Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.901
E. Sarı, S. Ünlü, R. Apak, N. Balci, B. Koldemir
The geochemical characteristics of the surface sediments of the Ambarli Port in Istanbul providing service for over 43.000 ships in the last decade are basically unknown. In this study, The distribution of total carbonate and metals in sediments was investigated and geochemical forms of the sediment-associated metals assessed to identify their possible sources. Metal contamination levels of sediments were evaluated with the aid of enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (I geo ) calculations. The degree of pollution in surface sediments yielded the Igeo ranking: Zn > Pb> Cr > Cu > As > Fe > Ni=Al >V, essentially not revealing pollution by Al, As, Fe, Ni and V. The highest Igeo and EF levels of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were found at the nearest station to Ambarli Port, indicating port activities as the source. Sequential selective leaching tests confirmed that As, Cr and Fe were mostly found in the residual phase, whereas Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were mainly associated with the non-residual phase, possibly indicating the potentially higher mobility of the latter ions than those inherited from parent geological material. Based on statistical approaches, anthropogenic and natural geological factors were identified controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. This research is the first of its kind ever carried out in the Ambarli Port Area of Turkey.
在过去十年中为43,000多艘船舶提供服务的伊斯坦布尔Ambarli港的地表沉积物的地球化学特征基本上是未知的。本文研究了沉积物中总碳酸盐和金属的分布，并对沉积物相关金属的地球化学形态进行了评价，以确定其可能的来源。通过计算富集因子(EF)和地质堆积指数(I geo)对沉积物的金属污染水平进行了评价。地表沉积物污染程度的Igeo排序为:Zn > Pb> Cr > Cu > As > Fe > Ni=Al >V，基本不反映Al、As、Fe、Ni和V的污染程度。Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的Igeo和EF水平最高的站点位于离安巴里港最近的站点，表明港口活动是污染源。连续选择性浸出试验证实，As、Cr和Fe主要存在于残余相中，而Cu、Ni、Pb、V和Zn主要存在于非残余相中，这可能表明后者离子的迁移率可能高于母质地质物质。基于统计方法，确定了控制沉积物中重金属变异的人为和自然地质因素。这项研究是在土耳其安巴里港区进行的第一次此类研究。
{"title":"Distribution and Contamination of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Ambarli Port Area (Istanbul, Turkey)","authors":"E. Sarı, S. Ünlü, R. Apak, N. Balci, B. Koldemir","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.901","url":null,"abstract":"The geochemical characteristics of the surface sediments of the Ambarli Port in Istanbul providing service for over 43.000 ships in the last decade are basically unknown. In this study, The distribution of total carbonate and metals in sediments was investigated and geochemical forms of the sediment-associated metals assessed to identify their possible sources. Metal contamination levels of sediments were evaluated with the aid of enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (I geo ) calculations. The degree of pollution in surface sediments yielded the Igeo ranking: Zn > Pb> Cr > Cu > As > Fe > Ni=Al >V, essentially not revealing pollution by Al, As, Fe, Ni and V. The highest Igeo and EF levels of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were found at the nearest station to Ambarli Port, indicating port activities as the source. Sequential selective leaching tests confirmed that As, Cr and Fe were mostly found in the residual phase, whereas Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were mainly associated with the non-residual phase, possibly indicating the potentially higher mobility of the latter ions than those inherited from parent geological material. Based on statistical approaches, anthropogenic and natural geological factors were identified controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. This research is the first of its kind ever carried out in the Ambarli Port Area of Turkey.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.902
S. Orman, Huseyin Ok, M. Kaplan
Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) was grown by mixing sewage sludge at 0 (control soil), 20 (SSA2), 40 (SSA4), 60 (SSA6), and 80 (SSA8) t ha-1(w/w) amendment ratios to the soil. The soil pH decreased but, the electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available and total P, exchangeable and total K and Na, exchangeable Mg, DTPA-extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and total Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb increased in the soil. The shoot P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and root N, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cr concentrations increased but the root Mg concentration decreased in the plant. The translocation factor (TF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu (nutrients) increased at SSA2 and SSA4 as compared to SSA6, SSA8, and control soil. The TF was mostly higher than 1 for Zn, Cu, and Mn and for Fe it was lower than 1. The TF for Ni, Cr, and Pb (non-nutrients) was the highest in the control soil. The TF was lower than 1 for Ni and Cr in all treatments. For Pb it was more than 1 at SSA2, SSA4, and the control soil. The shoot bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu at SSA2 and SSA4 were mostly higher than SSA6, SSA8, and the control soil. While the root BCF for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr were highest at SSA8, for Cu it was highest in the control soil. Both shoot and root BCF for all elements at all treatments were lower than 1. The total fresh and dried biomasses increased at SSA 2 , SSA 4 , and SSA 6 compared to the control soil, however, they were reduced by SSA 8 . The tolerance index (TIN) was greater than 100% for SSA 2 , SSA 4 , and SSA 6 . Although, the TIN was higher than 100% at SSA6, the value was lower than SSA2 and SSA4. It indicates that the plants are stressed at the amendments of sewage sludge at more than 40 ton ha -1 to the soil.
将污水污泥按0(对照土)、20 (SSA2)、40 (SSA4)、60 (SSA6)和80 (SSA8) t hm -1(w/w)添加到土壤中生长苜蓿(Medicago Sativa)。土壤pH值降低，但土壤电导率、有机质、全氮、速效磷、全磷、交换性钾、全钠、交换性镁、dtpa可萃取铁、锌、锰、铜、镍、铅和总锌、铜、铬、铅均升高。茎部P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和根系N、P、K、Na、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ni和Cr浓度升高，而根系Mg浓度降低。与SSA6、SSA8和对照土壤相比，SSA2和SSA4土壤Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu(养分)转运因子(TF)增加。Zn、Cu和Mn的TF大多大于1,Fe的TF小于1。Ni、Cr和Pb(非营养物)的TF在对照土中最高。各处理中Ni和Cr的TF均小于1。在SSA2、SSA4和对照土中，Pb均大于1。SSA2和SSA4土壤铁、锌、锰和铜的地上部生物富集系数(BCF)大多高于SSA6、SSA8和对照土壤。土壤中Fe、Mn、Ni和Cr的根BCF在SSA8时最高，Cu的根BCF在对照土中最高。各处理下各元素的茎、根BCF均小于1。与对照土相比，ssa2、ssa4和ssa6的总鲜干生物量增加，而ssa8则减少。ssa2、ssa4和ssa6的耐受性指数(TIN)均大于100%。虽然在SSA6 TIN高于100%，但低于SSA2和SSA4。结果表明，污水污泥对土壤的影响超过40吨/公顷时，植物受到胁迫。
{"title":"Application of Sewage Sludge for Growing Alfalfa, Its Effects on the Macro-Micronutrient Concentration, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Translocation","authors":"S. Orman, Huseyin Ok, M. Kaplan","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.902","url":null,"abstract":"Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) was grown by mixing sewage sludge at 0 (control soil), 20 (SSA2), 40 (SSA4), 60 (SSA6), and 80 (SSA8) t ha-1(w/w) amendment ratios to the soil. The soil pH decreased but, the electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available and total P, exchangeable and total K and Na, exchangeable Mg, DTPA-extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and total Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb increased in the soil. The shoot P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and root N, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cr concentrations increased but the root Mg concentration decreased in the plant. The translocation factor (TF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu (nutrients) increased at SSA2 and SSA4 as compared to SSA6, SSA8, and control soil. The TF was mostly higher than 1 for Zn, Cu, and Mn and for Fe it was lower than 1. The TF for Ni, Cr, and Pb (non-nutrients) was the highest in the control soil. The TF was lower than 1 for Ni and Cr in all treatments. For Pb it was more than 1 at SSA2, SSA4, and the control soil. The shoot bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu at SSA2 and SSA4 were mostly higher than SSA6, SSA8, and the control soil. While the root BCF for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr were highest at SSA8, for Cu it was highest in the control soil. Both shoot and root BCF for all elements at all treatments were lower than 1. The total fresh and dried biomasses increased at SSA 2 , SSA 4 , and SSA 6 compared to the control soil, however, they were reduced by SSA 8 . The tolerance index (TIN) was greater than 100% for SSA 2 , SSA 4 , and SSA 6 . Although, the TIN was higher than 100% at SSA6, the value was lower than SSA2 and SSA4. It indicates that the plants are stressed at the amendments of sewage sludge at more than 40 ton ha -1 to the soil.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9010
M. Yaman
