Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107957
Tao Xiang , Mohammad Khosravi , Ali Khosravi , Henry Bokuniewicz , Ali Farhadzadeh
The recession of a sandy bluff was investigated in a controlled laboratory wave flume, replicating the complex interactions between hydrodynamic forcing, sediment transport processes, and bluff slope stability. A comprehensive monitoring approach measured water levels, pore water pressures, moisture content, and detailed bathymetric-topographic data, providing a thorough understanding of the governing mechanisms and their interrelationships within the beach-bluff system. Bluff recession occurred through notch formation at the bluff toe, followed by a series of minor and major episodic bluff failures. Pore-water pressure variations within the bluff were closely linked to morphological changes on the beach and the bluff's instability. The final beach profile exhibited distinct characteristics: near the shoreline, it was steeper than the equilibrium beach profile due to the sediment supplied by bluff recession. Cross-spectral analysis between water level fluctuations and pore water pressure signals revealed a strong coupling between incident wave energy and pore water pressure responses within the beach-bluff system. The rapid rise in saturation, along with the formation and expansion of the notch, contributed to bluff instability and episodic failure events.
{"title":"Hydromechanical factors influencing erosion and recession of compacted sandy bluffs under random waves actions","authors":"Tao Xiang , Mohammad Khosravi , Ali Khosravi , Henry Bokuniewicz , Ali Farhadzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recession of a sandy bluff was investigated in a controlled laboratory wave flume, replicating the complex interactions between hydrodynamic forcing, sediment transport processes, and bluff slope stability. A comprehensive monitoring approach measured water levels, pore water pressures, moisture content, and detailed bathymetric-topographic data, providing a thorough understanding of the governing mechanisms and their interrelationships within the beach-bluff system. Bluff recession occurred through notch formation at the bluff toe, followed by a series of minor and major episodic bluff failures. Pore-water pressure variations within the bluff were closely linked to morphological changes on the beach and the bluff's instability. The final beach profile exhibited distinct characteristics: near the shoreline, it was steeper than the equilibrium beach profile due to the sediment supplied by bluff recession. Cross-spectral analysis between water level fluctuations and pore water pressure signals revealed a strong coupling between incident wave energy and pore water pressure responses within the beach-bluff system. The rapid rise in saturation, along with the formation and expansion of the notch, contributed to bluff instability and episodic failure events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 107957"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107861
Mao-Xin Wang , Dian-Qing Li
The bedrock depth and soil-bedrock impedance contrast are usually neglected in existing predictions of earthquake-induced slope displacement (D). This study develops predictive models for equivalent seismic loading parameters (that measure the dynamic response of sliding mass) and D, based on over 267,000 dynamic response analyses and more than 7 million sliding block analyses. The models are advantageous over the existing ones in: (i) incorporating the distance between slip surface and bedrock along with the effects of dynamic response and soil-bedrock impedance contrast; (ii) introducing artificial neural network (ANN) to improve predictive accuracy compared to classical functional forms; (iii) utilizing pseudo-spectral accelerations (SAs) at specific periods as alternative predictors to the less readily available mean period (Tm), with a systematic comparison between the Tm- and SA-dependent predictions. Multiple parallel models, incorporating various intensity measures (IMs) as predictor variables, are provided to potentially account for epistemic uncertainty and address situations where seismic hazard information is limited to specific IMs, while the newly introduced IM-vector [peak ground acceleration, spectrum intensity] is recommended. The models generally yield unbiased predictions without overfitting. Moreover, classical functional forms are utilized to construct reference models employing the same predictors and data for comparative purposes. The results reveal that ANN decreases the standard deviations of loading parameters and D by 25–60 % and 5–20 %, respectively. This article not only provides explorative insights into the machine learning application, but also offers a practical tool for the quick evaluation of seismic slope performance on both site-specific and regional scales.
