EJNMMI Physics最新文献

Background: Monitoring the external dose rate (EDR) attenuation serves as a key consideration in supporting discharge decisions for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who have undergone radioiodine therapy. We aimed to study the EDR attenuation and its related factors in DTC patients during I-131 therapy.

Methods: This study enrolled 886 DTC patients who first underwent I-131 therapy at the Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, China. We measured the EDR at approximately 2, 24, 48, and 72 h post-therapy. Two formulas were established to represent the EDR decay with time: 1) EDR =[Formula: see text] and EDR_% = [Formula: see text], where EDR is the absolute external dose rate (µSv/h), EDR_% is the percentage EDR relative to the initial EDR (100%), SI (speed index, μSv/h²) is the absolute decay rate of I-131 with the time, SI_% (%/h) is the relative decay rate with the time, and b is a constant.

Results: The finally fitted SI and SI_% from patients' data were -0.020 μSv/h² and -0.026%/h, respectively. EDR_% exhibited a stronger correlation with administration time than EDR (R²: 0.951 vs. 0.829). Body mass index (BMI), smoking, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC) subtype, increasing residual thyroid tissue grading, FT3 and Tg levels positively associated with SI. The factors negatively associated with SI were female sex, a higher N stage and a higher I-131 dose. SI_% was positively associated with smoking history, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and FTC pathological subtype, and negatively with female sex and higher I-131 dose.

Conclusions: EDR_% had better correlation than EDR with I-131 administration time. The related factors for SI and SI_% included I-131 dose, sex, BMI, thyroid cancer pathology, medical history and thyroid function. These findings provide a reference for radiation protection officers in evaluating radioactive activity during I-131 therapy.

Background: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Currently, [¹⁸F]FDG PET-CT is used for staging, response evaluation, and remission assessment. While advances in quantitative PET-CT are promising for prognostic assessment, they depend on reproducible tumor delineation. Various segmentation methods have been proposed, but their application to FL PET is less established, despite known differences in uptake patterns across lymphoma subtypes. This study aims to evaluate the performance of several single-threshold and multi-threshold methods for FL [¹⁸F]FDG PET-CT lesion segmentation on segmentation quality, interobserver variability, and ease-of-use.

Methods: Baseline PET-CT data of 25 second-line FL patients from the HOVON110 trial and 12 first-line FL patients from the PETAL trial were selected. Two observers applied 13 different semi-automatic methods, of which six used a single threshold and seven combined thresholds (multi-threshold). Methods include, SUV threshold methods, an AI-based method, majority vote and lesion-based selection methods. The segmentation process comprises four steps: step 1 and 2 involved generating a preselection, while step 3 and 4 applied an automatic method followed by manual adjustments. To assess segmentation quality, both observers gave a score (1-3) ranging from undersegmentation to oversegmentation. For interobserver variability, the difference in total metabolic tumor volume between observers was determined. The ease-of-use was assessed based on manually added and removed volume in step 4.

Results: A total of 962 segmentations were made by two observers. Differences in results between the methods were limited across all characteristics, indicating an overall satisfactory performance of all methods. The multi-threshold method scored better for segmentation quality in comparison to single-threshold methods, indicating less under- or oversegmentation. The single-threshold method SUV4.0 demonstrated lower median (0.3 mL) and inter quartile range (2.0 mL) concerning interobserver variability in comparison to lesion-based methods.

Conclusion: Among the single threshold methods, SUV4.0 is preferred regarding ease-of-use, observer variability and segmentation quality. While the multi-threshold lesion-based methods showed the a higher segmentation quality, SUV4.0 has the benefit of easy implementation, wide availability and is in-line with the currently set benchmark for lymphoma PET analysis. We identified SUV4.0 and a lesion-based method as the candidate methods preferred for further clinical performance evaluation.

Background: Photon scatter significantly degrades Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) image quality, with scattered photons accounting for 30-40% of detected counts within standard energy windows. While conventional scatter correction methods face limitations including noise amplification and computational demands, wavelet transforms offer promising capabilities for sinogram-domain correction. However, comprehensive parameter optimization remains unexplored.

Methods: We evaluated 96 mother wavelets across seven families, implementing three decomposition levels and five thresholding strategies in a Monte Carlo simulation framework. Scatter-contaminated sinograms were processed using discrete wavelet transforms and reconstructed via filtered backprojection. Quantitative assessment employed Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) with varying block sizes (3 × 3, 25 × 25, 128 × 128) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Three nuclear medicine physicians performed blinded qualitative assessment of the processed images.

