Jennifer K. MacFarquhar, Anumita Bajpai, Teresa Fisher, Chad Barr, Alyssa G. Kent, Susannah L. McKay, Davina Campbell, Amy S. Gargis, Rocio Balbuena, David Lonsway, Maria Karlsson, Maroya Spalding Walters, D. Cal Ham, William A. Glover
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a rare but serious public health concern. We describe a VRSA case in North Carolina, USA. The isolate from the case belonged to the USA600 lineage and clonal complex 45. No transmission was identified. Confirmed VRSA cases should include a thorough investigation and public health response.
{"title":"Identification and Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC45/USA600, North Carolina, USA, 2021","authors":"Jennifer K. MacFarquhar, Anumita Bajpai, Teresa Fisher, Chad Barr, Alyssa G. Kent, Susannah L. McKay, Davina Campbell, Amy S. Gargis, Rocio Balbuena, David Lonsway, Maria Karlsson, Maroya Spalding Walters, D. Cal Ham, William A. Glover","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.241573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.241573","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vancomycin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (VRSA) is a rare but serious public health concern. We describe a VRSA case in North Carolina, USA. The isolate from the case belonged to the USA600 lineage and clonal complex 45. No transmission was identified. Confirmed VRSA cases should include a thorough investigation and public health response.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2016, epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus have threatened the poultry sector in Europe. Because conventional prevention and control measures alone were insufficient in some contexts, the European Commission authorized poultry vaccination in 2023. Subsequently, France launched a nationwide duck vaccination campaign combined with a comprehensive surveillance plan. We used a mathematical model to simulate the transmission of HPAI viruses in vaccinated duck flocks and assess the effectiveness of a wide range of surveillance strategies. Sampling and testing dead ducks every week (enhanced passive surveillance) was the most sensitive (≈90%) and the most timely strategy. Active surveillance through monthly testing of a cross-sectional sample of live ducks was the least sensitive and timely strategy. Thus, we advise focusing HPAI surveillance efforts on enhanced passive surveillance and reducing active surveillance of live ducks.
{"title":"Surveillance Strategy in Duck Flocks Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus","authors":"Sophie Planchand, Timothée Vergne, Jean-Luc Guérin, Séverine Rautureau, Guillaume Gerbier, Sébastien Lambert","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.241140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.241140","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since 2016, epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus have threatened the poultry sector in Europe. Because conventional prevention and control measures alone were insufficient in some contexts, the European Commission authorized poultry vaccination in 2023. Subsequently, France launched a nationwide duck vaccination campaign combined with a comprehensive surveillance plan. We used a mathematical model to simulate the transmission of HPAI viruses in vaccinated duck flocks and assess the effectiveness of a wide range of surveillance strategies. Sampling and testing dead ducks every week (enhanced passive surveillance) was the most sensitive (≈90%) and the most timely strategy. Active surveillance through monthly testing of a cross-sectional sample of live ducks was the least sensitive and timely strategy. Thus, we advise focusing HPAI surveillance efforts on enhanced passive surveillance and reducing active surveillance of live ducks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Piña-Iturbe, Diego Fredes-García, Patricia García, Lorena Porte, Timothy J. Johnson, Randall S. Singer, Magaly Toro, José M. Munita, Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
A Salmonella enterica serovar Abony outbreak occurred during January–April 2024 in Chile. Genomic evidence indicated that the outbreak strain was a clone of reference strain WDCM 00029, which is routinely used in microbiological quality control tests. When rare or unreported serovars cause human infections, clinicians and health authorities should request strain characterization.