{"title":"Predictive equations for earthquake-induced dynamic response and permanent displacements of slopes considering bedrock depth and impedance contrast","authors":"Mao-Xin Wang , Dian-Qing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bedrock depth and soil-bedrock impedance contrast are usually neglected in existing predictions of earthquake-induced slope displacement (<em>D</em>). This study develops predictive models for equivalent seismic loading parameters (that measure the dynamic response of sliding mass) and <em>D</em>, based on over 267,000 dynamic response analyses and more than 7 million sliding block analyses. The models are advantageous over the existing ones in: (i) incorporating the distance between slip surface and bedrock along with the effects of dynamic response and soil-bedrock impedance contrast; (ii) introducing artificial neural network (ANN) to improve predictive accuracy compared to classical functional forms; (iii) utilizing pseudo-spectral accelerations (SAs) at specific periods as alternative predictors to the less readily available mean period (T<sub>m</sub>), with a systematic comparison between the T<sub>m</sub>- and SA-dependent predictions. Multiple parallel models, incorporating various intensity measures (IMs) as predictor variables, are provided to potentially account for epistemic uncertainty and address situations where seismic hazard information is limited to specific IMs, while the newly introduced IM-vector [peak ground acceleration, spectrum intensity] is recommended. The models generally yield unbiased predictions without overfitting. Moreover, classical functional forms are utilized to construct reference models employing the same predictors and data for comparative purposes. The results reveal that ANN decreases the standard deviations of loading parameters and <em>D</em> by 25–60 % and 5–20 %, respectively. This article not only provides explorative insights into the machine learning application, but also offers a practical tool for the quick evaluation of seismic slope performance on both site-specific and regional scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107861"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107946
Qiang Xu , Chuanhao Pu , Xiaochen Wang , Xiang Gong , Zhigang Li , Kuanyao Zhao , Wanlin Chen , Huajin Li , Pinglang Kou
The mountain excavation and city construction (MECC) of the Yan'an New District (YND) project has attracted much attention due to the resulting large-scale creation of land in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Thus, studies related to geohazards caused by MECC project, such as subsidence, have also been widely reported. However, little is known about the land uplift associated with MECC project. The spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of uplift associated with MECC project in the YND were investigated in this study. First, the spatiotemporal patterns of uplift in the YND were revealed via small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) analysis of Sentinel-1 data from 2016 to 2019. Then, the surface stress changes associated with the MECC project were calculated based on geotechnical principles. Finally, the correlation between uplift patterns and stress changes was quantified to reveal the uplift mechanisms. The results show a decaying uplift trend with a maximum uplift rate of 24.8 mm/yr, which was detected in the excavated mountain areas and covers 26.6 % of the YND. The MECC project has induced substantial surface stress changes, especially mass load releases of over 1700 kPa in the excavated areas, which was positively correlated with uplift, suggesting that load release controls the spatial pattern and magnitude of uplift. The main intrinsic mechanism driving uplift in the YND is rebound creep resulting from the stress field readjustment in response to mountain excavation (load release), whereas the additional stress brought by human activities is the main external factor inhibiting uplift. These findings contribute to the rational optimization of land creation and subsequent urban construction and can help mitigate hazards associated with large-scale MECC projects.
