Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Innovations in underground hydrogen storage with multiphysics simulations, optimization, and monitoring: A review","authors":"Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenxue Dai ,&nbsp;Hung Vo Thanh ,&nbsp;Mingxu Cao ,&nbsp;Lulu Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Zhang ,&nbsp;Bicheng Yan ,&nbsp;Philip H. Stauffer ,&nbsp;Huichao Yin ,&nbsp;Kenneth C. Carroll ,&nbsp;Mohamad Reza Soltanian","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) is a promising solution for large-scale energy storage and a critical component in advancing low-carbon energy system. Ensuring the safety and efficiency of UHS necessitates a comprehensive understanding of multiphysical interactions driven by cyclic pore fluid pressure fluctuations and coupled physicochemical processes. This review examines the key geomechanical responses in UHS, including rock property variations under cyclic loading, fracture evolution and propagation, reservoir stress sensitivity, and fault stability. It also explores the impact of geochemical and microbial reactions on geomechanical characteristics. We provide an in-depth analysis of Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) coupled numerical simulations, highlighting their potential for future multi-scale modeling. Limitations of current machine learning (ML) approaches in addressing UHS challenges are highlighted, emphasizing the need for innovative ML-based methodologies. Operational strategies for hydrogen injection and production are reviewed, focusing on safety, efficiency, and economic viability. The necessity for multi-objective optimization (MOO) to balance storage efficiency, risk mitigation, and cost-effectiveness is also discussed. Current monitoring technologies are evaluated to ensure safe and efficient UHS operations. Finally, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps and underscores the importance of advancing geomechanical understanding under multiphysics-coupling. We highlight the need for ML-driven multiphysics theories, enhanced modeling techniques, and robust optimization strategies to improve UHS performance. This study serves as a comprehensive reference for future research and the large-scale implementation of UHS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105411"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravity maps of the African continental crustal and mantle structure","authors":"Franck Eitel Kemgang Ghomsi ,&nbsp;Robert Tenzer ,&nbsp;Wenjin Chen ,&nbsp;Alexey Baranov ,&nbsp;Ojima Isaac Apeh ,&nbsp;Tan Xiaolong ,&nbsp;Hong Guoqing ,&nbsp;Julienne Stroeve","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The African continent is characterized by a complex tectonic and geological history, with its current configuration shaped by the assemblage of Precambrian cratons and fragments delineated by Proterozoic and Paleozoic mobile belts. Knowledge of its lithospheric structure has primarily been derived from sparsely and irregularly distributed seismic surveys, limiting continent-wide analysis. To address this issue, we utilize satellite (e.g., GOCE, GRACE) and terrestrial gravity observations, integrated with lithospheric structure models, to compile a suite of gravity maps on a 5′ × 5′ geographical grid. The maps of the free-air, Bouguer, crust-stripped, mantle, lithosphere-stripped, and sub-lithospheric mantle gravity disturbances enable detailed interpretation of Africa's lithospheric architecture. Our methodology enhances traditional gravimetric studies by applying advanced corrections for topographic, bathymetric, sediment, crustal, and lithospheric mantle density heterogeneities, revealing deeper structural signatures. The free-air gravity map exhibits a signature of topographic and upper crustal density variations, with positive anomalies (+50 to +150 mGal) over elevated regions (e.g., Ethiopian Plateau) and negative anomalies (−50 to −150 mGal) over sedimentary basins (e.g., Congo Basin). The Bouguer gravity map highlights tectonic and volcanic features, reflecting crustal thickness variations, with isostatic equilibrium in cratons and disequilibrium along continental rifts like the East African Rift System (EARS). The crust-stripped gravity map mirrors Moho geometry, showing a stark contrast between thin oceanic and thick continental crust. The mantle gravity map exhibits a thermal signature, with gravity lows marking active divergent margins along the East and West Rift Systems and highs coinciding with cold, stable Archean cratons. Combined Bouguer and mantle gravity analyses confirm a non-collisional origin of mountain ranges along the EARS. Notably, the southern portion of the EARS lacks a clear thermal signature, suggesting distributed deformation at diffuse plate boundaries. These findings, alongside signatures of the African Superswell and the Congo Craton subsidence, provide new insights into Africa's geodynamic evolution, supporting future geophysical and resource exploration efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105412"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surging glaciers in Svalbard: Observing their distribution, characteristics and evolution","authors":"William D. Harcourt ,&nbsp;Danni M. Pearce ,&nbsp;Wojciech Gajek ,&nbsp;Harold Lovell ,&nbsp;Erik S. Mannerfelt ,&nbsp;Andreas Kääb ,&nbsp;Douglas I. Benn ,&nbsp;Adrian Luckman ,&nbsp;Richard Hann ,&nbsp;Jack Kohler ,&nbsp;Tazio Strozzi ,&nbsp;Rebecca McCerery ,&nbsp;Bethan J. Davies","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glacier surges are episodes of significantly increased ice flow due to ice-dynamical feedbacks, and are often repeated in a quasi-periodical manner. Ice mass is redistributed during a surge, which leads to surface lowering at high elevation as ice is transferred down-glacier and thickening nearer the terminus. In this paper, we review different approaches for monitoring and detecting glacier surges in Svalbard, one of the most prominent global clusters of surge-type glaciers. Current surge detection is mainly based upon tracking the speed of glaciers over time, measuring elevation and frontal changes, and more recently automatically detecting surface changes such as increased crevassing. Thermal and hydrological changes near the glacier bed drive surge dynamics and can be measured using geophysical sensors such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismometers. When glaciers surge, they often produce diagnostic landforms in subglacial and proglacial environments, allowing historical surging to be identified even if surges have not been directly observed.</div><div>Through this review, we have compiled an updated database of surge-type glaciers in Svalbard and find that 36% of glaciers display surge-type behaviour, which accounts for 75% of the total glacier area on Svalbard. Only 10% of all glaciers have been directly observed to surge, yet account for 48% of the total glacier area on Svalbard. Svalbard surge-type glaciers have gentler slopes, are generally longer, and extend across a larger elevation range compared to non surge-type glaciers across the archipelago. We find that the behaviour of surge-type glaciers is variable and more closely resembles a continuum from glaciers that do not surge to those which redistribute mass in a single event of strongly enhanced ice flux. We can describe the variability in surge behaviour using the concept of enthalpy and a six-stage surge model that characterises the build-up of energy at the glacier bed driven initially by thermal change and then ice acceleration which is prompted by changes in subglacial hydrology. Observations of glacier surges have improved significantly with routine mapping from satellites such as Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and the Landsat satellite series. Furthermore, an increasing number of geophysical measurements is enabling an improved understanding of subglacial processes before, during and after a surge, which is crucial for improving models of surge behaviour. As our observations of surges continue to improve, we expect to uncover new elements and details of surge behaviour, reaffirming the need to rethink the binary classification of glaciers as either ‘surge-type’ or ‘not surge-type’ in Svalbard and across the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105410"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls on commercial helium accumulation in coal seams: From fundamentals to an integration of basin geology and gas geochemistry","authors":"Jianzhou Tang ,&nbsp;Jinzhuang Xue ,&nbsp;Shuangming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal seams, as a result of the coalification of terrestrial plant matter, were previously regarded as unfavorable for economically significant helium accumulations. However, this viewpoint has been challenged by the increasing discoveries of helium-rich gas reservoirs in such settings. This review investigates the major controls on commercial helium accumulations in coal seams, using an integrated analysis of basin geology and gas geochemistry. Six main findings are summarized as follows. (1) Naturally occurring helium accumulates in nitrogen-, carbon dioxide-, methane-, and mixed-gas reservoirs, with nitrogen and methane reservoirs being the most favorable for commercial helium accumulation. (2) Commercial helium accumulation in coal seams is predominantly (&gt; 70%) of external origin, although these seams are commonly enriched in thorium and uranium. (3) The formation of helium accumulations in coal seams largely depends on an external replenishment system, including source rocks, carrier fluids, migration pathways, and an open system. (4) Two key geological elements contribute to favorable trap conditions: one is coal seams that show high water saturation, effective pore connectivity, and adequate natural gas; and the other is overlying cap rocks that exhibit fine pore throats, high gas pressure, low temperature, and high associated fluid content. (5) An accumulation window at a depth of