The success of phytoextraction, a promising new method that uses green plants to detoxify metals, depends upon the identification of suitable plant species that hyperaccumulate heavy metals in their above ground parts. In this study, the roots and above ground parts of the Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine and non-serpentine soils as well as soil samples were analyzed for their Ni and Co concentrations. The Ni concentrations between 9,678 and 14,110 mg kg-1 in above ground parts of Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine soils were found together with the translocation factors between 2.23 and 3.23, and enrichment coefficients between 5.9 and 9.2. The cobalt concentrations in the same samples were found to be in the ranges of 3.1 and 6.4 mg kg-1 together with the translocation factors 2.8 and 15, and with enrichment coefficients of 0.01 and 0.03. The Ni/Co-ratios in the ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate extracts of the soils were found to be higher than 4 and 10 fold for the serpentine soils, respectively, while the values were below or about 1-fold for both the extracts of the non-serpentine soils. The ratios of Ni/Co concentrations in the roots and aboveground parts of Teucrium polium grown in the serpentine soil were significantly higher (up to 12,857-times) than the ratios for Teucrium polium grown in the non-serpentine soils (up to 8.1-times). These values are highly important and the original results. Consequently, Teucrium polium, a new hyperaccumulator plant for nickel, has been discovered and suggested for phytoextraction of
{"title":"Teucrium as a Novel Discovered Hyperaccumulator for the Phytoextraction of Ni-contaminated Soils","authors":"M. Yaman","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9010","url":null,"abstract":"The success of phytoextraction, a promising new method that uses green plants to detoxify metals, depends upon the identification of suitable plant species that hyperaccumulate heavy metals in their above ground parts. In this study, the roots and above ground parts of the Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine and non-serpentine soils as well as soil samples were analyzed for their Ni and Co concentrations. The Ni concentrations between 9,678 and 14,110 mg kg-1 in above ground parts of Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine soils were found together with the translocation factors between 2.23 and 3.23, and enrichment coefficients between 5.9 and 9.2. The cobalt concentrations in the same samples were found to be in the ranges of 3.1 and 6.4 mg kg-1 together with the translocation factors 2.8 and 15, and with enrichment coefficients of 0.01 and 0.03. The Ni/Co-ratios in the ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate extracts of the soils were found to be higher than 4 and 10 fold for the serpentine soils, respectively, while the values were below or about 1-fold for both the extracts of the non-serpentine soils. The ratios of Ni/Co concentrations in the roots and aboveground parts of Teucrium polium grown in the serpentine soil were significantly higher (up to 12,857-times) than the ratios for Teucrium polium grown in the non-serpentine soils (up to 8.1-times). These values are highly important and the original results. Consequently, Teucrium polium, a new hyperaccumulator plant for nickel, has been discovered and suggested for phytoextraction of","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9011
A. Öztürk, Z. Karaca, T. Unsal
Deterioration of stone is a combined process caused by physical, chemical and biological factors especially, microbial growth. Various microorganisms are playing a key role in the weathering of historical artifacts, buildings, and monuments made of granite, marble, and other dimension stones. In this study, the biodeterioration of three types granite, Blue Pearl from Norway, Pergamon Grey from Turkey, and Rosa Porrino from Spain were studied for thirty days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that two of the granite surfaces, Pergamon Grey and Rosa Porrino, supported a heavy colonization of phototrophic microbial consortia. These results also showed that filamentous phototrophic microorganisms were dominant on the surfaces of the granites and indicated that the porosity, the availability of water and chemical composition of the granite have encouraged colonization and caused modification on the surfaces. The filamentous aggregates, possibly calcified fibrillar bodies in the inner parts of granites were also detected by SEM studies.
