Engineering Geology最新文献_第6页

Insights into the microstructural evolution of dredged clay treated by SAP flocculation and vacuum preloading SAP絮凝与真空预压处理疏浚粘土微观结构演变的研究

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108560

Yupeng Cao , Junxia Liu , Zhehao Qiu , Xiang Yong , Jie Yin

Large-scale dredging activities generate high-water-content sediments with poor engineering properties, which pose significant challenges to their reuse in construction and land reclamation. This paper proposes a combined treatment using superabsorbent polymer (SAP) flocculation and vacuum preloading to enhance consolidation and microstructural uniformity. Laboratory-scale model tests were conducted using both rectangular and cylindrical setups, and the treated specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, digital image processing was applied to evaluate the microstructural evolution quantitatively. The results demonstrated that the SAP effectively improved soil flocculation, reduced pore connectivity, and mitigated clogging near prefabricated vertical drains, thereby enhancing radial drainage uniformity. EDS analysis revealed a more homogeneous elemental distribution, particularly of sodium ions, whereas XRD confirmed that the SAP acted via physical rather than chemical mechanisms. Quantitative metrics, such as reduced pore area ratio, increased roundness, and lower entropy, indicated a more stable and orderly soil fabric. From an engineering geological perspective, this study provides practical insights to improve the reliability, efficiency, and environmental sustainability of ground-treatment techniques in soft clayey terrains, particularly for infrastructure development in coastal and deltaic environments.

大规模疏浚活动产生的沉积物含水量高，工程性能差，这对其在建筑和土地复垦中的再利用构成了重大挑战。本文提出了采用高吸水性高分子絮凝和真空预压相结合的处理方法，以提高固结性和微观结构的均匀性。采用矩形和圆柱形装置进行了实验室规模的模型测试，并使用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散x射线能谱（EDS）和x射线衍射（XRD）对处理后的样品进行了检测。此外，采用数字图像处理技术定量评价微观组织演变。结果表明，SAP有效改善了预制垂直排水管附近的土壤絮凝，降低了孔隙连通性，缓解了堵塞，从而提高了径向排水均匀性。EDS分析显示元素分布更为均匀，尤其是钠离子，而XRD则证实了SAP是通过物理机制而不是化学机制起作用的。孔隙面积比减小、圆度增大、熵值降低等定量指标表明土壤结构更加稳定有序。从工程地质的角度来看，本研究为提高软粘土地形，特别是沿海和三角洲环境下基础设施建设的可靠性、效率和环境可持续性提供了实用的见解。

{"title":"Insights into the microstructural evolution of dredged clay treated by SAP flocculation and vacuum preloading","authors":"Yupeng Cao , Junxia Liu , Zhehao Qiu , Xiang Yong , Jie Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale dredging activities generate high-water-content sediments with poor engineering properties, which pose significant challenges to their reuse in construction and land reclamation. This paper proposes a combined treatment using superabsorbent polymer (SAP) flocculation and vacuum preloading to enhance consolidation and microstructural uniformity. Laboratory-scale model tests were conducted using both rectangular and cylindrical setups, and the treated specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, digital image processing was applied to evaluate the microstructural evolution quantitatively. The results demonstrated that the SAP effectively improved soil flocculation, reduced pore connectivity, and mitigated clogging near prefabricated vertical drains, thereby enhancing radial drainage uniformity. EDS analysis revealed a more homogeneous elemental distribution, particularly of sodium ions, whereas XRD confirmed that the SAP acted via physical rather than chemical mechanisms. Quantitative metrics, such as reduced pore area ratio, increased roundness, and lower entropy, indicated a more stable and orderly soil fabric. From an engineering geological perspective, this study provides practical insights to improve the reliability, efficiency, and environmental sustainability of ground-treatment techniques in soft clayey terrains, particularly for infrastructure development in coastal and deltaic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108560"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Paleo-landslide analysis reveals underestimated seismic hazards in the outer Western Carpathians 古滑坡分析揭示了喀尔巴阡山脉西部外围地区被低估的地震危险性

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108565

Thanh-Tùng Nguyễn , Ivo Baroň , Rostislav Melichar , Jia-Cian Gao , Filip Hartvich , Cheng-Han Lin , Jan Klimeš , Martin Šutjak , Lenka Kociánová , Václav Dušek , František Bárta , Chia-Han Tseng , Jia-Jyun Dong

Paleoseismic methods frequently prove ineffective in stable continental interiors, where the rarity of surface-rupturing earthquakes can result in a significant underestimation of long-term seismic hazard. To address this limitation, an integrated approach was developed that transformed paleolandslides into quantitative paleoseismic indicators. This method combined detailed morphometric and structural analyses with dynamic back analysis, incorporating velocity-dependent friction laws from rotary shear experiments into Newmark displacement analysis. Results were validated using discrete element runout modeling (particle flow code in three dimensions). When applied to a well-preserved paleolandslide in the Outer Western Carpathians, a region traditionally considered as low hazard, this approach revealed a critical seismic triggering threshold. The analysis indicated that a magnitude of M7.1–7.3 earthquake at a short distance (∼1.2 km) was required for initiating catastrophic failure, consistent with the observed long runout and liquefaction features. The findings presented herein constitute the first physical evidence for M7+ paleoearthquakes in the region, challenging existing seismic hazard assessments for Central Europe and demonstrating that stable continental interiors can host large, although infrequent earthquakes.