Results: Among 94 viable wavelets (excluding outliers db45 and rbio3.1), global optimization identified Rigrsure and Heursure thresholding at decomposition level 1 as optimal for maximizing UIQI (0.559 ± 0.002), while per-slice optimization favored Minimaxi thresholding at level 2. Strong positive correlation existed between UIQI (25 × 25) and UIQI (128 × 128) (r = 0.887, p < 0.01), with both metrics inversely related to RMSE error (r≈ - 0.73, p < 0.01). Despite UIQI optimization, RMSE-optimized images received significantly higher visual quality rankings from physicians (69% improvement, p < 0.001), revealing critical divergence between quantitative metrics and diagnostic utility.

Conclusion: This study establishes wavelet-based scatter correction as a viable approach for SPECT image enhancement through systematic parameter mapping. The marked preference for RMSE-optimized images over UIQI-optimized ones underscores the necessity of aligning algorithmic optimization with clinical perception rather than technical metrics alone. These findings provide a foundation for standardizing wavelet implementation in SPECT scatter correction, directly connecting mathematical optimization to diagnostic relevance in nuclear medicine imaging.

Purpose: The rapid expansion of radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) development demands scalable preclinical dosimetry methods. While PET and SPECT remain the gold standards, their low throughput and high cost limit large-cohort studies. Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) offers a high-throughput alternative but suffers from depth-dependent attenuation and photon scatter that compromise quantitative accuracy. This work develops and validates a quantitative CLI methodology incorporating attenuation and scatter corrections to enable accurate preclinical dosimetry.

Methods: Depth-dependent attenuation was characterized using a tissue-mimicking phantom to derive calibration coefficients. Photon scatter was modeled using GEANT4-generated Cherenkov spread functions (CSFs), applied in a depth-weighted iterative Richardson-Lucy deconvolution/reconvolution framework. The method was evaluated in NU/NU mice (n = 4) bearing MC38 tumors after injection of ⁸⁶Y-NM600, an isotope suitable for both PET and CLI. Liver and tumor activities were quantified at four timepoints using PET and the proposed CLI method. Voxelized Monte Carlo dosimetry was performed for both modalities.

Results: CLI-PET activity quantification yielded mean errors of 15.4% (liver) and 10.3% (tumor) over the first three timepoints. Tumor absorbed doses from CLI-derived synthetic PET images (3.4 ± 0.3 Gy/MBq) were statistically indistinguishable from PET-based estimates (3.2 ± 0.2 Gy/MBq, p = 0.31). Discrepancies increased at late timepoints due to low activity and background auto-luminescence.

Conclusions: With appropriate depth-dependent optical attenuation calibration and Monte Carlo-derived ionizing scatter correction, CLI can provide quantitative biodistribution and dosimetry estimates comparable to PET. This approach enables high-throughput, low-cost in vivo dosimetry, expanding the feasibility of large-scale preclinical RPT studies and supporting translational radiopharmaceutical development.

Objectives: To compare two deep learning (DL) approaches for low-count PET/CT: deep progressive reconstruction (DPR), a scanner-integrated reconstruction-level method, and a deep-learning image-domain post-processing enhancement (POST; RaDynPET).

Methods: Sixty-seven patients who underwent whole-body ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT were enrolled. PET images were reconstructed with ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) at 30/60/120 s/bed (O30, O60, O120 [clinical reference]) and with DPR at 30/60/90/120 s/bed (D30, D60, D90, D120). POST (RaDynPET) was applied to the unaltered O30 /O60 images to yield P30/P60. Two nuclear medicine physicians rated image quality using 5-point Likert scales. Liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), lesion tumour-to-background ratio (TBR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. Non-inferiority (NI) versus O120 was prespecified for overall quality (Δ = -0.5) and lesion CNR (ratio lower bound 0.90). Time-matched DPR versus POST and DL versus OSEM were also assessed. Agreement with O120 was evaluated using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results: Both DPR and POST achieved higher reader scores than time-matched OSEM. Inter-reader agreement was substantial to almost perfect. POST was superior at 30 s, whereas DPR was at 60 s. D60 and P30 met both NI margins, whereas D30 failed overall quality and P60 failed CNR. Concordance with O120 was excellent by CCC, and Bland-Altman showed small biases with limited proportional effects. CNR and SNR increased monotonically with DPR, while POST yielded gains at 30 s that attenuated at 60 s. TBR improvements were confined to DPR.

Conclusion: Both DPR and POST improved or preserved image quality while enabling scan-time reduction, with excellent agreement with the clinical reference. POST is supported for 1/4 acquisition time, whereas DPR is favored from 1/2 time onward.

