Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.924
Zeki Gokalğ, O. Uzun, Yilmaz Calis
Continuously polluted waters, decreasing water resources due to global warming and climate chance, and increasing labor and energy costs brought water and treatment technologies to first place on the world’s agenda. Despite the continuously increasing environmental awareness and legal regulations against environmental pollution, domestic and industrial wastewaters are discharged into the nearest receiving water bodies without any treatment. Haphazard disposal of wastes into the environment and untreated wastewater discharged into rivers and streams pollute air, water, and soil and create a danger for human, animal, and plant health. All these wastes should be treated before their disposal and discharge to leave a healthier and cleaner environment for future generations. The constructed wetlands, defined also as natural treatment systems, are the systems emulating the natural wetland systems. They are commonly used for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater in specially designed basins with aquatic plants and can easily be used for small-to-medium sized communities. There are 51 constructed wetlands in the Kayseri Province of Turkey and more than three-fourths have some kind of structural failure and are not operating properly. In this study, all of these constructed wetlands were investigated with regard to improper design aspects and possible failures. The common failures were identified as improper design, construction and site selection, substrate clogging and consequent (poundings), insufficient plantation, leakage through slopes, and lack of post-construction operation, monitoring, and maintenance activities. The reasons for such failures and possible corrective measures are also proposed in this study.
{"title":"Common Failures of the Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems (Constructed Wetlands) of Kayseri, Turkey","authors":"Zeki Gokalğ, O. Uzun, Yilmaz Calis","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.924","url":null,"abstract":"Continuously polluted waters, decreasing water resources due to global warming and climate chance, and increasing labor and energy costs brought water and treatment technologies to first place on the world’s agenda. Despite the continuously increasing environmental awareness and legal regulations against environmental pollution, domestic and industrial wastewaters are discharged into the nearest receiving water bodies without any treatment. Haphazard disposal of wastes into the environment and untreated wastewater discharged into rivers and streams pollute air, water, and soil and create a danger for human, animal, and plant health. All these wastes should be treated before their disposal and discharge to leave a healthier and cleaner environment for future generations. The constructed wetlands, defined also as natural treatment systems, are the systems emulating the natural wetland systems. They are commonly used for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater in specially designed basins with aquatic plants and can easily be used for small-to-medium sized communities. There are 51 constructed wetlands in the Kayseri Province of Turkey and more than three-fourths have some kind of structural failure and are not operating properly. In this study, all of these constructed wetlands were investigated with regard to improper design aspects and possible failures. The common failures were identified as improper design, construction and site selection, substrate clogging and consequent (poundings), insufficient plantation, leakage through slopes, and lack of post-construction operation, monitoring, and maintenance activities. The reasons for such failures and possible corrective measures are also proposed in this study.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"38-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.921
M. Ahmed, S. Gulzar, M. Khan
The effects of dormancy regulating chemicals [nitrate, thiourea, proline, kinetin and gibberellin (GA3)] were tested on the seed germination of three salt playa halophytes, Halogeton glomeratus, Lepidium latifolium, and Peganum harmala under various salinity treatments (0 to 400 mM NaCl) and photoperiod regimes (12/12 h light/dark and 24 h dark). More than 80% of all seed species germinate under non-saline conditions in a 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod. However, there was a progressive increase in the enforced dormancy with an increase in salinity treatments. Thiourea substantially improved seed germination and the rate of germination of all test species under saline conditions. Kinetin partially alleviated the salinity effect on the seed germination of H. glomeratus and P. harmala but not for L. latifolium. GA3 substantially improved the seed germination in L. latifolium. Nitrate and proline had no effect under saline conditions. Seed germination was completely inhibited in L. latifolium, partially in P. harmala, but had no effect on H. glomeratus seeds when germinated in the dark. GA3 alleviated dark inhibition in the order: L. latifolium > P. harmala > H. glomeratus. Species specific responses to GA3 and kinetin and environmentally mediated responses of thiourea appear to influence the seed germination of the salt playa species.