{"title":"Salmonella enterica Serovar Abony Outbreak Caused by Clone of Reference Strain WDCM 00029, Chile, 2024","authors":"Alejandro Piña-Iturbe, Diego Fredes-García, Patricia García, Lorena Porte, Timothy J. Johnson, Randall S. Singer, Magaly Toro, José M. Munita, Andrea I. Moreno-Switt","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.241012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.241012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar Abony outbreak occurred during January–April 2024 in Chile. Genomic evidence indicated that the outbreak strain was a clone of reference strain WDCM 00029, which is routinely used in microbiological quality control tests. When rare or unreported serovars cause human infections, clinicians and health authorities should request strain characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Elston, Womi-Eteng Oboma Eteng, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Isabel Oliver, Everistus Aniaku, Anwar Abubakar, Christopher T. Lee, Emmanuel Benyeogor, Iain Roddick, Sophie Logan, Ebere Okereke, Leena Inamdar, Olusola Aruna, Rejoice Luka-Lawal, Christine Manthey, Lawrence Hinkle, Gloria Nunez, Emmanuel Agogo, Rabi Usman, Emmanuel Lucky Sunday, Muntari Hassan, John Oladejo, Ifedayo Adetifa
Event management systems (EMS) are key tools for epidemic intelligence, integrating surveillance signals and incident response, although international standards to inform development are lacking. We describe the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) SITAware, a software capable of operating with low internet bandwidth to generate notifications, reports, and spatiotemporal dashboards and provide event-level data for real-time accountability and postevent learning. SITAware was enabled by local institutional ownership, co-created at low cost, and integrated into existing workflows. In 2022, SITAware was used to manage ≈300 incidents, and NCDC implemented it subnationally. NCDC’s experience may inform EMS development and implementation in similar settings.
{"title":"Development and Implementation of a Public Health Event Management System, Nigeria, 2018–2024","authors":"James Elston, Womi-Eteng Oboma Eteng, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Isabel Oliver, Everistus Aniaku, Anwar Abubakar, Christopher T. Lee, Emmanuel Benyeogor, Iain Roddick, Sophie Logan, Ebere Okereke, Leena Inamdar, Olusola Aruna, Rejoice Luka-Lawal, Christine Manthey, Lawrence Hinkle, Gloria Nunez, Emmanuel Agogo, Rabi Usman, Emmanuel Lucky Sunday, Muntari Hassan, John Oladejo, Ifedayo Adetifa","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.240379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.240379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Event management systems (EMS) are key tools for epidemic intelligence, integrating surveillance signals and incident response, although international standards to inform development are lacking. We describe the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) SITAware, a software capable of operating with low internet bandwidth to generate notifications, reports, and spatiotemporal dashboards and provide event-level data for real-time accountability and postevent learning. SITAware was enabled by local institutional ownership, co-created at low cost, and integrated into existing workflows. In 2022, SITAware was used to manage ≈300 incidents, and NCDC implemented it subnationally. NCDC’s experience may inform EMS development and implementation in similar settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, China has invested substantial efforts in promoting scientific and technological advances for medical countermeasures against high-threat pathogens. The examination of China’s landscape identifies progress and gaps in research and development (R&D) and also highlights management and regulatory issues that should be of concern to other countries. Our study examined the current state of R&D of medical countermeasures in China during 1990–2022. The findings showed a robust and diversified pipeline responding quickly to disease outbreaks and policy changes. However, proactive and highly innovative candidates are limited, and a large proportion of vaccines and drugs stagnate at the early development stage. A paradigm shift involving a preemptive R&D agenda and persistent investment, innovative technology development, and accelerated research translation is urgently needed to prepare for the next pandemic.