Background: In positron emission tomography (PET), gamma photons arriving at the detector ring may undergo one or more Compton scattering events, potentially reaching a different scintillation crystal than its initial interaction point. This phenomenon, known as inter-crystal scattering (ICS), can lead to incorrect line of response (LOR) assignments, introducing spatial blurring and noise in the reconstructed image. Existing ICS correction methods include energy-based heuristics, Compton kinematics, Monte Carlo simulation, and deep learning to recover the first interaction position of the photons in the detector. These corrections are performed in the LOR domain, since that is where ICS manifests. However, in ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OS-EM) reconstruction, only a subset of LORs is processed at each iteration, making LOR-domain corrections difficult to apply on-the-fly.

Methods: We propose a novel ICS correction technique performed entirely in the image domain. A neural network is trained to predict spatially-varying 3D filter kernels that model the blurring effect of ICS across the image volume. These kernels are applied to the PET image estimate prior to each OS-EM forward projection. We evaluated our method on simulated and real PET data using two network variants: one predicting full 3D kernels (ICS-Net-direct), and another using a compact skew normal representation (ICS-Net-skewnorm).

Results: Both ICS-Net-direct and ICS-Net-skewnorm significantly improved the spatial resolution and the contrast of the output image, while also being computationally efficient. We found that ICS-Net-skewnorm is better suited for structural, symmetric reconstruction objects, while ICS-Net-direct performs best in complex, real-world scenarios.

Conclusions: The proposed image-domain ICS correction technique enables efficient and effective compensation of inter-crystal scattering for OS-EM reconstruction. Network selection should be guided by the target imaging scenario to maximize performance.

Purpose: SUV harmonisation was proposed to reduce discrepancies in SUV measurements and ensure SUV comparability across different PET scanners. A SUV harmonisation protocol has been established based on short-axial field-of-view (SAFOV) PET. However, long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET features a different scanning mode and clinical workflow compared with SAFOV PET, and no dedicated SUV harmonisation protocol has yet been developed. This study aimed to perform an exploratory investigation of SUV harmonisation on LAFOV PET.

Methods: The long-axial detector was divided into five segments based on typical patient anatomical positioning. A NEMA IEC body phantom filled with ¹⁸F-FDG solution was sequentially scanned at each detector position. SUV harmonisation was performed separately in accordance with the EARL 1 and EARL 2 standards using post-reconstruction Gaussian filters.Position-specific optimal Gaussian full width at half maximum (FWHM) values, as well as a general harmonisation filter applicable across all positions, were derived. Recovery coefficients (RCs) were determined, and root mean square error (RMSE) between the harmonised RCs and the expected EARL reference values (EARL_expect ) was used to evaluate harmonisation performance. To assess the necessity of the detector-splitting phantom scanning strategy, the optimal Gaussian filters derived from a single detector position were applied to other positions, and the corresponding RMSE values were recalculated. A clinical case was further evaluated as a proof-of-concept application.

Results: The position-specific optimal harmonisationfilter parameters under EARL 1 were nearly identical across all detector positions, whereas under EARL 2 differences were observed. A general Gaussian filter derived by jointly considering all detector positions was sufficient to achieve EARL-compliant SUV harmonisation across the entire axial field of view.Moreever, when optimal filters derived from a single detector position were applied to other positions, harmonisation remained compliant with EARL 1, while deviations from EARL_expect increased under EARL 2 for some cases. When the proposed harmonisation strategy was applied to a clinical case, the SUV deviation in follow-up imaging caused by a change in PET scanner was eliminated.

Conclusions: T he study proposes a detector-splitting phantom scanning strategy as a practical framework for robust SUV harmonisation for LAFOV PET systems. Position-specific or jointly optimized harmonisation filters applicable across all axial detector positions may be beneficial for ensuring reliable and comparable SUV measurements, particularly in longitudinal follow-up and multi-scanner clinical setting.

Background: In preclinical PET/MR, attenuation correction (AC) uses a mix of pre-calculated attenuation maps accounting for animal cradles and organ segmentation obtained from whole-body MR using a volume coil. The development of X-nuclei such as ²³Na or ³¹P may benefit from high sensitivity surface coils, which could lead to inaccurate PET quantification. In this study, we evaluated the benefit of a pre-calculated attenuation map including a dedicated cradle enclosing a surface coil for ¹⁸F-FDG PET imaging.