{"title":"The Activity of Oxygenic Photosynthetic Microbial Consortia on Different Granites","authors":"A. Öztürk, Z. Karaca, T. Unsal","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9011","url":null,"abstract":"Deterioration of stone is a combined process caused by physical, chemical and biological factors especially, microbial growth. Various microorganisms are playing a key role in the weathering of historical artifacts, buildings, and monuments made of granite, marble, and other dimension stones. In this study, the biodeterioration of three types granite, Blue Pearl from Norway, Pergamon Grey from Turkey, and Rosa Porrino from Spain were studied for thirty days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that two of the granite surfaces, Pergamon Grey and Rosa Porrino, supported a heavy colonization of phototrophic microbial consortia. These results also showed that filamentous phototrophic microorganisms were dominant on the surfaces of the granites and indicated that the porosity, the availability of water and chemical composition of the granite have encouraged colonization and caused modification on the surfaces. The filamentous aggregates, possibly calcified fibrillar bodies in the inner parts of granites were also detected by SEM studies.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.905
F. T. Efe, M. Alma
The aim of this study was to investigate the usage possibilities of sunflower stalks in the manufacturing of alternative insulation board, which are left as waste (agro-fiber wastes), in the fields and are useless except for firing like a lot of agricultural wastes in Turkey and in the world every year. The sunflower stalks were designed horizontally to produce the board, and its physical properties were compared to the honeycombshaped composite board filled with kraft paper (Control board). Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin, Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF) resin, and the D2 (PVA based) adhesives were employed for producing the composite boards. The physical properties [Chemical analysis, specific gravity, SEM, TGA, sound and heat insulations, ultrasonic pulse, LOI (limiting oxygen index), and combustion characteristics] of all the insulation boards were studied. The average specific gravity value, weight loss determined by TGA, heat insulation ratio, heat conductivity coefficient, sound insulation ratio, ultrasonic transmission speed value, LOI values (for the wooden part + core and wooden part), and weight loss ratio found by the combustion test were 0.29 g/cm3, 90.40%, 51%, 0.045 W/mK, 24.03%, 0.46 mm/μs, (28 and 30.5), and 91.72%, respectively. As a result, the composite insulation board was observed to be better than the control board since it presented a higher specific gravity value, higher insulation ratio, lower heat conductivity coefficient, higher sound insulation ratio, lower ultrasonic transmission speed value, and better combustion characteristics with respect to the control board.