在不同盐度处理(0 ~ 400 mM NaCl)和光照(12/12 h光照/暗和24 h暗)条件下，研究了休眠调节化学物质[硝酸盐、硫脲、脯氨酸、动素和赤霉素(GA3)]对盐沼植物(Halogeton glomeratus)、Lepidium latifolium和Peganum harmala)种子萌发的影响。在无盐条件下，超过80%的种子在12/12 h的光周期内发芽。然而，随着盐度处理的增加，强制休眠逐渐增加。硫脲在盐水条件下显著提高了所有试验物种的种子发芽率和发芽率。Kinetin可部分缓解盐胁迫对黄杨种子萌发的影响，但对阔叶草种子萌发无影响。GA3显著提高了L. latifolium种子萌发率。在盐水条件下，硝酸盐和脯氨酸对其无影响。黑皮草种子萌发被完全抑制，黑皮草种子萌发被部分抑制，而黑皮草种子在黑暗中萌发未受影响。GA3减轻暗抑制的顺序为:L. latifolium > . P. harmala > . H. glomeratus。物种对GA3和动蛋白的特异性反应以及环境介导的硫脲反应似乎影响了盐湖物种的种子萌发。
{"title":"Role of Dormancy Regulating Chemicals in Alleviating the Seed Germination of Three Playa Halophytes","authors":"M. Ahmed, S. Gulzar, M. Khan","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.921","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of dormancy regulating chemicals [nitrate, thiourea, proline, kinetin and gibberellin (GA3)] were tested on the seed germination of three salt playa halophytes, Halogeton glomeratus, Lepidium latifolium, and Peganum harmala under various salinity treatments (0 to 400 mM NaCl) and photoperiod regimes (12/12 h light/dark and 24 h dark). More than 80% of all seed species germinate under non-saline conditions in a 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod. However, there was a progressive increase in the enforced dormancy with an increase in salinity treatments. Thiourea substantially improved seed germination and the rate of germination of all test species under saline conditions. Kinetin partially alleviated the salinity effect on the seed germination of H. glomeratus and P. harmala but not for L. latifolium. GA3 substantially improved the seed germination in L. latifolium. Nitrate and proline had no effect under saline conditions. Seed germination was completely inhibited in L. latifolium, partially in P. harmala, but had no effect on H. glomeratus seeds when germinated in the dark. GA3 alleviated dark inhibition in the order: L. latifolium > P. harmala > H. glomeratus. Species specific responses to GA3 and kinetin and environmentally mediated responses of thiourea appear to influence the seed germination of the salt playa species.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.926
A. Özkan, M. Banar, Z. Çokaygil, Alev Kulaç, Gülser Yalçın, Kadriye Taşpınar, Abdullah Altay
This study focuses on the phytoremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated soil by hyperaccumulator plants. In this study, pyrolysis was utilized for the stabilization of Pb into a solid product. In the first stage of the study, three types of phytoremediation plants were used, rape (Brassica napus), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and corn (Zea mays). Their seeds were sown in simulated soils prepared with the addition of Pb compounds in a laboratory. The effect of chelate on the remediation capacity of the plants was investigated by the addition of EDTA in different concentrations. In this way, the transportation of Pb from the contaminated soils to the plants was examined. In the second stage, the initial plant compositions were determined by elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), as well as a moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon analysis. The contaminated hyperaccumulator plants were pyrolyzed at 500°C, with a heating rate of 35° C/min, in a fixed bed stainless steel (380 S) 240 cm 3 reactor. After pyrolysis, the Pb contents of the solid and liquid products were determined. A Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analysis was also utilized for the solid product. In this study, high phytoremediation efficiencies were observed for the phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil using sunflower, corn, and rape, especially in the case of the chelate addition. Of the three plants, the best Pb removal efficiency (92%) from the soil was obtained with the rape. According to the pyrolysis results, the highest yields of liquid and solid products were obtained from the sunflower with gas products being obtained from the corn pyrolysis.
