Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Two-phase SPH-DEM modeling of the superelevation phenomenon of debris and mud flows","authors":"Philipp Frieß ,&nbsp;Hervé Vicari ,&nbsp;Brian McArdell ,&nbsp;Amanda Åberg ,&nbsp;Johan Gaume","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When debris and mud flows pass through curved channels, centrifugal forces lead to a height difference – known as superelevation – between the inner and outer banks. Analytical models describe this phenomenon by relating the superelevation angle to flow speed. However, these models assume simplified flow dynamics, a linear flow free surface, and do not explicitly account for solid–fluid interactions, requiring an empirical correction factor. In this study, we perform fully depth-resolved SPH-DEM numerical experiments to investigate the influence of water content on superelevation in curved channels. DEM represents the coarse solid particles, while SPH models the fluid phase, including both fines and water. The model is first validated against laboratory-scale experiments of debris flow superelevation. A parametric study is then conducted by varying the water content in debris and mud flows. The results show that increased water content leads to higher flow velocity and thus greater superelevation. The transverse flow surface depends strongly on material composition: mud flows typically exhibit convex-downward profiles, whereas granular flows display concave-downward profiles. By balancing centrifugal forces with basal normal stresses, we establish a correlation between the empirical correction factor, water content, and flow-surface curvature. However, the numerical experiments also reveal significant spatial variability in the correction factor along the bend, indicating additional mechanisms – specifically, a run-up impact that promotes superelevation, and subsequent alternating transverse motions – that limit the applicability of this analytical approach. Finally, SPH-DEM simulations of a real debris flow event at Illgraben successfully reproduce the observed field data, demonstrating the ability of the model for large-scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108482"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of time-evolving landslide sources to the anomalous tsunami observed in the 2024 Noto earthquake","authors":"Ming-Jen Lo ,&nbsp;Tso-Ren Wu ,&nbsp;Kenji Satake","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On January 1, 2024, a powerful earthquake (M 7.6) struck the Noto Peninsula, Japan, triggering a tsunami in the Sea of Japan. In Toyama Bay, the tsunami arrived earlier than expected. This study investigates the 2024 Noto tsunami event by separately modeling three potential tsunami generation mechanisms: vertical displacement from fault motion, horizontal displacement, and submarine landslides. To enhance the accuracy of submarine landslide-induced tsunami modeling, a computational fluid dynamics model, SPLASH3D, is utilized to simulate the landslide dynamics and determine its duration. Subsequently, a temporally variable seabed motion is used as the initial condition for a tsunami simulation code, COMCOT, to generate a dynamic tsunami source. The simulation results indicate that the sliding process has a significant influence on the observed tsunami in Toyama Bay, producing waveforms that better match observations than those derived from the equivalent instantaneous initial free surface displacement method. The combined simulation of dynamic submarine landslides, vertical displacements from fault motion, and horizontal displacements of the Noto Peninsula closely matches the observed data, enabling a detailed analysis of each source's contribution to the anomalous tsunami. Simulation results indicate that the submarine landslide was responsible for the early arrival of the tsunami. The contributions of the vertical fault displacement and submarine landslide each account for approximately 45 % of the maximum wave height, elucidating the unexpectedly high tsunami wave height. Therefore, the risks posed by landslide-generated tsunamis constitute a critical issue that must be addressed in tsunami early warning and coastal engineering risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108504"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of rockfall-induced retreat and influencing factors in a sandstone-marl interbedded rock wall in a low-elevation environment","authors":"Li Fei,&nbsp;Michel Jaboyedoff,&nbsp;Tiggi Choanji,&nbsp;Marc-Henri Derron","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, accelerated rock wall retreat has become a growing concern due to its link to global warming. While most research has focused on high-altitude cryosphere and deglacial regions, rock wall retreat in low-elevation areas remains understudied, despite posing higher risks to infrastructure and public safety. To address this gap, we investigated a molasse rock wall at La Cornalle located in the subalpine region (Vaud, Switzerland), composed of interbedded marl and sandstone layers. Using monthly Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), we established a detailed four-year rockfall inventory and examined it with meteorological factors, including precipitation (including the snow melting), air temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET), collected from two nearby weather stations. A