ca. 100–1250 m for helium in coal seams is proposed. (6) Three main geological patterns, namely basement uplift, basement fault and anticlinal crest patterns, are proposed for commercial helium accumulations in coal seams, and these patterns can be distinguished by variations in He/N₂ ratios and N₂, CO₂, and CH₄ contents. The findings presented herein are expected to provide guidance for helium exploration in coal seams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105402"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatic and anthropogenic controls on late Holocene sediment transport to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River","authors":"Peter D. Clift ,&nbsp;Bailey Wycoff ,&nbsp;Andrew Carter ,&nbsp;Samuel Muñoz ,&nbsp;Nikki Neubeck ,&nbsp;Brittney Gregory ,&nbsp;Carol A. Wilson ,&nbsp;Tammy Rittenour ,&nbsp;Jerzy Blusztajn ,&nbsp;Tamer Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models of large alluviated rivers suggest that erosional signals from the headwaters are not transported to the marine depocenter over many timescales because of extensive sediment buffering and recycling in flood plains. We present here a new integrated Late Holocene sedimentary record of the Mississippi River, synthesizing earlier analyses and new material from oxbow lakes, filled channel plugs and a continuous core from the delta to reconstruct a detailed 3000-year record of sediment compositions in the lower reaches. As well as major element data and new detrital zircon U-Pb dating since 860 y BP, our study presents a new basin-wide Sr and Nd isotope record. We show that weathering proxies are controlled by grain size, with little evidence for a long-term trend in chemical weathering in the last 3000 years. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, but not ε_Nd values are linked to grain size and the degree of chemical alteration, with coarser material generally lower in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compared to fine sediment.</div><div>There is a long-term trend towards more erosion of ancient crust shown in suspended sediment, with greater flux from the Superior Province via the Upper Mississippi, increasing after 2000 y BP, when the climate dried, and humans adopted a more sedentary rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This contrast with the sandy sediment that shows less erosion from the Trans-Hudson, Superior Province and Appalachian until ∼400 years ago. Another change is noted in both muddy and sandy sediment after ∼400 years ago, close to the start of the Little Ice Age, a time of colder and drier climate, when there was a gradual decrease in flux from the Rocky Mountain foreland basin via the Missouri River. The Mississippi River is not fully buffered on centennial scales prior to the installation of man-made levees. Short-term changes in zircon U-Pb populations indicate pulses of sediment supply to the lower reaches, likely related to floods. Maximum sediment supply from the Missouri River occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the recent past (∼10 years).</div><div>A drying climate after 1000 years ago increased sediment delivery from the Appalachians, Trans-Hudson and Yavapai terranes by enhancing stream incision while reducing reworking of moraines eroded from the Superior Province. After ∼400 years ago human settlement of the Rocky Mountain foreland enhanced erosion from that region. Modern Mississippi sediment supply is heavily anthropogenically disrupted and thus makes a poor analog for older sediments deposited in the Gulf of Mexico.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105401"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and fluxes of natural hydrogen in the crust and upper mantle","authors":"Kevin Wong ,&nbsp;Martina Cascone ,&nbsp;Donato Giovannelli ,&nbsp;Alberto Vitale Brovarone","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is a fundamental component of planetary evolution and an important energy source for microbial life. It is now understood that natural mechanisms, spanning geological and biological processes, can produce high concentrations of hydrogen in natural fluids. Quantifying the processes that modulate natural hydrogen concentrations is necessary not only for conceptualising the distribution of life on Earth and elsewhere in the universe, but also for identifying settings where natural hydrogen may potentially accumulate to complement industrial hydrogen production. However, uncertainties persist in assessing these natural fluxes. In this review, we explore the biological and geological processes that can generate natural hydrogen. Compared to previous summary efforts, we include in our updated inventory hydrogen fluxes from biological processes, metamorphic degassing, and subduction zones. By integrating recent advances in quantifying hydrogen generation and transportation in geological environments, we demonstrate that significant concentrations and fluxes of hydrogen can arise in a plethora of settings worldwide, contributing