在稳定的大陆内部，古地震方法经常被证明是无效的，在那里，地表破裂地震的罕见可能导致对长期地震危害的严重低估。为了解决这一局限性，我们开发了一种将古滑坡转化为定量古地震指标的综合方法。该方法将详细的形态测量学和结构分析与动态反分析相结合，将旋转剪切实验中与速度相关的摩擦规律结合到Newmark位移分析中。使用离散单元跳动模型（三维粒子流代码）验证了结果。当应用于喀尔巴阡山脉西部外围（一个传统上被认为是低危险的地区）保存完好的古滑坡时，这种方法揭示了一个关键的地震触发阈值。分析表明，在近距离（约1.2 km）发生7.1 - 7.3级地震是引发灾难性破坏的必要条件，这与观测到的长跳动和液化特征一致。本文提出的发现构成了该地区M7+古地震的第一个物理证据，挑战了中欧现有的地震危险性评估，并证明了稳定的大陆内部可以发生大地震，尽管不频繁。

{"title":"Paleo-landslide analysis reveals underestimated seismic hazards in the outer Western Carpathians","authors":"Thanh-Tùng Nguyễn , Ivo Baroň , Rostislav Melichar , Jia-Cian Gao , Filip Hartvich , Cheng-Han Lin , Jan Klimeš , Martin Šutjak , Lenka Kociánová , Václav Dušek , František Bárta , Chia-Han Tseng , Jia-Jyun Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paleoseismic methods frequently prove ineffective in stable continental interiors, where the rarity of surface-rupturing earthquakes can result in a significant underestimation of long-term seismic hazard. To address this limitation, an integrated approach was developed that transformed paleolandslides into quantitative paleoseismic indicators. This method combined detailed morphometric and structural analyses with dynamic back analysis, incorporating velocity-dependent friction laws from rotary shear experiments into Newmark displacement analysis. Results were validated using discrete element runout modeling (particle flow code in three dimensions). When applied to a well-preserved paleolandslide in the Outer Western Carpathians, a region traditionally considered as low hazard, this approach revealed a critical seismic triggering threshold. The analysis indicated that a magnitude of M7.1–7.3 earthquake at a short distance (∼1.2 km) was required for initiating catastrophic failure, consistent with the observed long runout and liquefaction features. The findings presented herein constitute the first physical evidence for M7+ paleoearthquakes in the region, challenging existing seismic hazard assessments for Central Europe and demonstrating that stable continental interiors can host large, although infrequent earthquakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108565"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Capturing the hole effect in Qiantang River alluvial silt by cone penetration test 用锥贯试验捕捉钱塘江冲积粉土的孔效应

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108564

Yuguo Su , Tiantian Ying , Qiaokan Wang , Xiaodong Pan

Soil spatial variability exhibits significant regional characteristics arising from various geological processes, weathering effects, and stress history during sedimentation. The spatial variability can influence the performance of geotechnical systems, and accurately capturing it is essential for effective reliability analysis. This study first compares the performance of the auto-correlation function and variance reduction function under different fitting strategies. Subsequently, the sampling strategies that yield the best performance in estimating the scale of fluctuation (SOF) are identified. After that, cone penetration test data are collected from sites along the Qiantang River to quantify the spatial variability parameters of the alluvial silt. Analysis reveals that the SOF and its associated uncertainty generally increase with expanding investigation domain length. The mean SOF rises from 0.691 m to 1.225 m across scales from 5 m to 15 m. The hole effect describes a spatial autocorrelation function that exhibits a non-monotonic, cyclical pattern as lag distance increases. A significant hole effect, identified in 75.6% of cases with SOF values ranging from 0.190 m to 1.135 m, may be associated with rhythmic tidal sedimentation processes. The cosine Whittle-Matérn model successfully captures the finer features of the spatial correlation structure, including the SOF, smoothness, and hole effect.

土壤空间变异性表现出明显的区域特征，这是由不同的地质过程、风化作用和沉积过程中的应力历史引起的。空间变异性会影响岩土系统的性能，准确捕捉空间变异性是进行可靠度分析的必要条件。本研究首先比较了自相关函数和方差缩减函数在不同拟合策略下的性能。随后，确定了在估计波动尺度（SOF）时产生最佳性能的采样策略。然后，在钱塘江沿岸各站点采集圆锥体穿透试验数据，量化冲积粉土的空间变异性参数。分析表明，随着研究范围的扩大，soff及其相关不确定性普遍增加。在5米至15米的尺度上，平均sofm从0.691米上升到1.225米。空穴效应描述了一种空间自相关函数，随着滞后距离的增加，该函数呈现出非单调的周期性模式。在sofm值为0.190 ~ 1.135 m范围内，75.6%的案例中发现了明显的孔效应，这可能与有节奏的潮汐沉积过程有关。余弦whittle - mat模型成功地捕获了空间相关结构的更精细的特征，包括柔度、平滑度和空穴效应。