{"title":"Revealing terrestrial uplift in large-scale land creation areas on the Loess Plateau using InSAR time series data","authors":"Qiang Xu , Chuanhao Pu , Xiaochen Wang , Xiang Gong , Zhigang Li , Kuanyao Zhao , Wanlin Chen , Huajin Li , Pinglang Kou","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mountain excavation and city construction (MECC) of the Yan'an New District (YND) project has attracted much attention due to the resulting large-scale creation of land in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Thus, studies related to geohazards caused by MECC project, such as subsidence, have also been widely reported. However, little is known about the land uplift associated with MECC project. The spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of uplift associated with MECC project in the YND were investigated in this study. First, the spatiotemporal patterns of uplift in the YND were revealed via small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) analysis of Sentinel-1 data from 2016 to 2019. Then, the surface stress changes associated with the MECC project were calculated based on geotechnical principles. Finally, the correlation between uplift patterns and stress changes was quantified to reveal the uplift mechanisms. The results show a decaying uplift trend with a maximum uplift rate of 24.8 mm/yr, which was detected in the excavated mountain areas and covers 26.6 % of the YND. The MECC project has induced substantial surface stress changes, especially mass load releases of over 1700 kPa in the excavated areas, which was positively correlated with uplift, suggesting that load release controls the spatial pattern and magnitude of uplift. The main intrinsic mechanism driving uplift in the YND is rebound creep resulting from the stress field readjustment in response to mountain excavation (load release), whereas the additional stress brought by human activities is the main external factor inhibiting uplift. These findings contribute to the rational optimization of land creation and subsequent urban construction and can help mitigate hazards associated with large-scale MECC projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107946"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107949
Yan Zhao , Yajun Li , Jiaoyu Zheng , Yirui Wang , Xingmin Meng , Dongxia Yue , Fuyun Guo , Guan Chen , Tianjun Qi , Yongjun Zhang
Rainfall plays a crucial role in triggering debris flows, and the rainfall Intensity-Duration (ID) threshold curve is widely used in early warning systems for debris flows and landslides. However, this model has a notable limitation: it cannot differentiate between rainfall processes with different peaks when the rainfall duration and average rainfall intensity of two rain events are the same. To address this limitation, we proposed the concepts of energy rainfall intensity (Ie) and comprehensive rainfall intensity (Ic) for the first time. By combining Ie, maximum rainfall intensity (Im) and average rainfall intensity (I) in different ways, we constructed a comprehensive rainfall intensity-duration threshold curve (Ic − D). By simulating the differences in peak discharges produced by different rainfall processes using the SCS hydrological model, we explored the superiority of the new rainfall intensity parameters. This newly-developed threshold curve improves the accuracy in predicting debris flow occurrences, reducing false alarms and missed alarms by 23 % compared to a traditional ID approach, and holds importance for improving early warning models in predicting debris flows.
{"title":"A new rainfall Intensity−Duration threshold curve for debris flows using comprehensive rainfall intensity","authors":"Yan Zhao , Yajun Li , Jiaoyu Zheng , Yirui Wang , Xingmin Meng , Dongxia Yue , Fuyun Guo , Guan Chen , Tianjun Qi , Yongjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfall plays a crucial role in triggering debris flows, and the rainfall Intensity-Duration (<em>I</em><img><em>D</em>) threshold curve is widely used in early warning systems for debris flows and landslides. However, this model has a notable limitation: it cannot differentiate between rainfall processes with different peaks when the rainfall duration and average rainfall intensity of two rain events are the same. To address this limitation, we proposed the concepts of energy rainfall intensity (<em>I</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>) and comprehensive rainfall intensity (<em>I</em><sub><em>c</em></sub>) for the first time. By combining <em>I</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, maximum rainfall intensity (<em>I</em><sub><em>m</em></sub>) and average rainfall intensity (<em>I</em>) in different ways, we constructed a comprehensive rainfall intensity-duration threshold curve (<em>I</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> − <em>D</em>). By simulating the differences in peak discharges produced by different rainfall processes using the SCS hydrological model, we explored the superiority of the new rainfall intensity parameters. This newly-developed threshold curve improves the accuracy in predicting debris flow occurrences, reducing false alarms and missed alarms by 23 % compared to a traditional <em>I</em><img><em>D</em> approach, and holds importance for improving early warning models in predicting debris flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107949"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107868
Moon-Gyo Lee , Chang-Guk Sun , Han-Saem Kim , Yun-Wook Choo , Hyung-Ik Cho
Topographic effects can alter seismic ground motion characteristics, resulting in complex seismic responses on slopes, ridges, and other irregular terrains. While the significance of topographic amplification has been observed in historical earthquakes and extensively studied, quantifying and parameterizing the variations in seismic motion caused by these effects remains challenging. This study investigates the seismic responses of single-sided slopes under topographic and site influences using geotechnical centrifuge modeling. Various input motions, including actual earthquake records, were applied to identical slope models with different subsoil thicknesses. The results revealed that topographic amplification at the slope crest was frequency-dependent, contrary to the conventional assumption of uniform topographic amplification factors. Significant resonances were identified at specific frequencies associated with topographic and site features, leading to notable crest amplification. Amplification was further enhanced when the resonant frequencies of topographic and site features converged. Through comprehensive analysis in the time, frequency, and time–frequency domains, we evaluated the resonant frequency bands induced by topographic and site features and their amplifications. Additionally, the study confirmed that the seismic responses of the slope models to actual earthquake motions closely resembled those of sinusoidal waves with similar frequency characteristics, supporting the reliability and field applicability of the findings. These insights improve our understanding of topographic and site effects on seismic ground motion and highlight the need to accurately incorporate these effects into design spectra for regions with complex terrain.
