme fluid fluxes (when released).</div><div>From our results, we identify key knowledge gaps and future research priorities, and propose a refined, systems-based approach to mapping LFZs aimed at enhancing the targeting of giant ore systems and mineral resource discovery performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105397"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferential flow paths in active rock glaciers","authors":"Simon Seelig ,&nbsp;Magdalena Seelig ,&nbsp;Karl Krainer ,&nbsp;Gerfried Winkler","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock glaciers are key components of alpine hydrology, regulating groundwater flow and shaping catchment responses in permafrost-affected environments. While traditional models represent subsurface flow as diffuse through a porous matrix, field evidence increasingly demonstrates that channelized flow exerts a critical influence on groundwater dynamics. This review explores the hydrological processes governed by these channel networks, which enable rapid, turbulent water movement along distinct pathways. Observations of channels and hydraulically related features from 73 sites across mountain regions worldwide, viewed through a range of disciplinary perspectives, are synthesized into a unified conceptual framework. Building on this body of field evidence, we analyze the implications of channelized flow for groundwater movement, water quality, solute and heat transfer, permafrost degradation, and slope stability, advancing understanding of these interconnected processes. Our synthesis suggests that channels enhance water transport efficiency, accelerate permafrost thaw, and trigger debris flows and thermokarst lake outburst floods. The rapid transfer of suspended and dissolved matter makes downstream springs vulnerable to contamination and affects their suitability for water supply. Through integrating field observations, geophysical surveys, tracer experiments, borehole data, and ground temperatures, we reveal key processes governing water movement and its interconnected effects on heat, solutes, and permafrost structure in rock glaciers and related periglacial systems. We propose a novel conceptual model that integrates preferential flow paths into the framework of permafrost hydrology and identifies new directions for investigating hydrological processes in alpine aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105373"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic controls on lithium deposits in the Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region: Regional scale reconstruction of structural controls on late-Variscan mineralization","authors":"Jan Černý ,&nbsp;Samuel T. Thiele ,&nbsp;Marie Guilcher ,&nbsp;Mathias Burisch ,&nbsp;Uwe Lehmann ,&nbsp;Henrik Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Lutz Sonnabend ,&nbsp;Jens Gutzmer","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany) and Krušné hory (Czech Republic / Czechia) region hosts prolific Li-(Sn-W) deposits, all linked to late-stage magma evolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration within a Caldera collapse system. Whereas the geochemical controls are relatively well understood, tectonic controls on magma emplacement are not. Here, we aim to explain the tectonic controls on trans-crustal caldera-forming magmatic systems, and link these to more local controls on fertile magmatism. This is achieved by compiling and reviewing available geological, geochronological, geophysical, and structural data, and integrating them to derive a framework for late- to post-Variscan tectonics and magmatism. Specifically, we link the main faults in the vicinity of the Altenberg-Teplice and Tharandt calderas with the western middle Pennsylvanian (∼314–312 Ma) Bohemian basin system, to propose a major transtensional linkage structure between the Elbe Shear Zone and Pfahl or Danube Shear Zones. We propose that these transtensional pull-apart basins and dextral strike-slip fault systems do not only localize crustal-scale magmatic systems and associated calderas, but also exert a more local control on intra-caldera intrusive stocks that are host to greisen-type Li-(Sn-W) ore deposits in the Eastern Erzgebirge / Krušné hory region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105395"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple liquefaction of granular soils in the light of critical state theory: A fundamental review","authors":"Pedram Fardad Amini,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenon of repeated soil liquefaction, in which the same soil liquefies multiple times during recent earthquakes, has resulted in extensive environmental damage, infrastructure destruction, and human loss. This highlights the need to establish advanced models to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils upon a sequence of shaking events, an area where current knowledge remains very limited. This paper presents a literature review of laboratory studies on the liquefaction behavior of soils during multiple shaking events. Experimental data from laboratory multi-stage tests, including cyclic triaxial (CTX), cyclic simple shear (CSS), cyclic torsional shear (CTS), and cyclic stacked-ring shear tests (CSRS), are employed and reanalyzed using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. It is suggested that liquefaction resistance curves derived from CTS tests can be used to consider the impacts of the initial fabric and state of sandy soils, as well as various prior shear histories, on the reliquefaction response of sands. A suite of models is established for the first time to predict the reliquefaction (short-term) and multiple liquefaction (long-term) resistance of granular soils with different initial fabric and states and with different stress and strain histories upon successive seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105394"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Oman subduction-driven obduction and mountain building: Kinematic modeling from Mid-Cretaceous through balanced and restored cross-sections","authors":"Mahdi Najafi ,&nbsp;Jaume Vergés ,&nbsp;David Cruset ,&nbsp;Philippe Razin ,&nbsp;Marc Viaplana-Muzas ,&nbsp;Montserrat Torne ,&nbsp;Daniel García-Castellanos ,&nbsp;Ana M. Negredo ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Spina ,&nbsp;Manel Fernàndez ,&nbsp;Ivone Jiménez-Munt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Semail Ophiolite in Oman has been central to obduction research for over 50 years. Our new study builds on this legacy, introducing 254-km long balanced and restored NE-SW cross-sections that run from the Semail Ophiolite to the Fahud foreland. These sections through Central Oman, resolve geometric inconsistencies, providing a clearer, quantifiable crustal-scale kinematic model from Mid-Cretaceous to present-day. Our findings reveal a ∼ N030° compressional direction from 15 new localities, reconstruct a 235 km minimum length pre-obduction hyperextended Hawasina Basin, and identify the 16–22-km wide Sumeini slope as a crucial low-angle footwall ramp for allochthonous nappes. We have also pinpointed four main detachment levels shaping the Central Oman Mountains: the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina basal detachments, the Jabal Akhdar flat-ramp-flat thick-skinned thrust, and the Ara Salt detachment. Through stepwise kinematic reconstructions, we defined three key subduction-driven obduction stages from Mid-Cretaceous: 1) Pre-obduction Stage (Albian-Cenomanian boundary to 95.2 Ma) characterized by NE-dipping intra-oceanic subduction and slab rollback; 2) Obduction Stage (∼95.2–80 Ma) depicting the Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina nappes obduction over the Oman margin; and 3) Post-obduction Mountain-building Stage since Campanian times. Finally, we have estimated a convergence rate of 22 mm/yr during the Late Cretaceous (95.2 to 85 Ma), accounting for near half of the total convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This study provides a powerful new framework for understanding obduction and mountain building, serving as a valuable template for investigating regions where later continental collision has obscured evidence of these processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105391"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}