研究了超富集植物对铅污染土壤的修复作用。在本研究中，利用热解将Pb稳定为固体产物。第一阶段采用油菜(Brassica napus)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和玉米(Zea mays) 3种植物修复植物。他们的种子播种在模拟土壤添加铅化合物在实验室。通过添加不同浓度的EDTA，考察了螯合物对植物修复能力的影响。通过这种方法，研究了铅从污染土壤向植物的迁移。在第二阶段，通过元素分析(C、H、N和S)以及水分、灰分、挥发物和固定碳分析确定初始植物组成。在固定床不锈钢(380 S) 240 cm 3反应器中，以500°C、35°C/min的升温速率对污染的超蓄能植物进行热解。热解后测定固体产物和液体产物的Pb含量。毒性特征浸出程序(TCLP)分析也被用于固体产品。本研究发现，向日葵、玉米和油菜对铅污染土壤的植物修复效果较好，特别是在添加螯合物的情况下。3种植物中，油菜对土壤铅的去除率最高，达92%。从热解结果来看，向日葵热解的液体和固体产物收率最高，玉米热解的气体产物收率最高。
{"title":"Pyrolysis of hyperaccumulator plants used for the phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil.","authors":"A. Özkan, M. Banar, Z. Çokaygil, Alev Kulaç, Gülser Yalçın, Kadriye Taşpınar, Abdullah Altay","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.926","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the phytoremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated soil by hyperaccumulator plants. In this study, pyrolysis was utilized for the stabilization of Pb into a solid product. In the first stage of the study, three types of phytoremediation plants were used, rape (Brassica napus), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and corn (Zea mays). Their seeds were sown in simulated soils prepared with the addition of Pb compounds in a laboratory. The effect of chelate on the remediation capacity of the plants was investigated by the addition of EDTA in different concentrations. In this way, the transportation of Pb from the contaminated soils to the plants was examined. In the second stage, the initial plant compositions were determined by elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), as well as a moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon analysis. The contaminated hyperaccumulator plants were pyrolyzed at 500°C, with a heating rate of 35° C/min, in a fixed bed stainless steel (380 S) 240 cm 3 reactor. After pyrolysis, the Pb contents of the solid and liquid products were determined. A Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analysis was also utilized for the solid product. In this study, high phytoremediation efficiencies were observed for the phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil using sunflower, corn, and rape, especially in the case of the chelate addition. Of the three plants, the best Pb removal efficiency (92%) from the soil was obtained with the rape. According to the pyrolysis results, the highest yields of liquid and solid products were obtained from the sunflower with gas products being obtained from the corn pyrolysis.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"51-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.923
C. Sağlam
In this study, the phytosociological features on the Cicek Mountain (Isparta province) were investigated. The vegetation of the area was analyzed using a 3-dimensional ordination technique based on the Braun- Blanquet method. Six plant associations were determined belonging to forest, steppe, and rock vegetation and classified syntaxonomically. The identified associations were examined from the nomenclatural, floristical, ecological, and chorological point of view. Associations and its higher units are as follows: Quercetea-Pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni & Passarage 1959 Querco-Cedretalia libani Barbero, Loisel & Quezel 1974 Abieto-Cedrion Akman, Barbero & Quezel 1977 Querco vulcanicae-Cedretum libani ass. nova Adenocarpo complicatii-Pinetum nigrae Serin, 1996 Tilio platyphylli-Abietum isauricae ass. nova Asphodelino anatolicae-Juniperetum excelsae ass. nova Astragalo-Brometea Quezel 1973 em. Parolly Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoglu, Quezel & Demirors 1984 Phlomido armeniacae-Astragalion microcephali Ketenoglu, Akman, Quezel & Demirors 1984 Tanaceto cadmei-Brometum tomentelli ass. nova Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.-Bl. 1934) corr. Oberd. 1977 Silenetalia odontopetalae Quezel 1973 Silenion odontopetalae Quezel 1973 Valeriano oliganthae-Centauretum mucroniferae ass. nova
{"title":"Phytosociological Features of Cicek Mountain and Environs (Isparta, Turkey)","authors":"C. Sağlam","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.923","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the phytosociological features on the Cicek Mountain (Isparta province) were investigated. The vegetation of the area was analyzed using a 3-dimensional ordination technique based on the Braun- Blanquet method. Six plant associations were determined belonging to forest, steppe, and rock vegetation and classified syntaxonomically. The identified associations were examined from the nomenclatural, floristical, ecological, and chorological point of view. Associations and its higher units are as follows: Quercetea-Pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni & Passarage 1959\u0000Querco-Cedretalia libani Barbero, Loisel & Quezel 1974\u0000Abieto-Cedrion Akman, Barbero & Quezel 1977\u0000Querco vulcanicae-Cedretum libani ass. nova\u0000Adenocarpo complicatii-Pinetum nigrae Serin, 1996\u0000Tilio platyphylli-Abietum isauricae ass. nova\u0000Asphodelino anatolicae-Juniperetum excelsae ass. nova\u0000Astragalo-Brometea Quezel 1973 em. Parolly\u0000Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoglu, Quezel & Demirors 1984\u0000Phlomido armeniacae-Astragalion microcephali Ketenoglu, Akman, Quezel & Demirors 1984\u0000Tanaceto cadmei-Brometum tomentelli ass. nova\u0000Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.-Bl. 1934) corr. Oberd. 1977\u0000Silenetalia odontopetalae Quezel 1973\u0000Silenion odontopetalae Quezel 1973\u0000Valeriano oliganthae-Centauretum mucroniferae ass. nova","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"19-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.925