{"title":"Experimental study on site and topographic effects on seismic responses in single-sided slopes","authors":"Moon-Gyo Lee , Chang-Guk Sun , Han-Saem Kim , Yun-Wook Choo , Hyung-Ik Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topographic effects can alter seismic ground motion characteristics, resulting in complex seismic responses on slopes, ridges, and other irregular terrains. While the significance of topographic amplification has been observed in historical earthquakes and extensively studied, quantifying and parameterizing the variations in seismic motion caused by these effects remains challenging. This study investigates the seismic responses of single-sided slopes under topographic and site influences using geotechnical centrifuge modeling. Various input motions, including actual earthquake records, were applied to identical slope models with different subsoil thicknesses. The results revealed that topographic amplification at the slope crest was frequency-dependent, contrary to the conventional assumption of uniform topographic amplification factors. Significant resonances were identified at specific frequencies associated with topographic and site features, leading to notable crest amplification. Amplification was further enhanced when the resonant frequencies of topographic and site features converged. Through comprehensive analysis in the time, frequency, and time–frequency domains, we evaluated the resonant frequency bands induced by topographic and site features and their amplifications. Additionally, the study confirmed that the seismic responses of the slope models to actual earthquake motions closely resembled those of sinusoidal waves with similar frequency characteristics, supporting the reliability and field applicability of the findings. These insights improve our understanding of topographic and site effects on seismic ground motion and highlight the need to accurately incorporate these effects into design spectra for regions with complex terrain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107868"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107869
Lei Shi , Xiao Yang , Jinxin Li , Haiyang Qiao , Bin Zhang , Jianwei Zhang
This study explored in detail the influence of factors related to microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) on permeability reduction. A stage injection strategy was adapted, in which the bacterial and cementing solutions were sequentially injected. Three factors were considered: volume ratio between the bacterial and cementing solutions, cementing solution concentration, and injection flow rate. Analyses were conducted to determine the influence of the three factors on the permeability reduction effect. The permeability reduction effect was evaluated based on the hydraulic conductivity reduction rate, CaCO3 mass, CaCO3 distribution, and crystal characteristics. Some interesting findings were presented. Firstly, the three factors influenced the permeability reduction in the fracture, mainly through the influence of the induced CaCO3 mass. An increase in the volume ratio between the bacterial and cementing solutions has a positive effect on permeability reduction. An increase in the injection flow rate has a negative effect on the permeability reduction. The cementing solution concentration had a positive effect on the permeability reduction when it was smaller than a certain value, e.g. 1.5 mol/L. Secondly, the three factors influenced the uniform distribution of the induced CaCO3, which in turn influenced the seepage characteristics in the fracture. This can affect the permeability reduction effect. It was found that the crystal phase formation was also influenced by these three factors. Thirdly, a quantitative analysis of the degree of influence of the three factors was conducted. The injection flow rate was found to have the greatest influence on the hydraulic conductivity reduction rate, CaCO3 related parameters, and performance objective value. This indicates that the injection flow rate is a key factor in the MICP treatment of fractures using the stage injection method.