total of 4051 rockfall events, with a cumulative volume of 285 m³, were recorded. The annual retreat rates for sandstones and marls were 35.6 mm/yr and 26.0 mm/yr, respectively, with newly exposed rock faces showing a higher retreat rate (43.8 mm/yr) for marls. Spatially, rockfalls were concentrated in steep, thinly bedded, and highly fractured zones, as well as around large sandstone overhangs. Temporally, rockfall frequency peaked during winter and wet spring-summer periods, with duration of rainfall emerging as the primary driver, as prolonged rain facilitates deep water infiltration and weakens the water-sensitive marl layers. Following an extreme heatwave in August 2022, a notable spike in small rockfall events was observed at the early autumn (from Mid-September to Mid-October), indicating that local climatic shifts, such as extreme heatwave (coupled drying and heating) followed by effective water input (wetting), can significantly destabilize rock walls. This study highlights the importance of understanding temporal variations in rockfall activity and rock wall retreat by incorporating geological and climatic factors to improve rockfall hazard assessments in low-elevation regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108506"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consolidation characteristics of diatomaceous soil in coastal reclamations revealed by CPTu tests","authors":"Pin-Qiang Mo ,&nbsp;Yu-cheng Li ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Qiuzhu Ma ,&nbsp;Hai-Sui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land reclamation is widely adopted for the development of critical coastal infrastructure, yet long-term settlement remains a persistent and challenging geotechnical issue. This study systematically investigates the consolidation behavior of diatomaceous soil at Walvis Bay Harbor, Namibia, based on a combination of in-situ CPTu testing, pore pressure dissipation measurements, and laboratory experiments. By integrating cavity-expansion theory with Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation model, an inversion framework is developed to estimate the initial excess pore water pressure from current field observations. A Bayesian procedure is further applied to quantify the uncertainty of the inversion results, yielding a 90 % credible interval. The settlement evolution is preliminarily evaluated using the layer-summation method together with one-dimensional consolidation theory, and the approach is benchmarked against the Makassar Strait reclamation case. The results suggest that the unadjusted CASM parameters tend to produce lower estimates of the current excess pore water pressure in diatomaceous soil, while the predicted settlement curve generally falls below the measured values, though the observations remain within the broader prediction interval. Overall, the proposed inversion method offers a practical tool for evaluating consolidation behavior and long-term settlement in coastal reclamation projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 108507"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creep of water-bearing soft rock and its influence on long-term rock mass stability","authors":"Zhao-Qiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Li Zhuo ,&nbsp;Jian-Liang Pei ,&nbsp;Ming-Li Xiao ,&nbsp;Huai-Zhong Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Qiang Xie ,&nbsp;Tao Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creep of soft rock is influenced by many factors, among which the water content exhibits a significant influence on both deformation and strength properties of rock, thus making the prediction and control of the creep of water-bearing soft rock bodies difficult. Here, the creep characteristics of a water-bearing soft rock from a water diversion project was investigated through triaxial unloading creep tests. The results demonstrate that the increasing water content weakens rock strength, augments the creep deformation and promotes time-dependent volume dilation, whereas the confining pressure plays an inhibiting role in creep deformation. Notably, a transition from compressive to dilative steady volumetric creep rate was observed with the decreasing confining pressure, and the corresponding transition stress threshold was identified as the long-term strength of rock. Besides, a coupled damage law was observed from the test results. Building upon these findings, a nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic creep model (NWSC) integrating a time-dependent coupled water–stress damage function and a novel nonlinear viscoplastic model was proposed. Subsequently, this model was implemented in FLAC3D to estimate the long-term stability of the water diversion soft rock tunnel affected by potential water leakage. The research results provide critical insights into the long-term mechanical behaviors of water-bearing soft rock and an advanced theoretical tool to predict the time-dependent behaviors of geological bodies subjected to the weakening effect of underground water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 108505"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of stability and cooling engineering effectiveness of the Qinghai-Tibet transportation routes: A first comprehensive assessment using space geodetic observations","authors":"Lingxiao Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Zhao ,&nbsp;Shibo Liu ,&nbsp;Huayun Zhou ,&nbsp;Guojie Hu ,&nbsp;Defu Zou ,&nbsp;Erji Du ,&nbsp;Guangyue Liu ,&nbsp;Yao Xiao ,&nbsp;Yueli Chen ,&nbsp;Jianting Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Xueying Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The warming and thawing of ice-rich permafrost present major challenges for the stability of linear infrastructure across cold regions. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) and Highway (QTH), two critical transportation corridors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, traverse extensive warm and ice-rich permafrost where maintaining long-term embankment stability has become a complex engineering challenge. A systematic evaluation of roadway stability and the effectiveness of engineered cooling measures is essential for ensuring safe operation and for guiding maintenance strategies. However, comprehensive route-scale assessments remain scarce due to the lack of suitable evaluation methods. In this study, we provide the first systematic assessment of the stability of ∼890 km of the QTR and QTH and the effectiveness of cooling engineering measures based on ground deformation through Sentinel-1 SBAS-InSAR monitoring. The performance of cooling measures is quantified by comparing deformation between road surface and adjacent natural terrain, and the dominant environmental and engineering controls on deformation variability are identified. Results reveal that geomorphological and ground thermal conditions strongly govern permafrost terrain deformation, with unstable segments concentrated where ground temperatures approach 0 °C, particularly across lacustrine plains and fluvial terraces. Overall, 92.8 % of the QTR and 86.7 % of the QTH do not exhibit worsening deformation compared to the surrounding natural terrain in both seasonal deformation and long-term velocities and QTR exhibits better stability and maintenance status than QTH. Approximately 15 km of QTH segments and 11 km of QTR segments exhibit long-term settlement rates more than 5 mm/a greater than those of nearby natural terrain. Cooling measures markedly suppress seasonal deformation, with only 9 km of QTH segments showing seasonal deformation exceeding adjacent natural terrain by more than 5 mm. This study provides a systematic framework for assessing route-scale transportation stability and the performance of cooling engineering measures in permafrost terrains, providing guidance for long-term maintenance and future engineering works.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving hydro-mechanical response of heavy metal contaminated soil to rainfall events through combination of biochar and microbial induced carbonate precipitation (BM) treatment","authors":"Huicong Hu ,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang ,&nbsp;Zhengtao Shen ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Pan ,&nbsp;Kai Gu ,&nbsp;Mengtao Wang ,&nbsp;Wen Mu ,&nbsp;Bao-Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihan Ji ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydro-mechanical properties of heavy metal contaminated soil can be significantly altered during rainfall events, which may affect the leaching, migration, and dispersion of heavy metals. Enhancing the structural strength and water stability of soils may be a viable strategy to cope with the effects of rainfall. This study proposes a novel treatment, referred to as the BM treatment, which combines biochar and microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, aiming at effectively improving hydro-mechanical response of soil and remediating heavy metal contamination. Targeting lead (Pb) as the contaminant, we experimentally introduced biochar into Pb contaminated Xiashu soil, a silt clay, followed by MICP treatment cycles ranging from 3 to 10. The structural strength and water stability of the contaminated soil were assessed through penetration and slaking tests, respectively. The mobility of Pb was evaluated based on the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The surface morphology of the soils was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that BM treatment significantly improved the hydro-mechanical response and reduced Pb mobility, with these effects being notably correlated with the number of MICP treatment cycles. The improved remediation was attributed to synergistic effect of biochar and MICP. Biochar facilitated microbial activity, penetration of MICP solution, and Pb adsorption. MICP generated calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to fill pores, protect biochar, and immobilize Pb. They formed effective cementing areas and surface barriers to buffer against rainfall-induced mechanical stress and heavy metal desorption. This study provides valuable insights for improving climate adaptation and environmental remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-mechanical behavior of mineralized faults in granite during fluid injection: Insights from triaxial shear-flow experiments","authors":"Fanlin Ling ,&nbsp;Kang Duan ,&nbsp;Junlong Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineralized faults—fractures that have accommodated displacement and were subsequently filled or coated with mineral precipitates—are commonly found in hydrothermal regions. Precipitation from circulating fluids or magmatic intrusions can substantially alter fault