Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is commonly encountered in various geohazards such as landslides and debris flows. To understand and mitigate these hazards, it is essential to simulate the interaction between soil and structures with accuracy. However, existing coupled numerical methods often represent structural motion using particle-based models, which limits their ability to precisely capture the dynamic interaction mechanisms between soil and structures. To address this limitation, this study proposes a novel coupled simulation framework that integrates the three-dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (3D DDA) with the Material Point Method (3D MPM), leveraging the strengths of 3D DDA in modeling structural motion and the capability of MPM in capturing large deformation of geomaterials. First, a contact detection and force computation scheme between MPM particles and DDA blocks is established by incorporating bounding box techniques and a penalty spring model, enabling accurate simulation of soil–structure interaction processes. Subsequently, the proposed coupling method is applied to simulate a series of benchmark scenarios, including soil collapse, soil collapse with embedded blocks, block impact on soil, and soil impact on blocks. The simulation results are validated against experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. Finally, the coupling method is employed to investigate the collapse behavior of buildings subjected to landslide impact, with a particular focus on the influence of landslide height on structural collapse mechanisms. By clarifying the underlying mechanisms, the findings contribute theoretical knowledge that supports efforts to prevent and mitigate landslide-induced hazards.
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