{"title":"Investigation on the influence factor for the permeability reduction effect in biogrouted fracture using stage injection strategy","authors":"Lei Shi , Xiao Yang , Jinxin Li , Haiyang Qiao , Bin Zhang , Jianwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored in detail the influence of factors related to microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) on permeability reduction. A stage injection strategy was adapted, in which the bacterial and cementing solutions were sequentially injected. Three factors were considered: volume ratio between the bacterial and cementing solutions, cementing solution concentration, and injection flow rate. Analyses were conducted to determine the influence of the three factors on the permeability reduction effect. The permeability reduction effect was evaluated based on the hydraulic conductivity reduction rate, CaCO<sub>3</sub> mass, CaCO<sub>3</sub> distribution, and crystal characteristics. Some interesting findings were presented. Firstly, the three factors influenced the permeability reduction in the fracture, mainly through the influence of the induced CaCO<sub>3</sub> mass. An increase in the volume ratio between the bacterial and cementing solutions has a positive effect on permeability reduction. An increase in the injection flow rate has a negative effect on the permeability reduction. The cementing solution concentration had a positive effect on the permeability reduction when it was smaller than a certain value, e.g. 1.5 mol/L. Secondly, the three factors influenced the uniform distribution of the induced CaCO<sub>3</sub>, which in turn influenced the seepage characteristics in the fracture. This can affect the permeability reduction effect. It was found that the crystal phase formation was also influenced by these three factors. Thirdly, a quantitative analysis of the degree of influence of the three factors was conducted. The injection flow rate was found to have the greatest influence on the hydraulic conductivity reduction rate, CaCO<sub>3</sub> related parameters, and performance objective value. This indicates that the injection flow rate is a key factor in the MICP treatment of fractures using the stage injection method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107869"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rock fractures are one of the main factors leading to rock failure. Accurately extracting fracture characteristics is crucial for understanding the rock failure mechanism. Inspired by the latest developments in computer vision, we introduce a state-of-the-art deep learning model YOLACT++ for the automated interpretation of rock fractures. YOLACT++ inherits the basic architecture of YOLACT (You Only Look At CoefficienTs) and optimizes the backbone network, which improves segmentation accuracy while ensuring real-time performance. Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle multi-angled proximity photography, the dataset is collected from various rocky slopes for model training and validation. We propose performance evaluation metrics for the model, including intersection over union, precision, and recall, as well as quantitative parameters for describing fractures, including orientation, trace length, roughness, aperture, spacing, and fracture intensity. The segmentation results of YOLACT++ are compared with two other classic instance segmentation models, the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) and the You Only Look Once (YOLO) V8. The results show that YOLACT++ has a stronger generalization ability, with more accurate segmentation results at image boundaries. With the ResNet-101 backbone network, YOLACT++ achieves 93.8 %, 87.1 % and 92.2 % for precision, intersection over union and recall, respectively. This represents improvements of 5.4 %, 3.6 %, and 8.3 % compared to Mask R-CNN, and 3.3 %, 7.8 %, and 4.2 % compared to YOLO V8. Overall, the deep learning-based YOLACT++ model proposed in this study provides an efficient and reliable approach for the automated interpretation of rock fractures. It can also be applied to crack recognition in other materials.