{"title":"Capturing the hole effect in Qiantang River alluvial silt by cone penetration test","authors":"Yuguo Su , Tiantian Ying , Qiaokan Wang , Xiaodong Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil spatial variability exhibits significant regional characteristics arising from various geological processes, weathering effects, and stress history during sedimentation. The spatial variability can influence the performance of geotechnical systems, and accurately capturing it is essential for effective reliability analysis. This study first compares the performance of the auto-correlation function and variance reduction function under different fitting strategies. Subsequently, the sampling strategies that yield the best performance in estimating the scale of fluctuation (SOF) are identified. After that, cone penetration test data are collected from sites along the Qiantang River to quantify the spatial variability parameters of the alluvial silt. Analysis reveals that the SOF and its associated uncertainty generally increase with expanding investigation domain length. The mean SOF rises from 0.691 m to 1.225 m across scales from 5 m to 15 m. The hole effect describes a spatial autocorrelation function that exhibits a non-monotonic, cyclical pattern as lag distance increases. A significant hole effect, identified in 75.6% of cases with SOF values ranging from 0.190 m to 1.135 m, may be associated with rhythmic tidal sedimentation processes. The cosine Whittle-Matérn model successfully captures the finer features of the spatial correlation structure, including the SOF, smoothness, and hole effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108564"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of fracture mechanisms and potential instability modes in high-steep rock slopes using microseismic moment tensors: a case study 用微震矩张量识别高陡岩质边坡断裂机制和潜在失稳模式：一个案例研究

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108561

Haiyang Liu , Kaikai Wang , Ke Ma , Di Wu , Ziming Wang

The right-bank slope of the Dongzhuang Water Conservancy Project is characterized by steep relief and complex geology, making it susceptible to instability and challenging to evaluate. To monitor rock fracturing during excavation in real time, a high-precision microseismic monitoring system was deployed. A hybrid moment tensor inversion method helps to reveal the source mechanisms of these fractures. The study integrates geological anti-sliding analysis with borehole testing to identify compromised structural planes and assess the risk of potential sliding blocks. Most microseismic events are compressive fractures, predominantly located in high-stress zones and controlled by steep structural planes. Shear fractures constitute 17.86%, associated with pre-existing weaknesses, while tensile fractures occur mostly near free surfaces. Fracture sequences are classified into three categories based on source mechanisms. Sequence I is dominated by tensile-shear fractures. Sequence II shows a mix of shear-tensile and shear-compressive types with clear transitions. Sequence III exhibits variations between compressive-shear and tensile-shear fracturing. Two high-risk structural plane combinations (Mode II and Mode V) were detected on the right dam shoulder. These are controlled by mud-filled fractures (Rnj3), a fault (f5), and a bedding fracture (L60), and are consistent with field monitoring results.

东庄水利右岸边坡地势陡，地质复杂，易失稳，评价难度大。为了实时监测开挖过程中的岩石破裂，部署了高精度微震监测系统。混合矩张量反演方法有助于揭示这些裂缝的成因机制。该研究将地质抗滑分析与井眼测试相结合，以识别受损结构面并评估潜在滑块的风险。微地震事件多为压缩裂缝，主要位于高应力带，受陡峭构造面控制。剪切裂缝占17.86%，与先前存在的弱点有关，而拉伸裂缝主要发生在自由表面附近。根据震源机制，将裂缝序列划分为三类。层序1以张剪断裂为主。层序II显示剪切-拉伸和剪切-压缩混合类型，并有明显的过渡。层序III表现出压剪和拉剪压裂的差异。在右坝肩检测到2种高危结构面组合（II型和V型）。这些区域受充泥裂缝（Rnj3）、断层（f5）和层理裂缝（L60）控制，与现场监测结果一致。

{"title":"Identification of fracture mechanisms and potential instability modes in high-steep rock slopes using microseismic moment tensors: a case study","authors":"Haiyang Liu , Kaikai Wang , Ke Ma , Di Wu , Ziming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The right-bank slope of the Dongzhuang Water Conservancy Project is characterized by steep relief and complex geology, making it susceptible to instability and challenging to evaluate. To monitor rock fracturing during excavation in real time, a high-precision microseismic monitoring system was deployed. A hybrid moment tensor inversion method helps to reveal the source mechanisms of these fractures. The study integrates geological anti-sliding analysis with borehole testing to identify compromised structural planes and assess the risk of potential sliding blocks. Most microseismic events are compressive fractures, predominantly located in high-stress zones and controlled by steep structural planes. Shear fractures constitute 17.86%, associated with pre-existing weaknesses, while tensile fractures occur mostly near free surfaces. Fracture sequences are classified into three categories based on source mechanisms. Sequence I is dominated by tensile-shear fractures. Sequence II shows a mix of shear-tensile and shear-compressive types with clear transitions. Sequence III exhibits variations between compressive-shear and tensile-shear fracturing. Two high-risk structural plane combinations (Mode II and Mode V) were detected on the right dam shoulder. These are controlled by mud-filled fractures (Rnj3), a fault (f5), and a bedding fracture (L60), and are consistent with field monitoring results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108561"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seismic analysis of a zoned earth dam after decades of operation 某带状土坝运行数十年的地震分析