Materials and methods: We developed a 3D-printed cradle (DC) embedding a 20 mm surface coil made of PLA (polylactic acid), coated with a thin cap of epoxy. An attenuation map was generated using computed tomography and integrated into PET reconstruction. To validate AC, we compared PET images to those obtained using a conventional cradle and a volume coil (CC). Various image quality metrics were evaluated in various phantoms including a NEMA NU-4 (recovery coefficients (RC), uniformity (%STD), spillover ratio (SOR)), a homogenous phantom (slice and inter-slice uniformity) and a resolution phantom (spatial resolution). Finally, cardiac ¹⁸F-FDG PET images acquired with the 2 cradles were compared in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Results: RC obtained using DC and CC configurations were not significantly different. However, the %STD was significantly increased with the DC (5.07 ± 0.18) vs. CC (3.29 ± 0.53, p = 0.0002) leading to a decreased CNR with DC. The SOR was similar between the two cradles. In homogenous phantom, there was a non-significant 1.58% underestimation of the PET signal near the surface coil and 5% overestimation on the opposite side when using the DC vs. CC. Uniformity between slice was significantly higher in DC than in CC (3.15 ± 1.2% for DC vs. 2.24 ± 0.7% for CC, p = 0.02) while uniformity inter-slice was similar in DC and CC (2.25 ± 0.83% for DC vs. 1.93 ± 0.44% for CC, p = 0.2). Spatial resolution was similar between DC and CC (axial: 1.80 vs. 1.63 mm, tangential: 1.62 vs. 1.79 mm and radial resolution: 1.53 vs. 1.76 mm for DC and CC respectively). In-vivo, cardiac standardized uptake values were similar between the two cradles (3.55 ± 0.89 and 3.59 ± 1.02 for DC and CC respectively, p = 0.81).

Conclusion: Pre-calculated attenuation map using a standardized positioning of MR surface coil provided similar ¹⁸F-FDG PET images compared to a conventional PET/MR system with a volume coil, allowing its usage for combined PET and X-nuclei MR.

Purpose: Respiratory motion (RM)-related artifacts significantly impact image quality and diagnostic accuracy in PET/CT imaging. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the clinical utility of the unified data-driven respiratory motion correction (uRMC) algorithm utilizing deep learning neural networks for diagnosing upper abdominal lesions.

Methods: A total of 100 patients with suspected upper abdominal lesions who underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT were enrolled. Two senior physicians independently conducted subjective visual assessments and semi-quantitative analyses of the PET/CT images before and after applying uRMC. Subjective visual evaluation parameters included overall image quality, PET-CT misalignment, and lesion distortion. Additionally, physicians identified involved upper-abdominal lesions in both images. Semi-quantitative metrics recorded for each lesion included maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), and horizontal-to-vertical ratio (HV_ratio) before and after correction. Percentage changes in lesion SUV_max and MTV were calculated, and subgroup analyses were performed to assess the impact of lesion uptake, volume, and displacement on the performance of the uRMC algorithm.

Results: Compared to no motion correction (NMC) images, 78% (78/100) of patients demonstrated improved overall image quality after uRMC reconstruction, with 68.9% (155/225) of lesion showing improved PET-CT alignment and 64.0% (144/225) demonstrating reduced lesion distortion (all p < 0.001). The RM-corrected images exhibited a significantly higher SUV_max (9.07 [6.45, 11.79] vs.7.46 [5.69, 10.00], p < 0.001) and TBR (3.65 [2.54, 4.98] vs. 3.17 [2.40, 4.38], p < 0.001). The number of detected lesions increased from 171 (NMC) to 181 (uRMC) in 62 patients, with 10 additional suspicious lesions identified in 14.5% (9/62) of cases. Moreover, 7 lesions in 9.7% (6/62) of patients exhibited improved PET-CT alignment after uRMC correction. The uRMC algorithm also significantly reduced lesion MTV (1359.6 [690.8, 3837.6] mm³ vs.1710.5 [899.1, 4013.0] mm³, p < 0.01) and HV_ratio (0.99 [0.82, 1.09] vs. 1.16 [1.02, 1.44], p < 0.01). Subgroup-based analyses revealed that uRMC outperformed NMC in detecting low-uptake and small-volume lesions, with SUV_max improvements being more pronounced in lesions with larger displacement (17.8% vs. 9.8%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Compared with conventional NMC reconstruction, the uRMC algorithm significantly enhances overall image quality, PET-CT alignment, and lesion delineation. Furthermore, it improves the detection of low-uptake and small-volume lesions in the upper abdomen, thereby increasing the accuracy and reliability of clinical diagnoses and supporting more informed therapeutic decision-making.