{"title":"Investigating Some Physical Properties of Composite Board, Produced from Sunflower Stalks, Designed Horizontally","authors":"F. T. Efe, M. Alma","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.905","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the usage possibilities of sunflower stalks in the manufacturing of alternative insulation board, which are left as waste (agro-fiber wastes), in the fields and are useless except for firing like a lot of agricultural wastes in Turkey and in the world every year. The sunflower stalks were designed horizontally to produce the board, and its physical properties were compared to the honeycombshaped composite board filled with kraft paper (Control board). Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin, Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF) resin, and the D2 (PVA based) adhesives were employed for producing the composite boards. The physical properties [Chemical analysis, specific gravity, SEM, TGA, sound and heat insulations, ultrasonic pulse, LOI (limiting oxygen index), and combustion characteristics] of all the insulation boards were studied. The average specific gravity value, weight loss determined by TGA, heat insulation ratio, heat conductivity coefficient, sound insulation ratio, ultrasonic transmission speed value, LOI values (for the wooden part + core and wooden part), and weight loss ratio found by the combustion test were 0.29 g/cm3, 90.40%, 51%, 0.045 W/mK, 24.03%, 0.46 mm/μs, (28 and 30.5), and 91.72%, respectively. As a result, the composite insulation board was observed to be better than the control board since it presented a higher specific gravity value, higher insulation ratio, lower heat conductivity coefficient, higher sound insulation ratio, lower ultrasonic transmission speed value, and better combustion characteristics with respect to the control board.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.907
A. Uzun, S. Helli
In this study we have investigated the behaviors of the Little Egret and Night Heron during the breeding season at Poyrazlar Lake (SAKARYA) located in North-West Turkey (40°50’N, 30°28’E). The Ardeid colony consists of 330 adults; 150 of which are Night Heron (45.45%) and 180 are Little Egrets (54.55%). The breeding period starts at the end of March and lasts till the end of August. Neither the Night Herons nor the Little Egrets become active in the breeding period simultaneously. Due to the fact that the Little Egret is a species that is active in daytime and the Night Heron is active at night, making colonial activity continuous throughout the day and night (24 hours). While this situation limits the competition between the species, it provides advantages in terms of breeding success and colonial life.
{"title":"The Activities of the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Their Colonies During the Breeding Season","authors":"A. Uzun, S. Helli","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.907","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we have investigated the behaviors of the Little Egret and Night Heron during the breeding season at Poyrazlar Lake (SAKARYA) located in North-West Turkey (40°50’N, 30°28’E). The Ardeid colony consists of 330 adults; 150 of which are Night Heron (45.45%) and 180 are Little Egrets (54.55%). The breeding period starts at the end of March and lasts till the end of August. Neither the Night Herons nor the Little Egrets become active in the breeding period simultaneously. Due to the fact that the Little Egret is a species that is active in daytime and the Night Heron is active at night, making colonial activity continuous throughout the day and night (24 hours). While this situation limits the competition between the species, it provides advantages in terms of breeding success and colonial life.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70620935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.903
S. Oncel
The aim of this work is to use optimization as a tool for scale up in airlift bioreactors and apply this approach to a real life process. To put this approach into practice, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green microalgae, was used as a model microorganism. The effects of the design parameters on the performance of the bioreactors were monitored through the changes in mixing and circulation times. As the first step, the effective parameters (draft tube diameter and height, water level over the draft tube, volumetric flow rate of air, and sparger-draft tube distance) in the 1.1 L airlift bioreactor were determined and optimized by the 5-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design for response surface methodology. A draft tube with a 38-250 mm dimension was selected resulting in a mixing time of 9.94 s with a 1.05 L min-1 air flow rate. In the second step the optimized values were applied to a larger airlift bioreactor of 11 L for C. reinhardtii productions. Comparable biomass productivities (0.87-0.90 g L-1 day-1) and doubling times (25-27 h) in both systems was a good indication of the success of the scale-up approach.