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108559

Mariagrazia Tretola , Lucia Coppola , Stefania Sica , Luca Pagano

The seismic safety assessment of zoned earth dams that have been in operation for several decades requires a preliminary evaluation of their pre-seismic behavior through the interpretation of monitoring data and laboratory tests on construction materials, collected throughout the dam's service life. Once it is verified whether any factors have influenced the dam's performance and whether this behavior remains consistent with the original design expectations, the seismic response can be analyzed using either pseudo-dynamic (Newmark-based) or coupled elastoplastic continuum approaches. The most relevant damage mechanisms are those affecting watertightness. Zoned earth dams may develop seismic-induced fractures resulting from sliding through the core or from stress release associated with distributed deformation. Coupled analyses provide fundamental physical insight into the processes governing hydraulic fracturing under both seismic and post-seismic conditions, while pseudo-dynamic methods offer valuable information on potential sliding mechanisms and on whether failure surfaces are likely to propagate through the core. The integration of these two approaches enables a deeper understanding of core vulnerability and improves the overall reliability of seismic safety evaluations. This study explores these aspects through the analysis of the Conza Dam in Italy—a unique case where a major earthquake occurred during construction, and where comparative testing of original and recent materials revealed progressive changes in properties over decades of operation. The combined application of pseudodynamic and coupled dynamic analyses to this case demonstrates their complementarity and effectiveness in predicting potential earthquake-induced damage.

对已经运行了几十年的带状土坝进行地震安全评估，需要通过对大坝整个使用寿命期间收集的监测数据和建筑材料的实验室测试的解释，对其震前行为进行初步评估。一旦验证了是否有任何因素影响了大坝的性能，以及这种行为是否与最初的设计预期保持一致，就可以使用伪动力（基于newmark的）或耦合弹塑性连续体方法来分析地震反应。最相关的破坏机制是影响水密性的破坏机制。分带式土坝可能由于岩心滑动或与分布变形相关的应力释放而产生地震诱发裂缝。耦合分析为地震和震后条件下的水力压裂控制过程提供了基本的物理见解，而伪动力方法提供了关于潜在滑动机制和破坏面是否可能通过岩心传播的有价值的信息。这两种方法的结合可以更深入地了解岩心脆弱性，提高地震安全评估的整体可靠性。本研究通过对意大利Conza大坝的分析探讨了这些方面——这是一个独特的案例，在施工期间发生了一次大地震，对原始材料和新材料的对比测试揭示了数十年运行中性能的逐步变化。将拟动力分析和耦合动力分析结合应用于该实例，证明了两者在地震潜在损伤预测中的互补性和有效性。

{"title":"Seismic analysis of a zoned earth dam after decades of operation","authors":"Mariagrazia Tretola , Lucia Coppola , Stefania Sica , Luca Pagano","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seismic safety assessment of zoned earth dams that have been in operation for several decades requires a preliminary evaluation of their pre-seismic behavior through the interpretation of monitoring data and laboratory tests on construction materials, collected throughout the dam's service life. Once it is verified whether any factors have influenced the dam's performance and whether this behavior remains consistent with the original design expectations, the seismic response can be analyzed using either pseudo-dynamic (Newmark-based) or coupled elastoplastic continuum approaches. The most relevant damage mechanisms are those affecting watertightness. Zoned earth dams may develop seismic-induced fractures resulting from sliding through the core or from stress release associated with distributed deformation. Coupled analyses provide fundamental physical insight into the processes governing hydraulic fracturing under both seismic and post-seismic conditions, while pseudo-dynamic methods offer valuable information on potential sliding mechanisms and on whether failure surfaces are likely to propagate through the core. The integration of these two approaches enables a deeper understanding of core vulnerability and improves the overall reliability of seismic safety evaluations. This study explores these aspects through the analysis of the Conza Dam in Italy—a unique case where a major earthquake occurred during construction, and where comparative testing of original and recent materials revealed progressive changes in properties over decades of operation. The combined application of pseudodynamic and coupled dynamic analyses to this case demonstrates their complementarity and effectiveness in predicting potential earthquake-induced damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108559"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Creep behavior of rocks under coupled high stress and water pressure 高应力-水压耦合作用下岩石蠕变特性研究

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108562

Shun Ding, Shibin Tang

Understanding the time-dependent deformation and failure mechanisms of rock under coupled high stress and water pressure is essential for evaluating the long-term stability of deep rock engineering. This study employs a self-developed triaxial hydraulic loading system to investigate the seepage–creep behavior of sandstone, marble, and granite under different hydraulic boundary conditions. The results show that unpressurized seepage increases creep strain and reduces failure time, leading to tensile failure on the rock surface. Lateral pressurized seepage not only accelerates primary creep strain in dry rock samples but may also suppress secondary creep behavior. A notable finding is that as water pressure increases, the creep failure time presents a distinct U-shaped trend. Specifically, the shortest failure time is observed at 1 MPa when the axial stress exceeds the saturated uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Compared with previous studies, the results indicate that pressurized seepage produces a dual strengthening effect under saturated conditions: pore water pressure partially offsets the axial stress, while lateral water pressure enhances creep resistance. Lithology is a dominant factor; high-porosity sandstone undergoes rapid degradation owing to weak cementation. However, creep failure still occurs once the cumulative microscopic damage induced by pore water pressure surpasses the strengthening effects. Notably, the unloading of water pressure can trigger an instantaneous increase in creep strain or even immediate failure, particularly in marble and granite. Overall, these findings provide important insight into developing a comprehensive understanding of both delayed and instantaneous water-induced failures in deep rock engineering.