Gulcin Ulas, B. Yapici, A. N. Yapici
The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of eight different commercial vegetable tanning extracts used in the leather industry against bacterial and fungal isolates from tannery processes such as beamhouse, tanning, and post-tanning processes. Two different concentrations (1% and 5%) of these extracts were used in order to determine their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed by the disc diffusion method. Nutrient Agar and Malt Extract Agar were used for growing the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively, each containing 0%, 5%, and 10% NaCl. It was observed that all of the extracts were more effective against the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. It was also seen that extracts IV, VII, and II were more effective against bacterial isolates growing on 0%, 5%, and 10% NaCl Nutrient Agar plates, respectively. Extracts I and II were found to be more effective against the fungal isolates growing on the Malt Extract Agar plates containing 10% NaCl, while no extracts had any antifungal effect on the NaCl-free and 5% NaCl plates.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Commercial Vegetable Extracts Used in Tanneries","authors":"Gulcin Ulas, B. Yapici, A. N. Yapici","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.925","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of eight different commercial vegetable tanning extracts used in the leather industry against bacterial and fungal isolates from tannery processes such as beamhouse, tanning, and post-tanning processes. Two different concentrations (1% and 5%) of these extracts were used in order to determine their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed by the disc diffusion method. Nutrient Agar and Malt Extract Agar were used for growing the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively, each containing 0%, 5%, and 10% NaCl. It was observed that all of the extracts were more effective against the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. It was also seen that extracts IV, VII, and II were more effective against bacterial isolates growing on 0%, 5%, and 10% NaCl Nutrient Agar plates, respectively. Extracts I and II were found to be more effective against the fungal isolates growing on the Malt Extract Agar plates containing 10% NaCl, while no extracts had any antifungal effect on the NaCl-free and 5% NaCl plates.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.922
E. Demir, B. Kaya, Serap Kocaoğlu Cenkci, H. Cetin, R. Marcos
In this study, the genotoxic effects of four synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) alone and their combinations with different rates of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were studied using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of the Drosophila melanogaster. In the first stage, lethal concentration values (LC 25 or LC 50 ) of the synthetic pyrethroids and concentrations of PBO used for the synthetic pyrethroids were determined. Then, Drosophila larvae were exposed to lethal concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids and combinations with different rates of PBO (1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, 1:1, and 1:2). According to the obtained results, alone and with the PBO of the mixtures of the four synthetic pyrethroids are not genotoxic when compared with the negative control. In addition, the PBO when used alone demonstrated negative results when exposed to 1, 5, and 25 ppm concentrations, while demonstrating positive result when exposed to 50 ppm concentration. However, the PBO did not show any co-genotoxic activity with the four tested synthetic pyrethroids. Results of this study will take an important place in human and environmental health with the new results for the PBO ratios in insecticide formulations.
{"title":"In vivo Genotoxicity of Four Synthetic Pyrethroids with Combinations of Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) Using the Drosophila SMART Assay","authors":"E. Demir, B. Kaya, Serap Kocaoğlu Cenkci, H. Cetin, R. Marcos","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.922","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the genotoxic effects of four synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) alone and their combinations with different rates of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were studied using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of the Drosophila melanogaster. In the first stage, lethal concentration values (LC 25 or LC 50 ) of the synthetic pyrethroids and concentrations of PBO used for the synthetic pyrethroids were determined. Then, Drosophila larvae were exposed to lethal concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids and combinations with different rates of PBO (1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, 1:1, and 1:2). According to the obtained results, alone and with the PBO of the mixtures of the four synthetic pyrethroids are not genotoxic when compared with the negative control. In addition, the PBO when used alone demonstrated negative results when exposed to 1, 5, and 25 ppm concentrations, while demonstrating positive result when exposed to 50 ppm concentration. However, the PBO did not show any co-genotoxic activity with the four tested synthetic pyrethroids. Results of this study will take an important place in human and environmental health with the new results for the PBO ratios in insecticide formulations.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.915