{"title":"Focusing on the Optimization for Scale up in Airlift Bioreactors and the Production of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a Model Microorganism","authors":"S. Oncel","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.903","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to use optimization as a tool for scale up in airlift bioreactors and apply this approach to a real life process. To put this approach into practice, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green microalgae, was used as a model microorganism. The effects of the design parameters on the performance of the bioreactors were monitored through the changes in mixing and circulation times. As the first step, the effective parameters (draft tube diameter and height, water level over the draft tube, volumetric flow rate of air, and sparger-draft tube distance) in the 1.1 L airlift bioreactor were determined and optimized by the 5-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design for response surface methodology. A draft tube with a 38-250 mm dimension was selected resulting in a mixing time of 9.94 s with a 1.05 L min-1 air flow rate. In the second step the optimized values were applied to a larger airlift bioreactor of 11 L for C. reinhardtii productions. Comparable biomass productivities (0.87-0.90 g L-1 day-1) and doubling times (25-27 h) in both systems was a good indication of the success of the scale-up approach.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70620992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.909
Tuğba Akcan Kardaş, I. Durucasu
In this work, the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of wheat grass, Turkish Amber Durum wheat was studied. For this purpose Turkish Amber Durum wheat was germinated at three different times (15, 30 and 40 days). All the wheat samples sprouted in the same organic conditions and then dried with air and without sunlight and placed into an incubator at 50°C overnight. The dried and milled amber wheat grass was extracted with ethyl acetate and compared for their antioxidant capacities against the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical, and at the same time the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined. Phenolic compounds in the extracts were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, by using a new method, nine standards were separately detected within 50 min by using the HPLC system, as previously reported by other authors. The major phenolics, identified in the wheat grass that consisted of ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, pcoumaric acid, ellagic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, quercetin and bha (butylated hydroxyanisole). The highest antioxidant and antiradical activities were detected in Turkish Amber wheat that sprouted in 15 days. This study demonstrates that the importance of wheat grass is due to its high antioxidant activity. Consumption of wheat grass has positive effects on human health such as reduced risk of coronary heart diseases, certain type of cancers and stroke. Due to the high antioxidant effect of wheat grass the aim is to use it as a food preservative. When wheat grass will be used as a natural food preservative, carcinogenic effects of synthetic food preservatives for body would be preserved.
{"title":"A New Analytical Method for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Their Antioxidant Activities in Different Wheat Grass Varieties","authors":"Tuğba Akcan Kardaş, I. Durucasu","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.909","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of wheat grass, Turkish Amber Durum wheat was studied. For this purpose Turkish Amber Durum wheat was germinated at three different times (15, 30 and 40 days). All the wheat samples sprouted in the same organic conditions and then dried with air and without sunlight and placed into an incubator at 50°C overnight. The dried and milled amber wheat grass was extracted with ethyl acetate and compared for their antioxidant capacities against the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical, and at the same time the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined. Phenolic compounds in the extracts were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, by using a new method, nine standards were separately detected within 50 min by using the HPLC system, as previously reported by other authors. The major phenolics, identified in the wheat grass that consisted of ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, pcoumaric acid, ellagic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, quercetin and bha (butylated hydroxyanisole). The highest antioxidant and antiradical activities were detected in Turkish Amber wheat that sprouted in 15 days. This study demonstrates that the importance of wheat grass is due to its high antioxidant activity. Consumption of wheat grass has positive effects on human health such as reduced risk of coronary heart diseases, certain type of cancers and stroke. Due to the high antioxidant effect of wheat grass the aim is to use it as a food preservative. When wheat grass will be used as a natural food preservative, carcinogenic effects of synthetic food preservatives for body would be preserved.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9112
J. Zanuncio, W. Tavares, B. Fernandes, C. F. Wilcken, T. V. Zanuncio