了解岩石在高应力-水压耦合作用下的变形破坏机制是评价深部岩石工程长期稳定性的基础。采用自行研制的三轴水力加载系统，研究了不同水力边界条件下砂岩、大理石和花岗岩的渗流蠕变特性。结果表明：非加压渗流增加了蠕变应变，缩短了破坏时间，导致岩石表面出现拉伸破坏；侧向加压渗流不仅加速了干岩样的原生蠕变应变，而且抑制了次生蠕变行为。值得注意的是，随着水压的增加，蠕变破坏时间呈现明显的u型趋势。其中，当轴向应力超过饱和单轴抗压强度（UCS）时，破坏时间在1mpa时最短。与前人研究结果相比，饱和条件下加压渗流具有双重强化作用，孔隙水压力部分抵消轴向应力，侧压力增强抗蠕变能力。岩性是主导因素；高孔隙度砂岩由于胶结作用弱，降解速度快。然而，当孔隙水压力引起的累积细观损伤超过强化效应时，蠕变破坏仍会发生。值得注意的是，水压的卸载可以触发蠕变应变的瞬时增加甚至立即破坏，特别是在大理石和花岗岩中。总的来说，这些发现为全面理解深部岩石工程中延迟和瞬时水致破坏提供了重要的见解。

{"title":"Creep behavior of rocks under coupled high stress and water pressure","authors":"Shun Ding, Shibin Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the time-dependent deformation and failure mechanisms of rock under coupled high stress and water pressure is essential for evaluating the long-term stability of deep rock engineering. This study employs a self-developed triaxial hydraulic loading system to investigate the seepage–creep behavior of sandstone, marble, and granite under different hydraulic boundary conditions. The results show that unpressurized seepage increases creep strain and reduces failure time, leading to tensile failure on the rock surface. Lateral pressurized seepage not only accelerates primary creep strain in dry rock samples but may also suppress secondary creep behavior. A notable finding is that as water pressure increases, the creep failure time presents a distinct U-shaped trend. Specifically, the shortest failure time is observed at 1 MPa when the axial stress exceeds the saturated uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Compared with previous studies, the results indicate that pressurized seepage produces a dual strengthening effect under saturated conditions: pore water pressure partially offsets the axial stress, while lateral water pressure enhances creep resistance. Lithology is a dominant factor; high-porosity sandstone undergoes rapid degradation owing to weak cementation. However, creep failure still occurs once the cumulative microscopic damage induced by pore water pressure surpasses the strengthening effects. Notably, the unloading of water pressure can trigger an instantaneous increase in creep strain or even immediate failure, particularly in marble and granite. Overall, these findings provide important insight into developing a comprehensive understanding of both delayed and instantaneous water-induced failures in deep rock engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108562"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

3D seismic response and disaster performance of T-shaped intersecting valley fault sites: A case study of a simply supported beam bridge across fault t形相交谷断层位的三维地震反应与灾害性能——以跨断层简支梁桥为例

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108563

Ke Yin , Zhiping Hu , Rui Wang , Xianglong Xu , Boyu Wang , Chao Zhang

Irregular topography and faults significantly affect seismic responses, causing notable variations that may show within 1 km². This study investigates a simply supported bridge site in the Tianshan region, which features a fault and T-shaped intersecting valley topography. The site's actual topography is simulated to establish 3D finite element models, either considering or neglecting the influence of the fault, with 25 seismic waves input from different directions. The seismic response characteristics and mechanisms of the site and their impact on the simply supported beam bridge were analyzed. The results show that irregular topography and faults mainly affect the site's short-period (0.1–0.5 s) spectral acceleration. Short-period spectral acceleration at the peak is approximately twice that at the valley. In terms of the influence of the fault, seismic motion parallel or perpendicular to the fault strike enhances the short-period response near the fault by 1.6 or 4.9 times, respectively. When the seismic motion is parallel to the fault, the footwall response increases slightly, while the hanging wall undergoes no significant change. When the seismic motion is perpendicular to the fault, both the footwall and hanging wall responses increase, with a greater enhancement in the hanging wall response. This is likely related to the dynamic behavior of the fault zone and the seismic wave propagation mechanism. Considering the influence of the fault, energy dissipation, damage, and deformation of the bridge piers on both sides of the fault increase, especially when the seismic motion is perpendicular to the fault strike. The seismic resistance of the bridge in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike should be enhanced.