岩石断裂是导致岩石破坏的主要因素之一。准确提取裂缝特征对于理解岩石破坏机制至关重要。受计算机视觉最新发展的启发，我们推出了最先进的深度学习模型yolact++，用于自动解释岩石裂缝。yolact++继承了YOLACT （You Only Look At CoefficienTs）的基本架构，对骨干网进行了优化，在保证实时性的同时提高了分割精度。基于无人机多角度近距离摄影，从不同的岩质斜坡上采集数据集，进行模型训练和验证。我们提出了该模型的性能评估指标，包括相交超过联合、精度和召回率，以及描述裂缝的定量参数，包括方向、痕迹长度、粗糙度、孔径、间距和裂缝强度。将yolact++的分割结果与另外两种经典的实例分割模型——基于Mask区域的卷积神经网络（Mask R-CNN）和You Only Look Once (YOLO) V8进行了比较。结果表明，yolact++具有更强的泛化能力，在图像边界处的分割结果更加准确。在ResNet-101骨干网下，yolact++的准确率、交集/联合率和召回率分别达到93.8%、87.1%和92.2%。这与Mask R-CNN相比分别提高了5.4%、3.6%和8.3%，与YOLO V8相比分别提高了3.3%、7.8%和4.2%。综上所述，本文提出的基于深度学习的yolact++模型为岩石裂缝的自动解释提供了一种高效可靠的方法。该方法也可用于其他材料的裂纹识别。
{"title":"Automatic identification of rock fractures based on deep learning","authors":"Yaopeng Ji, Shengyuan Song, Wen Zhang, Yuchao Li, Jingyu Xue, Jianping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock fractures are one of the main factors leading to rock failure. Accurately extracting fracture characteristics is crucial for understanding the rock failure mechanism. Inspired by the latest developments in computer vision, we introduce a state-of-the-art deep learning model YOLACT++ for the automated interpretation of rock fractures. YOLACT++ inherits the basic architecture of YOLACT (You Only Look At CoefficienTs) and optimizes the backbone network, which improves segmentation accuracy while ensuring real-time performance. Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle multi-angled proximity photography, the dataset is collected from various rocky slopes for model training and validation. We propose performance evaluation metrics for the model, including intersection over union, precision, and recall, as well as quantitative parameters for describing fractures, including orientation, trace length, roughness, aperture, spacing, and fracture intensity. The segmentation results of YOLACT++ are compared with two other classic instance segmentation models, the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) and the You Only Look Once (YOLO) V8. The results show that YOLACT++ has a stronger generalization ability, with more accurate segmentation results at image boundaries. With the ResNet-101 backbone network, YOLACT++ achieves 93.8 %, 87.1 % and 92.2 % for precision, intersection over union and recall, respectively. This represents improvements of 5.4 %, 3.6 %, and 8.3 % compared to Mask R-CNN, and 3.3 %, 7.8 %, and 4.2 % compared to YOLO V8. Overall, the deep learning-based YOLACT++ model proposed in this study provides an efficient and reliable approach for the automated interpretation of rock fractures. It can also be applied to crack recognition in other materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107874"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107871
Zhong-Min Ji , Ting-Hui Wang , Jie Wu , Fa-Quan Wu , Zhen-Hua Li , Dong-Po Wang , Yi-Ju Tang , Chang-Le Zhao , Qing-He Niu
<div><div>The tangential restitution coefficient (<em>R</em><sub>t</sub>) is a key control parameter for predicting rockfall impact-rebound processes. However, as the understanding of this parameter is not yet profound or comprehensive, it has received less attention, and there is no consensus on the existing research conclusions regarding it. Therefore, in this study, eight main controlling factors of <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> were identified according to the impact dynamics theory and the results of previous studies. Subsequently, the effect of each main controlling factor on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> was systematically investigated using a specially developed test apparatus. The incident velocity (<em>V</em>) positively correlated with <em>R</em><sub>t</sub>; however, when <em>V</em> was sufficiently large, its effect on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> was insignificant. Based on the slopes of the loose superficial materials, the two were negatively correlated. For vertical impacts on an inclined slope (VI), <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> decreased with an increase in the impact angle, whereas, for inclined impacts on the horizontal ground (IH), the impact angle had the contrary effect on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> for blocks prone to local fragmentation. To clarify the effect of rotational speed on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub>, two integrated variables, the normal and tangential impact posture coefficients (<em>IPC</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> and <em>IPC</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>) which comprehensively consider the rotational speed, block shape, and impact posture, were introduced and the contact characteristics of the block and slope were classified and explored. When the mass centre (MC) of the block was in front of the contact point (CP), <em>IPC</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> was positively correlated with R<sub>t</sub>, whereas, the relationship between the two was unclear when the MC was behind the CP. Generally, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> values were higher under the former condition than that under the latter, and the effects of gravity and local contact crushing of the angular-shaped blocks on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> were more significant than that of <em>IPC</em><sub><em>x</em></sub> under VI. On densely rocky and loosely material slopes, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> showed upward and downward trends, respectively, as the block size increased. The higher the angularity and geometric asymmetry of the block, the higher was the <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> value. Under low- or high-kinetic-energy conditions, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> increased or decreased with increasing Schmidt hardness of the block. Considering all the slope materials, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> increased with an increase in Schmidt hardness. A new index, effective impact surface roughness, was introduced to quantify the roughness level of the slope surface. It exhibited a strong positive correlation with <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> for large values, whereas, for small values, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> values displayed polarisation. The