The Asopinae predators of Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) pests in Brazil include Brontocoris tabidus, Podisus distinctus, Podisus nigrispinus, and Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). These insects feed on the larvae and pupae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera defoliators. Asopinae predators are reared in the laboratory in wooden cages with wood screens on the upper and lateral sides and the front closed with a glass door, whereas, in the field they are raised in organza bags with branches of Eucalyptus spp. or Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae). An alternative prey, such as Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), or Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae, or the natural prey Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Thyrinteina arnobia and Thyrinteina leucocerae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) caterpillars may be provided to the nymphs of predators in cages and/or rearing bags. Vallourec & Mannesmann Forest Ltda. has two laboratories to mass rear M. domestica to produce annually 300,000 individuals of P. nigrispinus which are released with or without pests in the field. In the first case, predators are released after detection of the pest by a monitoring process, which is the first major step in integrated pest management (IPM). This predator is efficient when the pest population level is below the economic injury level, i.e., nine caterpillars/100 leaves of Eucalyptus spp. Releasing are made in outbreaks every 10 m and the population increase of this predator can control pests. Podisus nigrispinus usually prey on 4-5 first and second instars larvae or 2-3 fourth and fifth instar caterpillars per day. Asopinae predators are reared and released in the field to control pests in the Eucalyptus spp. plantations of the Vallourec &
{"title":"Production and Use of Heteroptera Predators for the Biological Control of Eucalyptus Pests in Brazil","authors":"J. Zanuncio, W. Tavares, B. Fernandes, C. F. Wilcken, T. V. Zanuncio","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9112","url":null,"abstract":"The Asopinae predators of Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) pests in Brazil include Brontocoris tabidus, Podisus distinctus, Podisus nigrispinus, and Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). These insects feed on the larvae and pupae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera defoliators. Asopinae predators are reared in the laboratory in wooden cages with wood screens on the upper and lateral sides and the front closed with a glass door, whereas, in the field they are raised in organza bags with branches of Eucalyptus spp. or Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae). An alternative prey, such as Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), or Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae, or the natural prey Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Thyrinteina arnobia and Thyrinteina leucocerae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) caterpillars may be provided to the nymphs of predators in cages and/or rearing bags. Vallourec & Mannesmann Forest Ltda. has two laboratories to mass rear M. domestica to produce annually 300,000 individuals of P. nigrispinus which are released with or without pests in the field. In the first case, predators are released after detection of the pest by a monitoring process, which is the first major step in integrated pest management (IPM). This predator is efficient when the pest population level is below the economic injury level, i.e., nine caterpillars/100 leaves of Eucalyptus spp. Releasing are made in outbreaks every 10 m and the population increase of this predator can control pests. Podisus nigrispinus usually prey on 4-5 first and second instars larvae or 2-3 fourth and fifth instar caterpillars per day. Asopinae predators are reared and released in the field to control pests in the Eucalyptus spp. plantations of the Vallourec &","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2013.899
Ozlem Yilmazcan, E. Özer, B. Izgi, Ş. Gucer
A method was developed and validated for the analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and styrene in sea water samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with static headspace extraction. To carefully characterize the performance of this method, several factors affecting the parameters were studied in detail, such as the heating procedure, loop filling time, equilibrium temperature, the sample dilution ratio, equilibrium, and injection times. The optimized conditions are as follows: 1)the heating procedure, 50°C for 4 min, then increased to 170°C at 15°C min-1, 2) equilibrium temperature, 60°C, 3) equilibrium time, 5 min, and 4) injection time 0.5 min. Under the optimized conditions, the linear equations were obtained in the concentration range of 10 - 50 μg L-1 with good correlation coefficient values. The limits of detection were 1.8 - 3.3 μg L -1 . The recoveries at the spiked level of 20 μg L -1 BTEX and styrene ranged from 97% - 103% with the relative standard deviations were (RSD, n=3) 1.0% - 7.6%.
{"title":"Optimization of Static Head-Space Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry-Conditions for the Determination of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, Xylene, and Styrene in Model Solutions","authors":"Ozlem Yilmazcan, E. Özer, B. Izgi, Ş. Gucer","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2013.899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2013.899","url":null,"abstract":"A method was developed and validated for the analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and styrene in sea water samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with static headspace extraction. To carefully characterize the performance of this method, several factors affecting the parameters were studied in detail, such as the heating procedure, loop filling time, equilibrium temperature, the sample dilution ratio, equilibrium, and injection times. The optimized conditions are as follows: 1)the heating procedure, 50°C for 4 min, then increased to 170°C at 15°C min-1, 2) equilibrium temperature, 60°C, 3) equilibrium time, 5 min, and 4) injection time 0.5 min. Under the optimized conditions, the linear equations were obtained in the concentration range of 10 - 50 μg L-1 with good correlation coefficient values. The limits of detection were 1.8 - 3.3 μg L -1 . The recoveries at the spiked level of 20 μg L -1 BTEX and styrene ranged from 97% - 103% with the relative standard deviations were (RSD, n=3) 1.0% - 7.6%.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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