不规则地形和断层对地震反应有显著影响，在1平方公里范围内可能出现显著变化。本研究以天山地区某简支桥址为研究对象，该桥址具有断层和t型相交山谷地形。模拟场地实际地形，建立三维有限元模型，考虑或忽略断层的影响，从不同方向输入25个地震波。分析了场地的地震反应特征、机理及其对简支梁桥的影响。结果表明，不规则地形和断层主要影响场地的短周期（0.1 ~ 0.5 s）谱加速。峰处的短周期谱加速度大约是谷处的两倍。在断层影响方面，平行或垂直于断层走向的地震运动对断层附近的短周期响应分别提高了1.6倍和4.9倍。当地震运动与断层平行时，下盘响应略有增加，而上盘响应变化不明显。当地震运动垂直于断层方向时，下盘和上盘响应均增大，且上盘响应增强较大。这可能与断裂带的动力特性和地震波传播机制有关。考虑断层的影响，断层两侧桥墩的能量耗散、破坏和变形增加，特别是当地震运动垂直于断层走向时。在与断层走向垂直的方向上，应加强桥梁的抗震能力。

{"title":"3D seismic response and disaster performance of T-shaped intersecting valley fault sites: A case study of a simply supported beam bridge across fault","authors":"Ke Yin , Zhiping Hu , Rui Wang , Xianglong Xu , Boyu Wang , Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Irregular topography and faults significantly affect seismic responses, causing notable variations that may show within 1 km<sup>2</sup>. This study investigates a simply supported bridge site in the Tianshan region, which features a fault and T-shaped intersecting valley topography. The site's actual topography is simulated to establish 3D finite element models, either considering or neglecting the influence of the fault, with 25 seismic waves input from different directions. The seismic response characteristics and mechanisms of the site and their impact on the simply supported beam bridge were analyzed. The results show that irregular topography and faults mainly affect the site's short-period (0.1–0.5 s) spectral acceleration. Short-period spectral acceleration at the peak is approximately twice that at the valley. In terms of the influence of the fault, seismic motion parallel or perpendicular to the fault strike enhances the short-period response near the fault by 1.6 or 4.9 times, respectively. When the seismic motion is parallel to the fault, the footwall response increases slightly, while the hanging wall undergoes no significant change. When the seismic motion is perpendicular to the fault, both the footwall and hanging wall responses increase, with a greater enhancement in the hanging wall response. This is likely related to the dynamic behavior of the fault zone and the seismic wave propagation mechanism. Considering the influence of the fault, energy dissipation, damage, and deformation of the bridge piers on both sides of the fault increase, especially when the seismic motion is perpendicular to the fault strike. The seismic resistance of the bridge in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike should be enhanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108563"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Elastodynamic imaging of voids in a PML-truncated layered solid using a deep convolutional neural network 基于深度卷积神经网络的pml截断层状实体空隙弹性动力学成像

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108545

Boyoung Kim , Shashwat Maharjan , Bruno Guidio , Jacob Thomas , Fazle Mahdi Pranto , Chanseok Jeong

Voids in the subsurface pose significant challenges to infrastructure stability and safety, often leading to structural failures and costly repairs. In this study, we propose a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) framework for elastodynamic imaging of voids in a semi-infinite soil domain truncated by non-convolutional second-order complex-frequency-shifted perfectly matched layers (CFS-PML). The method employs element-wise classification to map void probabilities within the domain using elastodynamic surface responses from non-scanning type probing. The training datasets are generated using a level-set wave solver, producing input-layer features from measured surface responses and output-layer features as element grid maps indicating void probabilities. The DCNN is trained to predict the void probability in each element and reconstructs targeted voids by clustering high-probability elements. Numerical results demonstrate that, via rigorous out-of-distribution tests, the proposed DCNN can effectively detect and image voids, including those with complex shapes that were not even included in training data. The model’s performance remains stable under receiver uncertainties, including measurement noise and random tilting, with noise-trained models showing notably improved robustness. It also yields reasonable predictions under sparse receiver layouts and maintains stable performance across material-property variations. Compared with full-waveform inversion, our DCNN offers more accurate reconstructions, making void locations clearer. This study highlights the potential of integrating advanced deep-learning techniques with wave propagation models for improved subsurface exploration and characterization.

地下空洞对基础设施的稳定性和安全性构成重大挑战，经常导致结构失效和昂贵的维修费用。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个深度卷积神经网络（DCNN）框架，用于非卷积二阶复频移完美匹配层（CFS-PML）截断的半无限土域中空隙的弹性动力学成像。该方法采用单元分类，利用非扫描型探测的弹性动力表面响应来映射区域内的空洞概率。训练数据集是使用水平集波求解器生成的，从测量的表面响应和输出层特征中产生输入层特征，作为指示空洞概率的元素网格图。训练DCNN预测每个元素的空洞概率，并通过聚类高概率元素重建目标空洞。数值结果表明，通过严格的离分布测试，该方法可以有效地检测和图像空洞，包括那些没有包含在训练数据中的复杂形状的空洞。该模型的性能在接收器不确定性下保持稳定，包括测量噪声和随机倾斜，噪声训练模型的鲁棒性显着提高。它还可以在稀疏接收器布局下产生合理的预测，并在材料属性变化中保持稳定的性能。与全波形反演相比，我们的DCNN提供了更精确的重建，使空洞位置更清晰。该研究强调了将先进的深度学习技术与波传播模型相结合，以改进地下勘探和表征的潜力。