towards a total abiotic production rate of 40 to 64&lt; Mt H₂ yr^-1. We also highlight that geological environments characterised by high hydrogen production may be associated with high microbial hydrogen consumption (e.g., oceanic sediments). However, large uncertainties regarding the residence time of hydrogen within geological settings remain, and future research endeavours should aim to ascertain the long-term behaviour of hydrogen stored in the deep Earth to assess the viability of natural hydrogen as a renewable energy source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105400"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and challenges in predicting wave runup in coastal regions: A scoping review of empirical, numerical, and AI-based approaches","authors":"Erfan Amini ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Baniesmaeil ,&nbsp;Hossein Mehdipour ,&nbsp;Mehdi Neshat ,&nbsp;Reza Marsooli","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions, home to critical infrastructure and diverse ecosystems, are increasingly vulnerable to short-wave (incident-band) runup-induced hazards, including coastal erosion, flooding, and infrastructure damage. Accurately predicting short-wave runup is essential for effective coastal management, flood risk assessment, and climate adaptation strategies. This study presents a comprehensive scoping review of short-wave runup prediction methodologies, systematically evaluating empirical formulas, numerical models, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. We critically analyze their theoretical foundations, computational frameworks, and predictive capabilities under diverse coastal conditions. The review integrates a global wave runup dataset, providing a data-driven comparison of model performance across varying beach morphologies and hydrodynamic conditions. A key contribution of this review is conducting a cross-methodological evaluation, providing a structured assessment of the trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and real-world applicability across the three approaches. Furthermore, we examine the implications of climate change on wave runup prediction methodologies, emphasizing the effects of rising sea levels, changing storm characteristics, and changing wave energy on predictive reliability. The findings underscore the need for integrated modeling techniques to enhance predictive accuracy and support adaptive coastal management. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this review serves as a foundation for advancing wave runup prediction science, with direct applications in coastal engineering, risk mitigation, and climate resilience planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105399"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailing polyphase oceanic rifting evolution and consequences for microplate formation","authors":"Yanghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Gianreto Manatschal ,&nbsp;Jiangyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wei ,&nbsp;Weiwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oceanic rifting in back-arc basins reveals how pre-existing lithosphere deforms under extension, distinct from mid-ocean ridge processes. However, existing models invoking rapid magmatic rifting or rigid rotation cannot explain the complex deformation patterns observed. We present new seismic reflection data across the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), integrated with published seismic and gravity data from the Central Basin Fault (CBF) system in the West Philippine Basin and regional datasets. Our results reveal: (1) significant transtensional deformation along the KPR, which we reinterpret as a reactivated oceanic transform fault; and (2) the CBF as a post-accretionary intra-oceanic rift deforming pre-existing oceanic crust, consistent with but mechanically refining previous interpretations. We propose that a Pacific Plate kinematic reorganization around 32 Ma rendered the fossil trench-transform-ridge configuration kinematically unstable, triggering distributed deformation that progressively localized along inherited lithospheric fabrics. This regional stress change reactivated the favorably oriented KPR transform and the extinct spreading center in the eastern CBF, while initiating new intraplate rifting in the central and western CBF segments, driving a ∼ 6 Myr evolution from diffuse to localized deformation (32–26 Ma). Our findings establish that oceanic rifting follows a two-stage process: structural inheritance controls initial rift location and geometry, while magmatism provides critical thermal weakening for complete plate separation. The CBF's arrested development, where the system failed to achieve complete plate separation despite localized extreme extension in the east and magmatic input in the west, exemplifies the critical threshold required for successful microplate formation. This work provides a new framework for understanding how subduction-driven stress changes exploit