F. Mutlu, S. Kahraman, E. Apohan
In the present study the effect of increasing the concentrations of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) (0.1-200 ppm) on the free polyamines (PAs) level and laccase activity was studied in the white rot fungi Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor and Funalia trogii at 6 and 15 days. Spermidine (Spd) was the most abundant PA in the two white rot fungi, while Spermine (Spm), and Putrescine (Put) were found only in trace amounts or were not determined. The highest Spd levels (1952.05 μg/DW and 2391.54 μg/DW) were observed in 1 ppm Cd at 15 days of incubation in T. versicolor and F. trogii respectively. The laccase activity of both species, especially in the 15-day cultures, showed a significant increase compared to the control. The highest increase was evident at 100 ppm Cd where the laccase activity was over 19 fold higher than that of the control sample in the 15 day culture of T. versicolor. The dry biomass in the 0.1 and 1 ppm Cd concentrations showed a significant increase in T. versicolor in the six and 15 day incubation periods. In all cases, the dry biomass in both the six and 15 day cultures of F. trogii showed a significant increase compared to the control cultures. The findings gathered through this study show that Cd can amplify free Spd levels and increase laccase activity in T. versicolor and F. trogii. This increase under Cd stress suggests their possible role in combating
{"title":"Polyamine and Laccase Production under Cadmium Stress in Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor and Funalia trogii","authors":"F. Mutlu, S. Kahraman, E. Apohan","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.915","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study the effect of increasing the concentrations of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) (0.1-200 ppm) on the free polyamines (PAs) level and laccase activity was studied in the white rot fungi Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor and Funalia trogii at 6 and 15 days. Spermidine (Spd) was the most abundant PA in the two white rot fungi, while Spermine (Spm), and Putrescine (Put) were found only in trace amounts or were not determined. The highest Spd levels (1952.05 μg/DW and 2391.54 μg/DW) were observed in 1 ppm Cd at 15 days of incubation in T. versicolor and F. trogii respectively. The laccase activity of both species, especially in the 15-day cultures, showed a significant increase compared to the control. The highest increase was evident at 100 ppm Cd where the laccase activity was over 19 fold higher than that of the control sample in the 15 day culture of T. versicolor. The dry biomass in the 0.1 and 1 ppm Cd concentrations showed a significant increase in T. versicolor in the six and 15 day incubation periods. In all cases, the dry biomass in both the six and 15 day cultures of F. trogii showed a significant increase compared to the control cultures. The findings gathered through this study show that Cd can amplify free Spd levels and increase laccase activity in T. versicolor and F. trogii. This increase under Cd stress suggests their possible role in combating","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9110
M. Mutlu, M. Crudu, S. Maier, D. Deselnicu, L. Albu, G. Gülümser, B. Bitlisli, Bahri Başaran, Cemile Tosun, A. Zengin
In this research, a new titanium tanning agent (TMW/2) obtained from the wastes of the metal industry was investigated in the production of chromium free eco-leather, by experimenting with various amounts of tanning agent and comparing the physical and chemical properties of the tanned leathers. The tanning process was performed with different concentrations of active titanium tanning material such as 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The titanium content, chromium oxide content, formaldehyde content, shrinkage temperature, pH value, ash content, and fat content of the tanned leathers were investigated for the determination of chemical characterization. The tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and colour measurement tests were also carried out for investigating the physical properties. The titanium tanned leathers had a mean shrinkage temperature of 79.5oC and more yellowish colour than the chromium tanned leathers. Their tensile strength properties were found similar with chromium leathers, while the elongation at break was found to be lower and tearing resistance was higher. The usage amount of 2.5% could be perfectly advised for the tanning process based on the titanium tanning material for achieving optimal properties required from different leather types such as upholstery, automotive and shoe upper leathers. Consequently, our results showed that this new titanium tanning agent could be used as an alternative tanning material in the production of chromium free eco-leathers considering the visual, physical, and chemical properties of resultant leathers.