{"title":"Research and Development of Medical Countermeasures for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China, 1990–2022","authors":"Jiyan Ma, Yang Yang, Yangmu Huang","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.230638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.230638","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, China has invested substantial efforts in promoting scientific and technological advances for medical countermeasures against high-threat pathogens. The examination of China’s landscape identifies progress and gaps in research and development (R&D) and also highlights management and regulatory issues that should be of concern to other countries. Our study examined the current state of R&D of medical countermeasures in China during 1990–2022. The findings showed a robust and diversified pipeline responding quickly to disease outbreaks and policy changes. However, proactive and highly innovative candidates are limited, and a large proportion of vaccines and drugs stagnate at the early development stage. A paradigm shift involving a preemptive R&D agenda and persistent investment, innovative technology development, and accelerated research translation is urgently needed to prepare for the next pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulina Soto, Francisca Bravo-Risi, Rebeca Benavente, Tucker H. Stimming, Michael J. Bodenchuk, Patrick Whitley, Clint Turnage, Terry R. Spraker, Justin Greenlee, Glenn Telling, Jennifer Malmberg, Thomas Gidlewski, Tracy Nichols, Vienna R. Brown, Rodrigo Morales
Using a prion amplification assay, we identified prions in tissues from wild pigs (Sus scrofa) living in areas of the United States with variable chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemiology. Our findings indicate that scavenging swine could play a role in disseminating CWD and could therefore influence its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and interspecies spread.
{"title":"Detection of Prions in Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa) from Areas with Reported Chronic Wasting Disease Cases, United States","authors":"Paulina Soto, Francisca Bravo-Risi, Rebeca Benavente, Tucker H. Stimming, Michael J. Bodenchuk, Patrick Whitley, Clint Turnage, Terry R. Spraker, Justin Greenlee, Glenn Telling, Jennifer Malmberg, Thomas Gidlewski, Tracy Nichols, Vienna R. Brown, Rodrigo Morales","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.240401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.240401","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using a prion amplification assay, we identified prions in tissues from wild pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) living in areas of the United States with variable chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemiology. Our findings indicate that scavenging swine could play a role in disseminating CWD and could therefore influence its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and interspecies spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alireza Abdolrasouli, Richard C. Barton, Andrew M. Borman
We describe 157 cases of Trichophyton indotineae infection in the United Kingdom, mostly in patients linked to southern Asia. T. indotineae is spreading in the United Kingdom and accounts for 38% of dermatophyte isolates referred to the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory. Clinicians should suspect T. indotineae in tinea corporis cases.
我们描述了英国 157 例毛癣菌感染病例,其中大部分患者与南亚有关。indotineae 毛癣菌正在英国蔓延,占英国国家真菌学参考实验室(UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory)收到的皮癣菌分离物的 38%。临床医生应怀疑体癣病例中的 T. indotineae。
{"title":"Spread of Antifungal-Resistant Trichophyton indotineae, United Kingdom, 2017–2024","authors":"Alireza Abdolrasouli, Richard C. Barton, Andrew M. Borman","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.240923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.240923","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We describe 157 cases of <em>Trichophyton indotineae</em> infection in the United Kingdom, mostly in patients linked to southern Asia. <em>T. indotineae</em> is spreading in the United Kingdom and accounts for 38% of dermatophyte isolates referred to the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory. Clinicians should suspect <em>T. indotineae</em> in tinea corporis cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moses C. Kiti, Charfudin Sacoor, Obianuju G. Aguolu, Alana Zelaya, Holin Chen, Sara S. Kim, Nilzio Cavele, Edgar Jamisse, Corssino Tchavana, Americo Jose, Ivalda Macicame, Orvalho Joaquim, Noureen Ahmed, Carol Y. Liu, Inci Yildirim, Kristin Nelson, Samuel M. Jenness, Herberth Maldonado, Momin Kazi, Rajan Srinivasan, Venkata R. Mohan, Alessia Melegaro, Fauzia Malik, Azucena Bardaji, Saad B. Omer, Ben Lopman
Few sources have reported empirical social contact data from resource-poor settings. To address this shortfall, we recruited 1,363 participants from rural and urban areas of Mozambique during the COVID-19 pandemic, determining age, sex, and relation to the contact for each person. Participants reported a mean of 8.3 (95% CI 8.0–8.6) contacts per person. The mean contact rates were higher in the rural site compared with the urban site (9.8 vs 6.8; p<0.01). Using mathematical models, we noted higher vaccine effects in the rural site when comparing empirical (32%) with synthetic (29%) contact matrices and lower corresponding vaccine effects in the urban site (32% vs 35%). Those effects were prominent in younger (0–9 years) and older (≥60 years) persons. Our work highlights the importance of empirical data, showing differences in contact rates and patterns between rural and urban sites in Mozambique and their nonnegligible effects in modeling potential effects of vaccine interventions.