{"title":"Influence of the main controlling factors on the tangential restitution coefficient of rockfall impact","authors":"Zhong-Min Ji , Ting-Hui Wang , Jie Wu , Fa-Quan Wu , Zhen-Hua Li , Dong-Po Wang , Yi-Ju Tang , Chang-Le Zhao , Qing-He Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tangential restitution coefficient (<em>R</em><sub>t</sub>) is a key control parameter for predicting rockfall impact-rebound processes. However, as the understanding of this parameter is not yet profound or comprehensive, it has received less attention, and there is no consensus on the existing research conclusions regarding it. Therefore, in this study, eight main controlling factors of <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> were identified according to the impact dynamics theory and the results of previous studies. Subsequently, the effect of each main controlling factor on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> was systematically investigated using a specially developed test apparatus. The incident velocity (<em>V</em>) positively correlated with <em>R</em><sub>t</sub>; however, when <em>V</em> was sufficiently large, its effect on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> was insignificant. Based on the slopes of the loose superficial materials, the two were negatively correlated. For vertical impacts on an inclined slope (VI), <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> decreased with an increase in the impact angle, whereas, for inclined impacts on the horizontal ground (IH), the impact angle had the contrary effect on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> for blocks prone to local fragmentation. To clarify the effect of rotational speed on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub>, two integrated variables, the normal and tangential impact posture coefficients (<em>IPC</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> and <em>IPC</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>) which comprehensively consider the rotational speed, block shape, and impact posture, were introduced and the contact characteristics of the block and slope were classified and explored. When the mass centre (MC) of the block was in front of the contact point (CP), <em>IPC</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> was positively correlated with R<sub>t</sub>, whereas, the relationship between the two was unclear when the MC was behind the CP. Generally, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> values were higher under the former condition than that under the latter, and the effects of gravity and local contact crushing of the angular-shaped blocks on <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> were more significant than that of <em>IPC</em><sub><em>x</em></sub> under VI. On densely rocky and loosely material slopes, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> showed upward and downward trends, respectively, as the block size increased. The higher the angularity and geometric asymmetry of the block, the higher was the <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> value. Under low- or high-kinetic-energy conditions, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> increased or decreased with increasing Schmidt hardness of the block. Considering all the slope materials, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> increased with an increase in Schmidt hardness. A new index, effective impact surface roughness, was introduced to quantify the roughness level of the slope surface. It exhibited a strong positive correlation with <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> for large values, whereas, for small values, <em>R</em><sub>t</sub> values displayed polarisation. The","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107871"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107870
Wenli Zhang , Dong Wang , Jingbin Zheng , Dengfeng Fu
The cone penetration tests have been employed extensively in both onshore and offshore site investigations to obtain the strength properties of soils. Interpretation of effective internal friction angle φ' becomes complicated for cones in silty clays or clayey silts, since the soil around the advancing cone may be under partially drained conditions. Although there exist several robust methods to estimate φ', the pore pressure at the cone shoulder has to be measured to represent the drainage conditions. Many cone penetrometers in practice are not equipped with a pore pressure transducer. Even for a piezocone, the pore pressure recorded in-situ may be unreliable due to the poorly saturated or clogged filter. These limitations prohibit the application of existing methods. Large deformation finite element analyses were carried out within the formula of effective stress to reproduce the cone penetrations under various drainage conditions. The numerical approach was validated against the existing model tests in centrifuge and chamber, with wide ranges of penetration rates and soil types. A backbone curve is proposed to estimate the normalized cone resistance varying with the normalized penetration rate. Based on the backbone curve, a procedure is developed to predict φ' of cohesive soils under undrained or partially drained conditions, replacing the pore pressure with the normalized penetration rate. The procedure can be used for soils with an overconsolidation ratio no larger than 5.