{"title":"Elastodynamic imaging of voids in a PML-truncated layered solid using a deep convolutional neural network","authors":"Boyoung Kim , Shashwat Maharjan , Bruno Guidio , Jacob Thomas , Fazle Mahdi Pranto , Chanseok Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Voids in the subsurface pose significant challenges to infrastructure stability and safety, often leading to structural failures and costly repairs. In this study, we propose a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) framework for elastodynamic imaging of voids in a semi-infinite soil domain truncated by non-convolutional second-order complex-frequency-shifted perfectly matched layers (CFS-PML). The method employs element-wise classification to map void probabilities within the domain using elastodynamic surface responses from non-scanning type probing. The training datasets are generated using a level-set wave solver, producing input-layer features from measured surface responses and output-layer features as element grid maps indicating void probabilities. The DCNN is trained to predict the void probability in each element and reconstructs targeted voids by clustering high-probability elements. Numerical results demonstrate that, via rigorous out-of-distribution tests, the proposed DCNN can effectively detect and image voids, including those with complex shapes that were not even included in training data. The model’s performance remains stable under receiver uncertainties, including measurement noise and random tilting, with noise-trained models showing notably improved robustness. It also yields reasonable predictions under sparse receiver layouts and maintains stable performance across material-property variations. Compared with full-waveform inversion, our DCNN offers more accurate reconstructions, making void locations clearer. This study highlights the potential of integrating advanced deep-learning techniques with wave propagation models for improved subsurface exploration and characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108545"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Creep behavior and microstructural evolution of unsaturated red-bed mudstone under coupled matric suction-stress effects 基质吸力-应力耦合作用下非饱和红层泥岩蠕变行为及微观结构演化

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108558

Guoqing Cai , Fengjie Yin , Hengshuo Liu , Yanlin Su , Rui Yang

Red-bed mudstone is a widely distributed sedimentary fill material in western China and exhibits pronounced moisture sensitivity, making it susceptible to long-term creep deformation under unsaturated conditions. To elucidate its time-dependent mechanical behavior and underlying microstructural control mechanisms, a series of multi-stage creep tests was conducted using a GDS double-cell unsaturated triaxial apparatus under controlled matric suctions of 100, 200, and 300 kPa. The microstructural evolution before and after creep was systematically investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results indicate that red-bed mudstone exhibits strongly nonlinear, time-dependent deformation characteristics under coupled matric suction-stress conditions. At high creep loading levels, increasing matric suction markedly suppresses pore collapse and compressive deformation, leading to a progressive transition in the creep mechanism from compression-dominated to shear-dominated behavior. Matric suction primarily inhibits creep deformation by enhancing structural stability, whereas higher stress levels intensify structural rearrangement and compaction. Microstructural analyses further reveal that increasing suction reduces pore connectivity and promotes face-to-face contacts between platy minerals, thereby effectively slowing the creep rate. In addition, the regulatory effect of matric suction on creep stiffness shows a pronounced dependence on stress level, and creep stiffness exhibits a characteristic time-dependent softening behavior. These findings provide new insights into the long-term creep deformation mechanisms of unsaturated red-bed mudstone and offer valuable reference information for evaluating the long-term stability of high-fill station-yard subgrades under complex geological conditions.

红层泥岩是中国西部地区广泛分布的沉积填充物，具有明显的水分敏感性，在非饱和条件下易发生长期蠕变变形。为了阐明其随时间变化的力学行为和潜在的微观结构控制机制，使用GDS双室非饱和三轴仪在100,200和300 kPa的受控基质吸力下进行了一系列多阶段蠕变试验。采用扫描电镜（SEM）和压汞孔隙法（MIP）对蠕变前后的微观组织演变进行了系统研究。结果表明，红层泥岩在基质吸力-应力耦合作用下表现出强烈的非线性、时变变形特征。在高蠕变加载水平下，增加基质吸力可显著抑制孔隙坍塌和压缩变形，导致蠕变机制由压缩主导向剪切主导逐步转变。基质吸力主要通过增强结构稳定性来抑制蠕变变形，而较高的应力水平会加剧结构重排和压实。微观结构分析进一步表明，吸力的增加降低了孔隙连通性，促进了板状矿物之间的面对面接触，从而有效地减缓了蠕变速率。此外，基质吸力对蠕变刚度的调节作用明显依赖于应力水平，蠕变刚度表现出典型的随时间变化的软化行为。这些研究结果为研究非饱和红层泥岩的长期蠕变变形机制提供了新的认识，为评价复杂地质条件下高填方站场路基的长期稳定性提供了有价值的参考信息。