structure, reduce permeability, and influence frictional stability. Despite their geological importance, the slip behavior and frictional evolution of mineralized faults during fluid injection remain poorly constrained. To address this knowledge gap, we conduct triaxial shear-flow experiments on critically stressed mineralized faults in granite to examine their hydro-mechanical response to fluid pressurization. Deionized water is injected at a constant rate of 0.6 mL·min⁻¹ under different confining pressures of 20 and 30 MPa. Fault slip occurs in two distinct stages: an initial unstable stick-slip phase followed by stable slip, with higher confining pressure promoting the transition. The effective friction coefficient fluctuates during stick-slip but increases progressively during stable slip. Greater hydraulic energy input does not necessarily induce earlier fault reactivation, but it results in greater deformation moment accumulation and higher energy release. Microstructural analysis reveals distinct deformation mechanisms: foliation-like microfractures develop near the fault surface at 20 MPa, while 30 MPa conditions lead to grain crushing and the formation of interconnected fracture networks. These findings advance our understanding of injection-induced slip in mineralized faults and provide insights relevant to geothermal energy extraction, energy storage, and waste disposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108499"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Startup mechanism of locked segment–dominated rockslides: Insights from a physical model experiment replicating natural infiltration conditions","authors":"Yuan Cui ,&nbsp;Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Hongran Chen ,&nbsp;Yifei Cui ,&nbsp;Lei Xue ,&nbsp;Siqing Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavier rainfall is widely recognized to increase the likelihood of landslides. However, evidence is accumulating that many large-scale rockslides are not directly triggered by rainfall but are controlled by the failure of internal locked segments. These locked segment–dominated rockslides are often highly destructive, making it urgent to clarify their startup mechanisms and the role of rainfall in their evolution. Herein, an approximately 19-d physical model experiment was conducted to simulate a three-section locked segment–dominated rockslide under rainfall by employing a new model material and an internal water injection method to accurately replicate natural infiltration. Results indicated that the onset of accelerated displacement of the slope was fundamentally caused by large-scale cracking of the locked segment at its volume-expansion point, which triggered a noticeable increase in the sliding speed, followed by spontaneous progressive cracking of the locked segment, which drove sustained displacement acceleration. Once the shear stress borne by the locked segment reached or exceeded its long-term shear strength, a rockslide could be induced regardless of rainfall. Notably, the cracking activity of the locked segment exhibited a characteristic large–small–large pattern during the accelerated displacement stage. The first large-scale cracking event, accompanied by displacement acceleration, can serve as an identifiable precursory rockslide startup indicator; the second large-scale cracking event indicates locked segment fracture and an impending rockslide. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the evolution of locked segment–dominated rockslides follows a characteristic pattern, providing a solid physical foundation for reliably predicting and forecasting their startup.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108494"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-mechanical response of herbaceous root-reinforced soils and its implications for vegetated-slope stability","authors":"Xuan Kang ,&nbsp;Shun Wang ,&nbsp;Xuan Zou ,&nbsp;Barbara Świtała ,&nbsp;Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herbaceous vegetation is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly strategy for slope stabilization. However, hydrological perturbations like intensive rainfall can alter the stress state within the root layer, leaving uncertainties in its mechanical reinforcement effects in shallow slopes. In this paper, we investigate the hydro-mechanical response of loess sample reinforced with <em>Setaria viridis</em>. A series of direct shear tests with constant shear stress were conducted on root-reinforced soil samples, considering varying biomass contents and pore pressure increase rates. Rainfall-induced slope failures were simulated using a coupled hydro-mechanical model that accounts for reinforcement effects of herbaceous roots. The results indicate that high biomass content effectively delays the onset of instability in root-reinforced soils. A slow loading rate of pore pressure triggers earlier failure, while intensive hydrological loading leads to delayed but rapid shear failure. Numerical simulations reveal distinct failure patterns of vegetated slopes under different rainfall intensities. Roots of herbaceous vegetation mitigate progressive failure by enhancing soil strength and modifying hydrological regime in the shallow subsurface, thereby contributing to slope stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108501"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}