pre-existing weaknesses to generate complex microplate mosaics, offering a predictive template for identifying similar polyphase systems elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 105398"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switch on tunnel vision: Portable wind tunnels to understand and quantify aeolian processes","authors":"Miriam Britt Marzen ,&nbsp;Kanat Akshalov ,&nbsp;Carlos Asensio Grima ,&nbsp;Fernando Avecilla ,&nbsp;Daniel E. Buschiazzo ,&nbsp;Juan Cruz Colazo ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Del Bello ,&nbsp;Lars Engelmann ,&nbsp;Vicken Etyemezian ,&nbsp;Michael Raymond Fischella ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Fister ,&nbsp;Roger Funk ,&nbsp;Thomas Iserloh ,&nbsp;Itzhak Katra ,&nbsp;Moritz Koza ,&nbsp;Jonathan Merrison ,&nbsp;Gregory Okin ,&nbsp;Mahrooz Rezaei ,&nbsp;Johannes Bernhard Ries ,&nbsp;Gerd Schmidt ,&nbsp;R. Scott Van Pelt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Portable wind tunnel is a highly specialized device capable of examining soil surfaces in their natural state and independently from naturally occurring wind events. The field experiments give valuable insights into wind-induced entrainment, transport, redistribution and emission of mineral and organic particles from surfaces in their original state to understand geomorphological, pedological, and ecological processes. Recent portable wind tunnel studies highlight a broad range of research objectives including the determination of threshold wind velocities, the quantification of wind-eroded sediment, the development of dust emissions, and wind-induced dynamics of nutrients and contaminants. Portable wind tunnels usually follow a straight tunnel design with a push or suction-type wind source, an air straightening section, and an open-bottom test area. Research groups developed and applied specific add-on features such as sediment feeders to simulate an erosive saltation layer, an integrated rainfall simulator for wind-driven rain studies, and miniaturized tunnels. A large variety of techniques is used to collect and count the entrained mineral and organic particles to allow for quantification and qualitative analysis. Validity, reproducibility, and reliability of the experimental setup and data application for extrapolation and modeling are discussed based on physical constraints of the tunnel and spatiotemporal characteristics of the data. The manuscript also summarizes experiences and recommendations for application and maintenance and proposes methods to compare results generated by different devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105396"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translithospheric fault targeting for giant magmatic (-hydrothermal) ore deposit discoveries: recent advances and leading practices","authors":"Nicholas Hayward ,&nbsp;Quentin Masurel ,&nbsp;Nicolas Thébaud ,&nbsp;Graham C. Begg","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving discovery rates for Tier 1 magmatic ore deposits requires more accurate prediction of camp-scale structural targets and mapping of (trans-)lithospheric fault zones (LFZs). Here we review LFZ architecture, evolution and behaviour, and their spatial correlation with large ore deposit clusters based on &gt;120 global case studies of magmatic Ni-Cu (-PGE) and porphyry Cu (-Au,Mo) deposits. At belt-scale, the most prospective LFZs are the longest and deepest ones formed at lithospheric domain boundaries (“primary strike-parallel”). At district- to camp-scales, the strongest structural predictor for giant Ni and Cu discoveries is proximity to secondary transverse LFZ intersections that provided long-lived, subvertical, pipe-like, mantle-tapping conduits. The transverse LFZ correlation is stronger for large porphyry Cu deposits (∼90% within 5 km) than for large magmatic Ni-Cu (-PGE) deposits (∼82% within 25 km).</div><div>Magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems are driven bottom-up by transfer of mechanical stress, heat, fluid, and metals from upwelling asthenosphere or slab subduction. Positive feedback from thermal, reaction, and strain softening partitions these drivers first into translithospheric fault zones, which evolve at the expense of transcrustal fault zones to efficiently channel the extreme energy, fluid and metal fluxes required to form giant magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. The dynamic fault-valve behaviour of LFZs, triggered by intermittent coupling across transient rheological barriers, enhances system self-organization and drives both exceptional fertility enhancement (when stalled) and extreme fluid fluxes (when released).</div><div>From our results, we identify key knowledge gaps and future research priorities, and propose a refined, systems-based approach to mapping LFZs aimed at enhancing the targeting of giant ore systems and mineral resource discovery performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 105397"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}