{"title":"Creep behavior and microstructural evolution of unsaturated red-bed mudstone under coupled matric suction-stress effects","authors":"Guoqing Cai , Fengjie Yin , Hengshuo Liu , Yanlin Su , Rui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red-bed mudstone is a widely distributed sedimentary fill material in western China and exhibits pronounced moisture sensitivity, making it susceptible to long-term creep deformation under unsaturated conditions. To elucidate its time-dependent mechanical behavior and underlying microstructural control mechanisms, a series of multi-stage creep tests was conducted using a GDS double-cell unsaturated triaxial apparatus under controlled matric suctions of 100, 200, and 300 kPa. The microstructural evolution before and after creep was systematically investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results indicate that red-bed mudstone exhibits strongly nonlinear, time-dependent deformation characteristics under coupled matric suction-stress conditions. At high creep loading levels, increasing matric suction markedly suppresses pore collapse and compressive deformation, leading to a progressive transition in the creep mechanism from compression-dominated to shear-dominated behavior. Matric suction primarily inhibits creep deformation by enhancing structural stability, whereas higher stress levels intensify structural rearrangement and compaction. Microstructural analyses further reveal that increasing suction reduces pore connectivity and promotes face-to-face contacts between platy minerals, thereby effectively slowing the creep rate. In addition, the regulatory effect of matric suction on creep stiffness shows a pronounced dependence on stress level, and creep stiffness exhibits a characteristic time-dependent softening behavior. These findings provide new insights into the long-term creep deformation mechanisms of unsaturated red-bed mudstone and offer valuable reference information for evaluating the long-term stability of high-fill station-yard subgrades under complex geological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108558"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the applicability of simulated soil moisture index in forecasting post-earthquake debris flows 评价模拟土壤水分指数在震后泥石流预报中的适用性

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108557

Zhen-Lei Wei, Xuan-Mei Fan, Xiao-Jian Wang, Jing-Kan Huo, Jie Yang

The inclusion of soil moisture metrics in hydro-meteorological criteria has proven effective in improving debris flow predictions. However, the applicability of simulated soil moisture index in forecasting post-earthquake debris flows remains unclear. This study evaluates hydro-meteorological thresholds for post-earthquake debris flows using both simulated and observed soil moisture data. We analyzed in-situ monitoring data from two rainy seasons in a debris flow-prone catchment, comparing thresholds derived from a simulated soil moisture index (based on a conceptual hydrological model) with those from in-situ. Two models, bi-linear and random forest, were used to establish thresholds. The results show that, in bi-linear models, simulated thresholds yielded a slightly higher accuracy (0.92) compared to observed thresholds (0.90). In random forest models, both simulated and observed thresholds performed comparably, with accuracies near 0.89. While simulated thresholds demonstrate practical utility for early warning systems (as they can be pre-calculated using rainfall forecasts), observed thresholds retain importance as they allow direct measurement, facilitating debris flow identification and characterization. This analysis highlights context-dependent trade-offs rather than a universal superiority of either approach, offering insights for optimizing debris flow prediction.

将土壤湿度指标纳入水文气象标准已被证明对改善泥石流预测是有效的。然而，模拟土壤水分指数在震后泥石流预报中的适用性尚不明确。本研究利用模拟和观测的土壤湿度资料，评估震后泥石流的水文气象阈值。我们分析了一个泥石流易发流域两个雨季的现场监测数据，比较了模拟土壤湿度指数（基于概念水文模型）与现场监测数据的阈值。采用双线性模型和随机森林模型建立阈值。结果表明，在双线性模型中，模拟阈值的精度（0.92）略高于观测阈值（0.90）。在随机森林模型中，模拟阈值和观测阈值的表现相当，精度接近0.89。虽然模拟阈值显示了早期预警系统的实际效用（因为它们可以使用降雨预报预先计算），但观测到的阈值仍然很重要，因为它们允许直接测量，促进泥石流识别和表征。该分析强调了上下文相关的权衡，而不是任何一种方法的普遍优势，为优化泥石流预测提供了见解。

{"title":"Evaluating the applicability of simulated soil moisture index in forecasting post-earthquake debris flows","authors":"Zhen-Lei Wei, Xuan-Mei Fan, Xiao-Jian Wang, Jing-Kan Huo, Jie Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inclusion of soil moisture metrics in hydro-meteorological criteria has proven effective in improving debris flow predictions. However, the applicability of simulated soil moisture index in forecasting post-earthquake debris flows remains unclear. This study evaluates hydro-meteorological thresholds for post-earthquake debris flows using both simulated and observed soil moisture data. We analyzed in-situ monitoring data from two rainy seasons in a debris flow-prone catchment, comparing thresholds derived from a simulated soil moisture index (based on a conceptual hydrological model) with those from in-situ. Two models, bi-linear and random forest, were used to establish thresholds. The results show that, in bi-linear models, simulated thresholds yielded a slightly higher accuracy (0.92) compared to observed thresholds (0.90). In random forest models, both simulated and observed thresholds performed comparably, with accuracies near 0.89. While simulated thresholds demonstrate practical utility for early warning systems (as they can be pre-calculated using rainfall forecasts), observed thresholds retain importance as they allow direct measurement, facilitating debris flow identification and characterization. This analysis highlights context-dependent trade-offs rather than a universal superiority of either approach, offering insights for optimizing debris flow prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108557"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0