{"title":"Numerical study of cone penetration tests to predict effective internal friction angles of cohesive soils","authors":"Wenli Zhang , Dong Wang , Jingbin Zheng , Dengfeng Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cone penetration tests have been employed extensively in both onshore and offshore site investigations to obtain the strength properties of soils. Interpretation of effective internal friction angle <em>φ</em>' becomes complicated for cones in silty clays or clayey silts, since the soil around the advancing cone may be under partially drained conditions. Although there exist several robust methods to estimate <em>φ</em>', the pore pressure at the cone shoulder has to be measured to represent the drainage conditions. Many cone penetrometers in practice are not equipped with a pore pressure transducer. Even for a piezocone, the pore pressure recorded in-situ may be unreliable due to the poorly saturated or clogged filter. These limitations prohibit the application of existing methods. Large deformation finite element analyses were carried out within the formula of effective stress to reproduce the cone penetrations under various drainage conditions. The numerical approach was validated against the existing model tests in centrifuge and chamber, with wide ranges of penetration rates and soil types. A backbone curve is proposed to estimate the normalized cone resistance varying with the normalized penetration rate. Based on the backbone curve, a procedure is developed to predict <em>φ</em>' of cohesive soils under undrained or partially drained conditions, replacing the pore pressure with the normalized penetration rate. The procedure can be used for soils with an overconsolidation ratio no larger than 5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107870"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107867
Leling Xiao , Chao Guo , Jizeng Du , Hongxi Liu , Yang Zhou , Yujun Yi
Mass wasting caused by large-magnitude earthquakes supplies suspended sediment. Landslides and debris flows are commonly considered major transport pathways by which mass wasting is conveyed to streams. However, a contradiction exists in that fluvial sediment remains high years after the earthquake, when landslides and debris flows rarely occur. Our study assumes that water erosion is a major process releasing fine grains and estimate sediment from landslide, debris flow and water erosion. When calculating water erosion, we simulate two states of rill and sheet erosion, respectively. By comparing observed sediments to simulated sheet and rill erosion, our results verify that alteration from sheet to rill erosion is major primary for fine sediment transportation in post-seismic watershed. Changes in the erosion state increase the sediment supply to streams, turn the sediment regime from “supply-limited” to “transport-limited”, and explain the high fluvial sediment amount under well-recovered vegetation conditions in post-seismic watersheds. Water erosion is demonstrated to be as important as debris flows in exporting suspended sediments and is suggested to be included in the mass balance calculations of earthquakes.
{"title":"Rill erosion in post-seismic watershed – A non-negligible transporting way of fluvial sediment","authors":"Leling Xiao , Chao Guo , Jizeng Du , Hongxi Liu , Yang Zhou , Yujun Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mass wasting caused by large-magnitude earthquakes supplies suspended sediment. Landslides and debris flows are commonly considered major transport pathways by which mass wasting is conveyed to streams. However, a contradiction exists in that fluvial sediment remains high years after the earthquake, when landslides and debris flows rarely occur. Our study assumes that water erosion is a major process releasing fine grains and estimate sediment from landslide, debris flow and water erosion. When calculating water erosion, we simulate two states of rill and sheet erosion, respectively. By comparing observed sediments to simulated sheet and rill erosion, our results verify that alteration from sheet to rill erosion is major primary for fine sediment transportation in post-seismic watershed. Changes in the erosion state increase the sediment supply to streams, turn the sediment regime from “supply-limited” to “transport-limited”, and explain the high fluvial sediment amount under well-recovered vegetation conditions in post-seismic watersheds. Water erosion is demonstrated to be as important as debris flows in exporting suspended sediments and is suggested to be included in the mass balance calculations of earthquakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107867"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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