{"title":"Social Contact Patterns in Rural and Urban Settings, Mozambique, 2021–2022","authors":"Moses C. Kiti, Charfudin Sacoor, Obianuju G. Aguolu, Alana Zelaya, Holin Chen, Sara S. Kim, Nilzio Cavele, Edgar Jamisse, Corssino Tchavana, Americo Jose, Ivalda Macicame, Orvalho Joaquim, Noureen Ahmed, Carol Y. Liu, Inci Yildirim, Kristin Nelson, Samuel M. Jenness, Herberth Maldonado, Momin Kazi, Rajan Srinivasan, Venkata R. Mohan, Alessia Melegaro, Fauzia Malik, Azucena Bardaji, Saad B. Omer, Ben Lopman","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.240875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.240875","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Few sources have reported empirical social contact data from resource-poor settings. To address this shortfall, we recruited 1,363 participants from rural and urban areas of Mozambique during the COVID-19 pandemic, determining age, sex, and relation to the contact for each person. Participants reported a mean of 8.3 (95% CI 8.0–8.6) contacts per person. The mean contact rates were higher in the rural site compared with the urban site (9.8 vs 6.8; p<0.01). Using mathematical models, we noted higher vaccine effects in the rural site when comparing empirical (32%) with synthetic (29%) contact matrices and lower corresponding vaccine effects in the urban site (32% vs 35%). Those effects were prominent in younger (0–9 years) and older (≥60 years) persons. Our work highlights the importance of empirical data, showing differences in contact rates and patterns between rural and urban sites in Mozambique and their nonnegligible effects in modeling potential effects of vaccine interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas A. Russo, Francois Lebreton, Patrick T. McGann
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) can cause life-threatening infections in healthy community members. HvKp Infections often involve multiple sites, some of which are unusual for classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) infections, such as the central nervous system, eyes, and fascia. The acquisition of antimicrobial resistance by hvKp has resulted in concerns of an emerging superbug. This concern is magnified by increasing geographic dissemination and healthcare associated infections. Currently, diagnostic testing to differentiate hvKp from cKp is lacking, causing challenges for clinical care, surveillance, and research. Although imperfect, the detection of all 5 of the biomarkers iucA, iroB, peg-344, rmpA, and rmpA2 is the most accurate and pragmatic means to identify hvKp. We propose a working definition for hvKp that will enhance accuracy for diagnosis and surveillance, which will aid in preventing the spread of hvKp.
{"title":"A Step Forward in Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Diagnostics","authors":"Thomas A. Russo, Francois Lebreton, Patrick T. McGann","doi":"10.3201/eid3101.241516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3101.241516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hypervirulent <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (hvKp) can cause life-threatening infections in healthy community members. HvKp Infections often involve multiple sites, some of which are unusual for classical <em>K. pneumoniae</em> (cKp) infections, such as the central nervous system, eyes, and fascia. The acquisition of antimicrobial resistance by hvKp has resulted in concerns of an emerging superbug. This concern is magnified by increasing geographic dissemination and healthcare associated infections. Currently, diagnostic testing to differentiate hvKp from cKp is lacking, causing challenges for clinical care, surveillance, and research. Although imperfect, the detection of all 5 of the biomarkers <em>iucA</em>, <em>iroB</em>, <em>peg-344</em>, <em>rmpA</em>, and <em>rmpA2</em> is the most accurate and pragmatic means to identify hvKp. We propose a working definition for hvKp that will enhance accuracy for diagnosis and surveillance, which will aid in preventing the spread of hvKp.</p>","PeriodicalId":11595,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}