{"title":"Eco-Leather: Properties of Chromium-Free Leathers Produced with Titanium Tanning Materials Obtained from the Wastes of the Metal Industry","authors":"M. Mutlu, M. Crudu, S. Maier, D. Deselnicu, L. Albu, G. Gülümser, B. Bitlisli, Bahri Başaran, Cemile Tosun, A. Zengin","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.9110","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, a new titanium tanning agent (TMW/2) obtained from the wastes of the metal industry was investigated in the production of chromium free eco-leather, by experimenting with various amounts of tanning agent and comparing the physical and chemical properties of the tanned leathers. The tanning process was performed with different concentrations of active titanium tanning material such as 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The titanium content, chromium oxide content, formaldehyde content, shrinkage temperature, pH value, ash content, and fat content of the tanned leathers were investigated for the determination of chemical characterization. The tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and colour measurement tests were also carried out for investigating the physical properties. The titanium tanned leathers had a mean shrinkage temperature of 79.5oC and more yellowish colour than the chromium tanned leathers. Their tensile strength properties were found similar with chromium leathers, while the elongation at break was found to be lower and tearing resistance was higher. The usage amount of 2.5% could be perfectly advised for the tanning process based on the titanium tanning material for achieving optimal properties required from different leather types such as upholstery, automotive and shoe upper leathers. Consequently, our results showed that this new titanium tanning agent could be used as an alternative tanning material in the production of chromium free eco-leathers considering the visual, physical, and chemical properties of resultant leathers.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.918
M. Karaismailoğlu
In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Artemisia annua methanol extract on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa was investigated. The onion bulbs were exposed to 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 mg/mL concentrations of the extract for 3, 6, and 12 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control and ethyl methanesulfonate was used as a positive control. The test concentrations were determined according to the doses which are suggested for utilization in alternative medicine and it’s multiple. The occurring morphological changes such as reduction of root elongation and discoloration in the onion roots using the extract concentrations are as follows. The mitotic index was determined in both controls and test groups. Generally, the mitotic index decreased when increasing the extract concentration. The mitotic abnormalities were recorded as disturbed prophase, c-mitosis, vagrant chromosome, stickiness, going ahead chromosome, laggards, chromatid bridges, and fragment formation in the anaphase. In this manuscript, the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities, cell death, and impairments in the cell membrane by Artemisia annua extract has been indicated for the first time. Thus, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of A. annua extract with different tests were assessed by using the root tip cells of A. cepa, and the use of a determined
{"title":"Investigation of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Artemisia annua Methanol Extract with the Allium Test","authors":"M. Karaismailoğlu","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.918","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Artemisia annua methanol extract on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa was investigated. The onion bulbs were exposed to 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 mg/mL concentrations of the extract for 3, 6, and 12 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control and ethyl methanesulfonate was used as a positive control. The test concentrations were determined according to the doses which are suggested for utilization in alternative medicine and it’s multiple. The occurring morphological changes such as reduction of root elongation and discoloration in the onion roots using the extract concentrations are as follows. The mitotic index was determined in both controls and test groups. Generally, the mitotic index decreased when increasing the extract concentration. The mitotic abnormalities were recorded as disturbed prophase, c-mitosis, vagrant chromosome, stickiness, going ahead chromosome, laggards, chromatid bridges, and fragment formation in the anaphase. In this manuscript, the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities, cell death, and impairments in the cell membrane by Artemisia annua extract has been indicated for the first time. Thus, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of A. annua extract with different tests were assessed by using the root tip cells of A. cepa, and the use of a determined","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"64-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70622200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-24DOI: 10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.917
M. Alataş, N. Batan
In this study, the epiphytic bryophyte flora and vegetation of the Platanus orientalis trees, which are protected in Zonguldak, were investigated between the years 2012-2013, as a result of the investigation of 33 sampling releves different sizes taken from the trunks of P. orientalis trees by the Braun-Blanquet method, two epiphytic bryophyte associations which belong to the Orthotrichetalia order of the Frullanio dilatataeLeucodontetea sciuroidis class were detected. The Pylaisietum polyanthae and Syntrichietum papillosae associations were found for the first time from Turkey. The life forms and life strategies of the syntaxa examined in terms of ecological and floristic have been analyzed. Weft and cushion are dominant of the life forms while perennial stayers are dominant in the life strategies. In addition, most taxa of the floristic list are found to have mesophytic, sciophyt, and subneutrophyt as a character.
{"title":"Epiphytic Bryophytes and Vegetation of the Platanus orientalis Trees in Zonguldak","authors":"M. Alataş, N. Batan","doi":"10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5053/EKOLOJI.2014.917","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the epiphytic bryophyte flora and vegetation of the Platanus orientalis trees, which are protected in Zonguldak, were investigated between the years 2012-2013, as a result of the investigation of 33 sampling releves different sizes taken from the trunks of P. orientalis trees by the Braun-Blanquet method, two epiphytic bryophyte associations which belong to the Orthotrichetalia order of the Frullanio dilatataeLeucodontetea sciuroidis class were detected. The Pylaisietum polyanthae and Syntrichietum papillosae associations were found for the first time from Turkey. The life forms and life strategies of the syntaxa examined in terms of ecological and floristic have been analyzed. Weft and cushion are dominant of the life forms while perennial stayers are dominant in the life strategies. In addition, most taxa of the floristic list are found to have mesophytic, sciophyt, and subneutrophyt as a character.","PeriodicalId":11598,"journal":{"name":"Ekoloji","volume":"23 1","pages":"52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70621967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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